Rhode Island#Geography

Despite its name, most of Rhode Island is on the U.S. mainland. Its official name was State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations from its beginning in 1636 until 2020, and it is referred to in that manner in the United States Constitution.U.S. Const. Art. I, s. 2, cl. 3. This name was derived from the merger of Colonial settlements around Narragansett Bay, and outside the jurisdiction of Plymouth colony. The settlements of Rhode Island (Newport and Portsmouth) were on Rhode Island, also known as Aquidneck Island.{{efn|This island is the largest of several islands in Narragansett Bay.}}{{cite web |title=A Brief History of the Colony of Rhode Island, 1630-1690 |url=http://www.celebrateboston.com/history/rhode-island.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717165716/http://www.celebrateboston.com/history/rhode-island.htm |archive-date=July 17, 2015 |access-date=July 16, 2015 |publisher=Celebrate Boston}} Providence Plantations referred to settlements on the mainland of Providence and Warwick.{{cite web |title=Rhode Island Geography Maps |url=http://www.dlt.ri.gov/lmi/map.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117053440/http://www.dlt.ri.gov/lmi/map.htm |archive-date=January 17, 2013 |access-date=January 26, 2013 |publisher=RI Department of Labor & Training}}

It is unclear how the island came to be named Rhode Island, but two historical events may have been influential:

• Explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano noted the presence of an island near the mouth of Narragansett Bay in 1524 which he likened to the island of Rhodes off the coast of Greece.{{cite book|last1=Verrazano|first1=Giovanni|title=Verrazano's voyage along the Atlantic coast of North America, 1524|publisher=State University of New York at Albany|page=10 |url=https://archive.org/stream/verrazanosvoyage00verr#page/10/mode/2up/search/Rhodes|access-date=August 14, 2015}} Subsequent European explorers were unable to precisely identify the island Verrazzano described, but the colonists who settled the area assumed that it was this island.{{efn|Giovanni da Verrazzano named a place on Rhode Island Puntum Iovianum in honor of his friend Paolo Giovio (Jovium in Latin) (1483–1542), humanist and historian. Giovio owned the Cèllere Codex of Verrazzano containing the text of his first trip.}}
• Adriaen Block passed by the island during his expeditions in the 1610s, and described it in a 1625 account of his travels as "an island of reddish appearance", which was "{{Lang|nl|een rodlich Eylande}}" in 17th-century Dutch, meaning a red or reddish island, supposedly evolving into the designation Rhode Island.{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUJg2uqb7LgC&pg=PA70 |title=1636–1700 |author=Samuel Greene Arnold |date=1859 |page=70 |publisher=Appleton |via=Google Books |access-date=October 17, 2015 |archive-date=January 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101112942/https://books.google.com/books?id=iUJg2uqb7LgC&pg=PA70 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://www.s4ulanguages.com/delaet.html |title=Joannes de Laet |website=S4U Languages |language=pt |access-date=December 11, 2015 |archive-date=October 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022191206/http://www.s4ulanguages.com/delaet.html |url-status=live }} Historians have theorized that this "reddish appearance" resulted from either red autumn foliage or red clay on portions of the shore.{{cite book |author=Elisha Potter |year=1835 |title=The Early History of Narragansett. Collections of the Rhode-Island Historical Society, Volume 3 |page=22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDIqdXhz9A4C&pg=PA22 |via=Google Books |access-date=October 28, 2020 |archive-date=February 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220153327/https://books.google.com/books?id=RDIqdXhz9A4C&pg=PA22 |url-status=live }}

The earliest documented use of the name "Rhode Island" for Aquidneck was in 1637 by Roger Williams. The name was officially applied to the island in 1644 with these words: "Aquethneck shall be henceforth called the Isle of Rodes or Rhode-Island." The name "Isle of Rodes" is used in a legal document as late as 1646.[http://sos.ri.gov/library/history/name/ Office of the Secretary of State: A. Ralph Mollis: State Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117044409/http://sos.ri.gov/library/history/name/ |date=November 17, 2010 }}. Sos.ri.gov. Retrieved on April 12, 2014.{{cite book |author=Hamilton B. Staples |chapter=Origins of the Names of the State of the Union |title=Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, Volume 1 |page=367 |year=1882 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=msILAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA367 |via=Google Books |access-date=September 4, 2018 |archive-date=July 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728110132/https://books.google.com/books?id=msILAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA367 |url-status=live }} Dutch maps as early as 1659 call the island "Red Island" ({{Lang|nl|Roodt Eylandt}}).{{Cite web |title=Rhode Island Colony Facts |url=https://www.softschools.com/facts/13_colonies/rhode_island_colony_facts/2044/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014192422/https://www.softschools.com/facts/13_colonies/rhode_island_colony_facts/2044/ |archive-date=October 14, 2021 |access-date=September 17, 2021 |website=Softschools.com}}

The first English settlement in Rhode Island was the town of Providence, which the Narragansett granted to Roger Williams in 1636.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} At that time, Williams obtained no permission from the English crown, as he believed the English had no legitimate claim on Narragansett and Wampanoag territory.{{cite book |last1=Warren |first1=James |title=God, War, and Providence: the Epic Struggle of Roger Williams and the Narragansett Indians against the Puritans of New England |date=June 12, 2018 |publisher=Scribner |isbn=978-1501180415|page=138}}{{verify source|date=February 2023}} Williams traveled to London in 1643, during the English Civil War, to obtain legal recognition of the new settlements. A Patent was granted to "the incorporation of Providence Plantations in Narragansett Bay in New England" by the Parliamentary committee on Foreign Plantations.{{cite web |last1=Magazine |first1=Smithsonian |title=God, Government and Roger Williams' Big Idea |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/god-government-and-roger-williams-big-idea-6291280/ |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}} After the English Civil war, a Royal Charter was granted in 1663, giving the colony an official name of the "Governor and Company of the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, in New England, in America."{{cite web |title=Rhode Island Charter |url=https://www.sos.ri.gov/divisions/civics-and-education/for-educators/themed-collections/rhode-island-charter |website=www.sos.ri.gov |publisher=Rhode Island Secretary of State |access-date=8 February 2023}} Following the American Revolution, in 1790 the new state incorporated as the "State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations". However, as matter of convenience, the state came to be commonly known as simply "Rhode Island".

The word plantation in the state's name became a contested issue during the 20th century and the increased awareness of slavery and its role in early Rhode Island history. The General Assembly voted in 2009 to hold a referendum in November 2010 on removing "and Providence Plantations" from the official name. Advocates for excising plantation argued that the word symbolized a legacy of disenfranchisement for many Rhode Islanders, as well as the proliferation of slavery in the colonies and in the post-colonial United States. Advocates for retaining the name argued that plantation was simply an archaic synonym for colony and bore no relation to slavery. The people voted overwhelmingly (78% to 22%) to retain the entire original name.{{cite news|first=Gina |last=Macris |title=Strong 'no' to changing R.I. name |url=http://www.projo.com/news/content/REFERENDUM_QUESTIONS__11-03-10_L6KN60T_v37.28337dc.html |work=The Providence Journal |date=November 3, 2010 |access-date=November 3, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106014500/http://www.projo.com/news/content/REFERENDUM_QUESTIONS__11-03-10_L6KN60T_v37.28337dc.html |archive-date=November 6, 2010 }}

In June 2020, state senator Harold Metts introduced a resolution for another ballot referendum on the subject, saying, "Whatever the meaning of the term 'plantations' in the context of Rhode Island's history, it carries a horrific connotation when considering the tragic and racist history of our nation."{{cite news |last=Doiron |first=Sarah |date=June 18, 2020 |title=Senate unanimously approves resolution on removing 'Providence Plantations' from RI's official name |work=WPRI.com |url=https://www.wpri.com/news/politics/senate-unanimously-approves-resolution-on-removing-providence-plantations-from-ris-official-name/ |url-status=live |access-date=June 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620231947/https://www.wpri.com/news/politics/senate-unanimously-approves-resolution-on-removing-providence-plantations-from-ris-official-name/ |archive-date=June 20, 2020}} Governor Gina Raimondo issued an executive order to remove the phrase from a range of official documents and state websites.{{Cite news |last1=DaSilva |first1=Melanie |last2=Doiron |first2=Sarah |date=22 June 2020 |title=Raimondo signs executive order removing 'Providence Plantations' from official documents |url=https://www.wpri.com/news/politics/raimondo-to-sign-executive-order-removing-providence-plantations-from-official-documents/ |access-date=24 June 2020 |archive-date=October 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031065710/https://www.wpri.com/news/politics/raimondo-to-sign-executive-order-removing-providence-plantations-from-official-documents/ |url-status=live }} In July, amidst the George Floyd protests and nationwide calls to address systemic racism, the resolution referring the question to the voters was passed by both houses of the Rhode Island General Assembly: 69–1 in the House of Representatives,{{Cite web|url=http://webserver.rilin.state.ri.us/HVotes/votereport.asp?id=17173|access-date=2020-11-10|title=The State of Rhode Island General Assembly|website=Rhode Island General Assembly|location=Rhode Island|archive-date=November 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117070320/http://webserver.rilin.state.ri.us/HVotes/votereport.asp?id=17173|url-status=live}} and 35–0 in the Senate.{{Cite web|url=http://webserver.rilin.state.ri.us/Journals20/SenateJournals20/SJournal7-16.pdf|access-date=2020-11-10|website=Rhode Island General Assembly|title=Journal of the Rhode Island Senate, Volume 147, No. 25|archive-date=February 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220154004/http://webserver.rilin.state.ri.us/Journals20/SenateJournals20/SJournal7-16.pdf|url-status=live}} (PDF) The change was then approved by voters 52.8% to 47.2% as part of the 2020 United States elections, taking effect in November 2020 upon certification of the results.{{Cite web|date=2020-11-04|title=Voters strip 'Providence Plantations' from Rhode Island's formal name|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/voters-strip-providence-plantations-from-rhode-islands-formal-name|access-date=2020-11-04|website=PBS NewsHour|language=en-us|archive-date=November 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104225416/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/voters-strip-providence-plantations-from-rhode-islands-formal-name|url-status=live}}

{{Main|History of Rhode Island}}

{{Main|Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations}}

File:Alonzo_Chappel_-_The_Landing_of_Roger_Williams_in_1636_-_43.003_-_Rhode_Island_School_of_Design_Museum.jpg

At the onset of European colonization what is now Rhode Island was inhabited mainly by five Native American tribes — by far most of the state's territory was inhabited by the Narragansett, eastern borderlands were occupied by the Wampanoag, south-western coast by the Niantic, western borderlands by the Pequot and northern borderlands by the Nipmuc.{{Cite web |title=Rhode Island Indian Tribes and Languages |url=https://www.native-languages.org/rhode.htm |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=www.native-languages.org}}{{Self-published inline|date=September 2024}}{{Cite book |last=Swanton |first=John Reed |title=The Indian Tribes of North America |pages=27–29}} In 1636, Roger Williams was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious views, and he settled at the top of Narragansett Bay on land sold or given to him by Narragansett sachem Canonicus. He named the site Providence, "having a sense of God's merciful providence unto me in my distress",An Album of Rhode Island History by Patrick T. Conley and it became a place of religious freedom where all were welcome.

File:Rhode Island statehood Tercentenary, 3c, 1936 issue.jpg

In 1638 (after conferring with Williams), Anne Hutchinson, William Coddington, John Clarke, Philip Sherman, and other religious dissenters were allowed to settle on Aquidneck Island (also known as Rhode Island), by the Narragansett Sachems Canonicus and Miantonomi. They were given a few items in reciprocity for their generosity. However, as Roger Williams made clear in a letter to John Winthrop in June 1638: "Sir, concerning the islands Prudence and…Aquedenick…neither of them were sold properly, for a thousand fathom would not have bought either, by strangers. The truth is, not a penny was demanded for either, and what was paid was only gratuity, though I chose, for better assurance and form, to call it sale."{{cite web |title=Roger Williams to John Winthrop |url=https://www.masshist.org/publications/winthrop/index.php/view/PWF04d035#sn=6 |website=Winthrop Family Papers |publisher=Massachusetts Historical Society |access-date=6 September 2023}} This settlement was first called Pocasset and then changed in 1639 to Portsmouth. The town was governed by the Portsmouth Compact. The island's southern part became the separate settlement of Newport after disagreements among the founders.

Samuel Gorton purchased lands at Shawomet in 1642 from the Narragansetts, precipitating a dispute with the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1644, Providence, Portsmouth, and Newport united for their common independence as the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, governed by an elected council and "president". Gorton received a separate charter for his settlement in 1648 which he named Warwick after his patron.{{cite web |url=http://lonang.com/exlibris/organic/1663-cri.htm |title=Charter of Rhode Island (1663) |publisher=Lonang.com |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-date=November 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126053349/http://lonang.com/exlibris/organic/1663-cri.htm |url-status=live }}

Metacomet was the Wampanoag tribe's war leader, whom the colonists called King Philip. They invaded and burned down several of the towns in the area during King Philip's War (1675–1676), including Providence which was attacked twice. A force of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Plymouth militia under General Josiah Winslow invaded and destroyed the fortified Narragansett Indian village in the Great Swamp in South Kingstown, Rhode Island, on December 19, 1675.{{cite web |url=http://www.historyplace.com/specials/kingphilip.htm |title=King Philip's War in New England |year=1997 |author=Michael Tougias |website=The History Place |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608035001/http://www.historyplace.com/specials/kingphilip.htm |archive-date=June 8, 2010 }} In one of the final actions of the war, an Indian associated with Benjamin Church killed King Philip in Bristol, Rhode Island.{{cite web |url=http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/horsemusket/kingphilip/default.aspx |title=King Philip's War |publisher=Military History Online |date=July 17, 2004 |access-date=January 26, 2013 |archive-date=May 16, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516191654/http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/horsemusket/kingphilip/default.aspx |url-status=live }}

File:Touro_Park,_Newport,_Rhode_Island.jpg

The colony was amalgamated into the Dominion of New England in 1686, as King James II attempted to enforce royal authority over the autonomous colonies in British North America, but the colony regained its independence under the Royal Charter after the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Slaves were introduced in Rhode Island at this time, although there is no record of any law legalizing slave-holding. The colony later prospered under the slave trade, distilling rum to sell in Africa as part of a profitable triangular trade in slaves and sugar with the Caribbean.{{cite web|url=http://www.projo.com/extra/2006/slavery/day1/ |title=The Unrighteous Traffick |website=The Providence Journal |date=March 12, 2006 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912032147/http://www.projo.com/extra/2006/slavery/day1/ |archive-date=September 12, 2009 }} Rhode Island's legislative body passed an act in 1652 abolishing the holding of slaves (the first British colony to do so), but this edict was never enforced and Rhode Island continued to be heavily involved in the slave trade during the post-revolution era.{{cite web |author=Ricardo Howell |url=https://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Info/Slavery.html |title=Slavery, the Brown Family of Providence, and Brown University |publisher=The Brown University News Service |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615153948/https://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Info/Slavery.html |archive-date=June 15, 2009}} In 1774, the slave population of Rhode Island was 6.3% of the total (nearly twice the ratio of other New England colonies).{{cite report |author=The General Assembly of the Governor and Company of the English Colony of the Rhode Island |date=June 14, 1774 |title=The Rhode Island Census of 1774 |url=https://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/exhibitions/jcbexhibit/Pages/item_6.html |publisher=Hon. General Assembly |access-date=September 20, 2016 |archive-date=September 23, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160923030151/https://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Library/exhibitions/jcbexhibit/Pages/item_6.html |url-status=live}}{{cite web |date=24 June 2020 |author=Kenya Evelyn |title=Rhode Island Moves To Change Official Name Over Slavery Ties |website=The Guardian – US Edition |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/24/rhode-island-official-name-change-governor-slavery |access-date=25 June 2020 |archive-date=November 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119144659/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/24/rhode-island-official-name-change-governor-slavery |url-status=live}}

Brown University was founded in 1764 as the College in the British Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. It was one of nine Colonial colleges granted charters before the American Revolution and was the first college in America to accept students regardless of religious affiliation.{{cite book |last=Widmer |first=Ted |title=Brown: The History of An Idea |location=New York |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=2015 |page=42}}

File:Destruction_of_the_schooner_Gaspé_in_the_waters_of_Rhode_Island_1772_(NYPL_b12349146-422875)_(cropped).jpg in Warwick in protest of British customs laws.]]

Rhode Island's tradition of independence and dissent gave it a prominent role in the American Revolution. At approximately 2 a.m. on June 10, 1772, a band of Providence residents attacked the grounded revenue schooner HMS Gaspée, burning it to the waterline for enforcing unpopular trade regulations within Narragansett Bay.{{cite web |url=http://www.gaspee.org/ |title=Welcome|website=Gaspee Virtual Archives|publisher=Gaspee Days Committee|access-date=August 20, 2012|archive-date=August 30, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120830164847/http://www.gaspee.org/ |url-status=live}} Rhode Island was the first of the thirteen colonies to renounce its allegiance to the British Crown on May 4, 1776.{{cite web |url=http://sos.ri.gov/library/history/independence/ |title=Know Rhode Island, RI Secretary of State |publisher=Sos.ri.gov |access-date=February 26, 2014 |archive-date=October 22, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022010441/http://sos.ri.gov/library/history/independence/ |url-status=live }} It was also the last of the thirteen colonies to ratify the United States Constitution on May 29, 1790, and only under threat of heavy trade tariffs from the other former colonies and after assurances were made that a Bill of Rights would become part of the Constitution.{{cite web |url=http://www.usconstitution.net/rat_ri.html |title=Rhode Island Ratification of the U.S. Constitution |publisher=Usconstitution.net |date=January 8, 2010 |access-date=January 26, 2013 |archive-date=September 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906161642/https://www.usconstitution.net/rat_ri.html |url-status=live }}

File:Recto Rhode Island 9 pence 1786 urn-3 HBS.Baker.AC 1104484.jpeg

During the Revolution, the British occupied Newport in December 1776. A combined Franco-American force fought to drive them off Aquidneck Island. Portsmouth was the site of the first African-American military unit, the 1st Rhode Island Regiment, to fight for the U.S. in the unsuccessful Battle of Rhode Island of August 29, 1778.{{cite book|last=Dearden|first=Paul F|title=The Rhode Island Campaign of 1778|publisher=Rhode Island Bicentennial Federation |year=1980 |location=Providence, RI|isbn=978-0-917012-17-4|oclc=60041024}} A month earlier, the appearance of a French fleet off Newport caused the British to scuttle some of their own ships in an attempt to block the harbor. The British abandoned Newport in October 1779, concentrating their forces in New York City. An expedition of 5,500 French troops under Count Rochambeau arrived in Newport by sea on July 10, 1780.{{cite book |last1=Duchesneau|first1=John T. |last2=Troost-Cramer|first2=Kathleen |date=2014 |title=Fort Adams: A History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cY-ACQAAQBAJ&q=Fort+Adams+A+History&pg=PT153 |publisher=The History Press |pages=16–19 |access-date=March 15, 2017 |isbn=9781625850584 |archive-date=February 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220153334/https://books.google.com/books?id=cY-ACQAAQBAJ&q=Fort+Adams+A+History&pg=PT153 |url-status=live }} The celebrated march to Yorktown, Virginia, in 1781 ended with the defeat of the British at the Siege of Yorktown and the Battle of the Chesapeake.

Rhode Island was also heavily involved in the Industrial Revolution, which began in America in 1787 when Thomas Somers reproduced textile machine plans which he imported from England. He helped to produce the Beverly Cotton Manufactory, in which Moses Brown of Providence took an interest. Moses Brown teamed up with Samuel Slater and helped to create the second cotton mill in America, a water-powered textile mill. The Industrial Revolution moved large numbers of workers into the cities. With the 1663 colonial charter still in effect, voting was restricted to landowners holding at least $134 in property. At the time of the revolution, 80% of White men in Rhode Island could vote; by 1840, only 40% were still eligible.{{Cite web |last=Wills |first=Matthew |date=2022-02-17 |title=The Dorr Rebellion for Voting Rights |url=https://daily.jstor.org/the-dorr-rebellion-for-voting-rights/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=JSTOR Daily |language=en-US}} The charter apportioned legislative seats equally among the state's towns, over-representing rural areas and under-representing the growing industrial centers. Additionally, the charter disallowed landless citizens from filing civil suits without endorsement from a landowner.{{cite book |last1=Bolles|first1=John Augustus|date=1842|title=The Affairs of Rhode Island, Being a Review of President Wayland's Discourse, a Vindication of the Sovereignty of the People, and a Refutation of the Doctrines and Doctors of Despotism|publisher=B.T. Albro |location=Boston |url=http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/MOML?dd=0&locID=cornell&d1=19005833400&srchtp=a&c=1&an=19005833400&df=f&d2=1&docNum=F3704667622&h2=1&af=RN&d6=1&d3=1&ste=10&stp=Author&d4=0.33&d5=d6&ae=F104667622|access-date=June 9, 2015|archive-date=July 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728110128/http://galeapps.gale.com/apps/auth?cause=http%3A%2F%2Fgalenet.gale.com%2Fservlet%2FMOML%3Fdd%3D0%26locID%3Dcornell%26d1%3D19005833400%26srchtp%3Da%26c%3D1%26an%3D19005833400%26df%3Df%26d2%3D1%26docNum%3DF3704667622%26h2%3D1%26af%3DRN%26d6%3D1%26d3%3D1%26ste%3D10%26stp%3DAuthor%26d4%3D0.33%26d5%3Dd6%26ae%3DF104667622%26finalAuth%3Dtrue&prodId=MOML&sw_aep=cornell|url-status=live}} Bills were periodically introduced in the legislature to expand suffrage, but they were invariably defeated.

In 1841, activists led by Thomas W. Dorr organized an extralegal convention to draft a state constitution,{{cite book|last1=Webster |first1=Daniel|title=The Rhode Island Question: Mr. Webster's Argument in the Supreme Court of the United States in the Case of Martin Luther vs. Luther M. Borden and Others, January 27th, 1848|date=1848|publisher=J. and G.S. Gideon |location=Washington, D.C. |url=http://www.heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.trials/rhodislq0001&id=1&collection=trials&index=alpha/R_trials#1|access-date=June 9, 2015 |archive-date=September 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919230636/http://www.heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.trials%2Frhodislq0001&id=1&collection=trials&index=alpha%2FR_trials#1|url-status=live}} arguing the charter government violated the Guarantee Clause in Article Four, Section Four of the United States Constitution. In 1842, the charter government and Dorr's supporters held separate elections, and two rival governments claimed sovereignty over the state. Dorr's supporters led an armed rebellion against the charter government, and Dorr was arrested and imprisoned for treason against the state.{{cite book |last1=Pitman|first1=Joseph S.|title=Report on the Trial of Thomas Wilson Dorr, for Treason Against the State of Rhode Island, Containing the Arguments of Counsel, and the Charge of Chief Justice Durfee|date=1844|publisher=Tappan & Dennet |location=Boston |url=http://www.heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.trials/aaga0001&id=1&size=2&collection=trials&index=alpha/R_trials#1|access-date=June 9, 2015 |archive-date=September 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919231641/http://www.heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.trials%2Faaga0001&id=1&size=2&collection=trials&index=alpha%2FR_trials#1|url-status=live}}

In response, the legislature drafted a state constitution which replaced property requirements for American-born citizens with a $1 poll tax, {{Inflation|index=US|value=1|start_year=1842|fmt=eq}}. In a heavily boycotted election in November 1842, voters approved the constitution.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}} Voters also declined to limit the change to "white" men, thus re-enfranchising Black men—Black men meeting the property requirements had been able to vote in Rhode Island until 1822. The constitution also ended slavery. Immigrants remained subject to the property requirement, effectively disenfranchising many Irish-Americans and maintaining urban under-representation.{{cite book |last=King |first=Dan |date=1859 |title=The Life and Times of Thomas Wilson Dorr, with Outlines of the Political History of Rhode Island |url=http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/MOML?dd=0&locID=cornell&d1=19003605000&srchtp=a&c=1&an=19003605000&df=f&d2=2&docNum=F3702905342&h2=1&vrsn=1.0&af=RN&db=Title+Page&d6=2&d3=0&ste=10&d4=0.33&stp=Author&d5=d6&ae=F102905341 |publisher=Dan King |location=Boston |access-date=June 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728110135/http://galeapps.gale.com/apps/auth?cause=http%3A%2F%2Fgalenet.gale.com%2Fservlet%2FMOML%3Fdd%3D0%26locID%3Dcornell%26d1%3D19003605000%26srchtp%3Da%26c%3D1%26an%3D19003605000%26df%3Df%26d2%3D2%26docNum%3DF3702905342%26h2%3D1%26vrsn%3D1.0%26af%3DRN%26db%3DTitle%2BPage%26d6%3D2%26d3%3D0%26ste%3D10%26d4%3D0.33%26stp%3DAuthor%26d5%3Dd6%26ae%3DF102905341%26finalAuth%3Dtrue&prodId=MOML&sw_aep=cornell |archive-date=July 28, 2020 |url-status=live}}{{Cite web |title=In 1843, slavery was banned in Rhode Island |website=Newport Daily News |url=https://www.newportri.com/story/lifestyle/columns/2018/05/28/looking-back-at-our-history-in-1843-slavery-was-banned-in-rhode-island/12119944007/ |access-date=2023-11-11}} In 1849, in Luther v. Borden, the US Supreme Court declined to rule on the constitutional question raised in Dorr's rebellion, holding that it was a political question outside its jurisdiction.

In the early 19th century, Rhode Island was subject to a tuberculosis outbreak which led to public hysteria about vampirism.{{Cite news |last=Hallenbeck |first=Brent |date=August 2, 2022 |title=Vampires in Vermont? That's what some people thought in 1792 |work=Burlington Free Press |url=https://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/story/news/local/vermont/2022/08/02/vampires-vermont-some-people-thought-1792/65388252007/ |access-date=May 14, 2023}}{{Cite news |last=Milligan |first=Markus |date=May 11, 2022 |title=The New England vampire panic |work=HeritageDaily |url=https://www.heritagedaily.com/2022/05/the-new-england-vampire-panic/143567 |access-date=May 14, 2023}}

File:Fort_Adams_02.jpg was moved to Fort Adams in Newport during the Civil War.]]

{{Main|Rhode Island in the American Civil War}}

During the American Civil War, Rhode Island was the first Union state to send troops in response to President Lincoln's request for help from the states. Rhode Island furnished 23,700 fighting men, of whom 1,685 died.{{cite web |url=https://ri.ng.mil/History/ |title=History |publisher=Rhode Island National Guard |access-date=2023-05-19}} On the home front, Rhode Island and the other northern states used their industrial capacity to supply the Union Army with the materials it needed to win the war. The United States Naval Academy moved to Rhode Island temporarily during the war.

In 1866, Rhode Island abolished racial segregation in the public schools throughout the state.{{cite web|url=http://www.rilin.state.ri.us/studteaguide/RhodeIslandHistory/chapt5.html |title=Rhode Island History: CHAPTER V: Change, Controversy, and War, 1846–1865 |access-date=March 28, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060203064148/http://www.rilin.state.ri.us/studteaguide/RhodeIslandHistory/chapt5.html |archive-date=February 3, 2006 }}

File:The_Breakers_interior_05.jpg, a Newport symbol of the Gilded Age]]

The 50 years following the Civil War were a time of prosperity and affluence that author William G. McLoughlin calls "Rhode Island's halcyon era". Rhode Island was a center of the Gilded Age and provided a home or summer home to many of the country's most prominent industrialists. This was a time of growth in textile mills and manufacturing and brought an influx of immigrants to fill those jobs, bringing population growth and urbanization. In Newport, New York's wealthiest industrialists created a summer haven to socialize and build grand mansions. Thousands of French-Canadian, Italian, Irish, and Portuguese immigrants arrived to fill jobs in the textile and manufacturing mills in Providence, Pawtucket, Central Falls, and Woonsocket.

During World War I, Rhode Island furnished 28,817 soldiers, of whom 612 died. After the war, the state was hit hard by the Spanish Influenza.{{cite web|url=http://www.rilin.state.ri.us/studteaguide/RhodeIslandHistory/chapt7.html |title=Rhode Island History: Chapter VII: Boom, Bust, and War, 1900–1945 |access-date=March 28, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060302040555/http://www.rilin.state.ri.us/studteaguide/rhodeislandhistory/chapt7.html |archive-date=March 2, 2006 }}

In the 1920s and 1930s, rural Rhode Island saw a surge in Ku Klux Klan membership, largely in reaction to large waves of immigrants moving to the state. The Klan is believed to be responsible for burning the Watchman Industrial School in Scituate, which was a school for African-American children.{{cite news |author=Robert Smith |url=http://www.projo.com/specials/century/month4/426nw1.htm |title=In the 1920s the Klan Ruled the Countryside |newspaper=The Providence Journal |date=April 26, 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722015159/http://www.projo.com/specials/century/month4/426nw1.htm |archive-date=July 22, 2011 }}

Since the Great Depression, the Rhode Island Democratic Party has dominated local politics. Rhode Island has comprehensive health insurance for low-income children and a large social safety net. However, many urban areas still have a high rate of child poverty. Due to an influx of residents from Boston, increasing housing costs have resulted in more homelessness in Rhode Island.{{cite web | url = http://204.17.79.244/profiles/cw_pro.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060425093125/http://204.17.79.244/profiles/cw_pro.html | archive-date = April 25, 2006 | title = Providence Neighborhood Profiles }}

File:Downtown_Providence_Rhode_Island_2008.jpg

The 350th anniversary of the founding of Rhode Island was celebrated with a free concert held on the tarmac of the Quonset State Airport on August 31, 1986. Performers included Chuck Berry, Tommy James, and headliner Bob Hope.

{{Further|Geology of New England|Climate change in Rhode Island}}

File:Rhode_Island_-_NED500_(transparent).png

Rhode Island covers an area of {{convert|1034|sqmi|sqkm|0}} within the New England region of the Northeastern United States and is bordered on the north and east by Massachusetts, on the west by Connecticut, and on the south by Rhode Island Sound and the Atlantic Ocean.[http://sos.ri.gov/library/history/facts/ Office of the Secretary of State: A. Ralph Mollis: State Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101112942/http://sos.ri.gov/library/history/facts/ |date=January 1, 2016 }}. Sos.ri.gov. Retrieved on July 12, 2013. It shares a narrow maritime border with New York State between Block Island and Long Island. The state's mean elevation is {{convert|200|ft|m|0}}. It is only {{convert|37|mi|km|0}} wide and {{convert|48|mi|km|0}} long, yet the state has a tidal shoreline on Narragansett Bay and the Atlantic Ocean of {{convert|384|mi|km|0}}.Official Government Web Portal for the State of Rhode Island www.ri.gov/facts/history.php accessed May 24, 2014.

Rhode Island is nicknamed the Ocean State and has a number of oceanfront beaches. It is mostly flat with no real mountains, and the state's highest natural point is Jerimoth Hill, {{convert|812|ft|m|0}} above sea level.{{cite web|date=April 29, 2005 |url=http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html#Highest |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |access-date=November 7, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061102095332/http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archive-date=November 2, 2006 }} The state has two distinct natural regions. Eastern Rhode Island contains the lowlands of the Narragansett Bay, while Western Rhode Island forms part of the New England upland. Rhode Island's forests are part of the Northeastern coastal forests ecoregion.{{cite journal |last1=Olson |first1=D.M. |first2=E. |last2=Dinerstein |title=Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth |journal=BioScience |year=2001 |volume=51 |issue=11 |pages=933–938 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2 |display-authors=etal |doi-access=free | issn = 0006-3568}}

Narragansett Bay is a major feature of the state's topography. There are more than 30 islands within the bay; the largest is Aquidneck Island, which holds the municipalities of Newport, Middletown, and Portsmouth. The second-largest island is Conanicut, and the third is Prudence. Block Island lies about {{convert|12|mi|km|0}} off the southern coast of the mainland and separates Block Island Sound and the Atlantic Ocean proper.US Geological Survey topographical map Providence 1:250,000 (NK 19-7) 1958US Geological Survey topographical map Block Island (1:100,000) 30 × 60 minute series 1984 (41071-A1-TM-100)

A rare type of rock called Cumberlandite can be found in Cumberland (the only place within the United States in which it can be found) and is the state rock. There were initially two known deposits of the mineral, but it is an ore of iron, and one of the deposits was extensively mined for its ferrous content.{{cite web |title=Cumberlandite |url=https://mrdata.usgs.gov/geology/state/sgmc-unit.php?unit=RIDZc;0 |website=Mineral Resource Data |publisher=United States Geological Survey |access-date=19 June 2019 |archive-date=September 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906124729/https://mrdata.usgs.gov/geology/state/sgmc-unit.php?unit=RIDZc;0 |url-status=live }}{{efn|A somewhat similar ore has been described in Taberg, Sweden.{{cite journal |last1=Quinn |first1=Alonzo W |title=Bedrock Geology of Rhode Island |journal=Geological Survey Bulletin |date=1949 |issue=1295 |page=31 |access-date=19 June 2019 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A5yq6GlZ7lUC&pg=PA31 |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior |location=Washington, DC |archive-date=July 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728110133/https://books.google.com/books?id=A5yq6GlZ7lUC&pg=PA31 |url-status=live}}}}

File:National-atlas-rhode-island.png|Map of Rhode Island, showing major cities and roads

File:Cliff Walk - Newport, Rhode Island, USA - August 15, 2015 08.jpg|Rocky shoreline in Newport

File:Ninigret Pond National Wildlife Refuge 2.JPG|Ninigret Pond National Wildlife Refuge

File:Aerial view of Trustom Pond National Wildlife Refuge (RI) (8158417032).jpg|Trustom Pond, a lagoon in South Kingstown

File:Köppen Climate Types Rhode Island.png of Rhode Island, using 1991–2020 climate normals]]

Most of Rhode Island has a humid continental climate, with warm summers and cold winters. The state's southern coastal portions are the broad transition zone into subtropical climates, with hot summers and cool winters with a mix of rain and snow. Block Island has an oceanic climate. The highest temperature recorded in Rhode Island was {{convert|104|°F|°C|0}}, recorded on August 2, 1975, in Providence.[http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001416.html Recorded Highest Temperatures by State ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418030119/http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001416.html |date=April 18, 2010 }} Information Please Almanac The lowest recorded temperature in Rhode Island was {{convert|-23|°F|°C|0}} on February 5, 1996, in Greene.[http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001416.html Recorded Lowest Temperatures by State ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418030119/http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001416.html |date=April 18, 2010 }} Information Please Almanac Monthly average temperatures range from a high of {{convert|83|°F|°C|0}} to a low of {{convert|20|°F|°C|0}}.{{cite web |url=http://www.rssweather.com/climate/Rhode%20Island/Providence/temp.png |title=Average Temperature Range |access-date=January 26, 2013 |archive-date=January 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117053431/http://www.rssweather.com/climate/Rhode%20Island/Providence/temp.png |url-status=live }}

Rhode Island is vulnerable to tropical storms and hurricanes due to its location in New England, catching the brunt of many storms that blow up the eastern seaboard. Hurricanes that have done significant damage in the state include the 1938 New England hurricane, Hurricane Carol (1954), Hurricane Donna (1960), and Hurricane Bob (1991).

Due to the relatively flat nature of Rhode Island's seashore, the state is vulnerable to storm surge and coastal erosion, especially as sea levels rise.

{{Main|List of municipalities in Rhode Island}}

{{See also|Rhode Island locations by per capita income|Category:Villages in Rhode Island}}Rhode Island is divided into five counties but it has no county governments. The entire state is divided into 39 municipalities, which handle all local government affairs.

There are 8 cities and 31 towns in Rhode Island. Major population centers today result from historical factors; development took place predominantly along the Blackstone, Seekonk, and Providence Rivers with the advent of the water-powered mill. Providence is the base of a large metropolitan area.

The state's 19 largest municipalities ranked by population are:{{cite web|title=City and Town Population Totals: 2010–2017 |url=https://census.gov/data/tables/2017/demo/popest/total-cities-and-towns.html |website=Quickfacts.census.gov|date=March 12, 2019 |access-date=March 12, 2019 |archive-date=March 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328165215/https://census.gov/data/tables/2017/demo/popest/total-cities-and-towns.html|url-status=live}}

{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}

1. Providence (190,934)
2. Cranston (82,934)
3. Warwick (82,823)
4. Pawtucket (75,604)
5. East Providence (47,139)
6. Woonsocket (43,240)
7. Cumberland (36,405)
8. Coventry (35,688)
9. North Providence (34,114)
10. South Kingstown (31,931)
11. West Warwick (31,012)
12. Johnston (29,568)
13. North Kingstown (27,732)
14. Newport (25,163)
15. Westerly (23,359)
16. Central Falls (22,583)
17. Lincoln (22,529)
18. Bristol (22,493)
19. Smithfield (22,118)

{{Div col end}}

Some of Rhode Island's cities and towns are further partitioned into villages, in common with many other New England states. Notable villages include Kingston in the town of South Kingstown, which houses the University of Rhode Island; Wickford in the town of North Kingstown, the site of an annual international art festival; and Wakefield where the Town Hall is for the Town of South Kingstown.{{cite web|url=http://www.southkingstownri.com/|title=Homepage of the Town of South Kingstown|access-date=April 5, 2013|archive-date=May 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513014740/http://www.southkingstownri.com/|url-status=live}}

File:Weybosset Street view, Providence, Rhode Island (6x4).jpg|alt=PPAC Square in downtown Providence|1. Providence

File:William H Hall Free Library, Cranston RI.jpg|alt=William H. Hall Free Library in Cranston|2. Cranston

File:Warwick Rhode Island City Hall.jpg|alt=Warwick City Hall|3. Warwick

File:Old Post Office, Pawtucket, Rhode Island.jpg|alt=Old Post Office in Pawtucket|4. Pawtucket

File:World War I Memorial and Taunton Plaza, East Providence RI.jpg|alt=Taunton Plaza, East Providence|5. East Providence

File:Woonsocket City Hall 2015.jpg|alt=Woonsocket City Hall|6. Woonsocket

File:Harris Mill (51965).jpg|alt=Harris Mill in Coventry|7. Coventry

File:Cumberland Town Hall RI.jpg|alt=Cumberland Town Hall|8. Cumberland

File:Greystone Mills.jpg|alt=Greystone Mills in North Providence|9. North Providence

File:Kingston Rhode Island Free Library.jpg|alt=Kingston Free Library|10. South Kingstown

File:Clemence-Irons House - Johnston, Rhode Island.jpg|alt=Clemence-Irons House in Johnston|11. Johnston

File:West Warwick Memorial.jpg|alt=Memorial in West Warwick|12. West Warwick

File:Old Narragansett Church Wickford front view.jpg|alt=Old Narragansett Church in Wickford|13. North Kingstown

File:Old Colony House Newport Rhode Island.jpg|alt=Old Colony House in Newport|14. Newport

File:Downtown Westerly, RI.jpg|alt=Downtown Westerly|15. Westerly

{{See also|List of Registered Historic Places in Rhode Island}}

File:Rhode_Island_State_House_2.jpg in Providence boasts the world's fourth largest self-supported marble dome.]]

The state capitol building is made of white Georgian marble. On top is the world's fourth largest self-supported marble dome.{{cite web |url=http://www.visitrhodeisland.com/attractions/propertyDetail.aspx?id=1251&ref=/attractions/index.aspx |website=VisitRhodeIsland.com |title=State Capitol |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080428040406/http://www.visitrhodeisland.com/attractions/propertyDetail.aspx?id=1251&ref=%2Fattractions%2Findex.aspx |archive-date=April 28, 2008 }} It houses the Rhode Island Charter granted by King Charles II in 1663, the Brown University charter, and other state treasures.

The First Baptist Church of Providence is the oldest Baptist church in the Americas, founded by Roger Williams in 1638.

The first fully automated post office in the country is in Providence. There are many historic mansions in the seaside city of Newport, including The Breakers, Marble House, and Belcourt Castle. Also there is the Touro Synagogue, dedicated on December 2, 1763, considered by locals to be the first synagogue within the United States (see below for information on New York City's claim), and still serving. The synagogue showcases the religious freedoms established by Roger Williams, as well as impressive architecture in a mix of the classic colonial and Sephardic style. The Newport Casino is a National Historic Landmark building complex that houses the International Tennis Hall of Fame and features an active grass-court tennis club.

File:The_Towers,_Narragansett_Pier_RI.jpg are a Narragansett landmark.]]

Scenic Route 1A (known locally as Ocean Road) is in Narragansett. "The Towers" is also in Narragansett featuring a large stone arch. It was once the entrance to a famous Narragansett casino that burned down in 1900. The Towers now serve as an event venue and host the local Chamber of Commerce, which operates a tourist information center.

The Newport Tower has been hypothesized to be of Viking origin, although most experts believe it was a Colonial-era windmill.{{cite web |url=http://newporttowermuseum.com/styled-4/index.html |title=Who built the Newport Tower? |website=Newport Tower Museum |access-date=September 28, 2016 |archive-date=October 17, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017100314/http://newporttowermuseum.com/styled-4/index.html |url-status=live }}

File:Block_Island_Wind_Farm.jpg is the first commercial offshore wind farm in the United States.{{Cite news|last=Schlossberg|first=Tatiana|date=2016-12-14|title=America's First Offshore Wind Farm Spins to Life|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/14/science/wind-power-block-island.html|access-date=2021-05-26|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=May 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526060353/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/14/science/wind-power-block-island.html|url-status=live}}]]

On May 29, 2014, Governor Lincoln D. Chafee announced that Rhode Island was one of eight states to release a collaborative Action Plan to put 3.3 million zero-emission vehicles on its roads by 2025. The plan's purpose is to reduce greenhouse gas and smog-causing emissions. The plan promotes zero-emissions vehicles and investments in the infrastructure to support them.{{cite web |url=http://www.dem.ri.gov/zevplanmou.pdf |title=Multi-State ZEV Action Plane: ZEV Program Implementation Task Force |date=May 2014 |website=dem.ri.gov |access-date=August 19, 2021 |archive-date=August 19, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084946/http://www.dem.ri.gov/zevplanmou.pdf |url-status=live }}

In 2014, Rhode Island received grants of $2,711,685 from the Environmental Protection Agency to clean up Brownfield sites in eight locations. The grants provided communities with funding to assess, clean up, and redevelop contaminated properties, boost local economies, and leverage jobs while protecting public health and the environment.{{cite web|url=http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/6d651d23f5a91b768525735900400c28/2611642cd33b697185257ce6005001ee!OpenDocument|title=EPA Awards $17.5 Million to Clean Up Brownfield Sites in New England; Funds help protect health, the environment and Revitalize communities|access-date=December 24, 2014|archive-date=December 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224024521/http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/6d651d23f5a91b768525735900400c28/2611642cd33b697185257ce6005001ee!OpenDocument|url-status=live}}

In 2013, the "Lots of Hope" program was established in the City of Providence to focus on increasing the city's green space and local food production, improve urban neighborhoods, promote healthy lifestyles and improve environmental sustainability. Supported by a $100,000 grant, the program will partner with the City of Providence, the Southside Community Land Trust, and the Rhode Island Foundation to convert city-owned vacant lots into productive urban farms.{{cite web|url=https://www.providenceri.com/sustainability/providence-environmental-initiative-will-transform|title=Providence Environmental Initiative Will Transform Vacant City-Owned Parcels into Urban Farms|access-date=December 24, 2014|archive-date=December 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224024808/https://www.providenceri.com/sustainability/providence-environmental-initiative-will-transform|url-status=live}}

In 2012, Rhode Island passed bill S2277/H7412, "An act relating to Health and Safety – Environmental Cleanup Objectives for Schools", informally known as the School Siting Bill. Sponsored by Senator Juan Pichardo and Representative Scott Slater, and signed into law by the governor, it made Rhode Island the first US State to prohibit school construction on Brownfield sites where toxic vapors can potentially affect indoor air quality. It also creates a public participation process whenever a city or town considers building a school on any other kind of contaminated site.{{cite web|url=http://www.cleanwateraction.org/press/rhode-island-first-state-nation-prohibit-school-construction-vapor-intrusion-brownfield-sites |title=Rhode Island First State in Nation to Prohibit School Construction on Vapor Intrusion Brownfield Sites – Clean Water Action |access-date=December 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224021559/http://www.cleanwateraction.org/press/rhode-island-first-state-nation-prohibit-school-construction-vapor-intrusion-brownfield-sites |archive-date=December 24, 2014}}

On April 14, 2021, the 2021 Act on Climate was signed. It specified a set of increasingly stringent emissions mandates for the state for the first year of every decade from 2020 until 2050, with the ultimate goal of the state producing net-zero emissions by 2050.{{cite web |title=Act on Climate |url=https://climatechange.ri.gov/act-climate |website=State of Rhode Island, Climate Change |access-date=27 October 2024}}

The {{Visible anchor|Invasive Plant Atlas of New England}} monitors invasive weeds throughout New England.

{{cite journal |author1=Annie Simpson |author2=Catherine Jarnevich |author3=John Madsen |author4=Randy Westbrooks |author5=Christine Fournier |author6=Les Mehrhoff |author7=Michael Browne |author8=Jim Graham |author9=Elizabeth Sellers |year=2009 |title=Invasive species information networks: collaboration at multiple scales for prevention, early detection, and rapid response to invasive alien species |journal=Biodiversity |volume=10 |issue=2 & 3 |pages=5–13 |doi=10.1080/14888386.2009.9712839 |bibcode=2009Biodi..10b...5S |s2cid=84730109}}

{{US Census population

|1790= 68825

|1800= 69122

|1810= 76931

|1820= 83059

|1830= 97199

|1840= 108830

|1850= 147545

|1860= 174620

|1870= 217353

|1880= 276531

|1890= 345506

|1900= 428556

|1910= 542610

|1920= 604397

|1930= 687497

|1940= 713346

|1950= 791896

|1960= 859488

|1970= 946725

|1980= 947154

|1990= 1003464

|2000= 1048319

|2010= 1052567

|2020= 1097379

| estimate = 1112308

| estyear = 2024

| align-fn = center

|footnote=Source: 1910–2020{{cite web |title=Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020) |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=May 1, 2021 |archive-date=April 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html }}

}}

File:Ethnic Origins in Rhode Island.png

File:Rhode Island population density 2020.png

At the 2020 U.S. census, Rhode Island's population was 1,097,379. The center of population of Rhode Island is in Providence County, in the city of Cranston.{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt|title=Population and Population Centers by State: 2000|publisher=US Census Bureau|access-date=April 24, 2008|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20080918020344/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt|archive-date=September 18, 2008}} A corridor of population can be seen from the Providence area, stretching northwest following the Blackstone River to Woonsocket, where 19th-century mills drove industry and development.

According to HUD's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 1,577 homeless people in Rhode Island.{{Cite web |title=2007-2022 PIT Counts by State |url=https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huduser.gov%2Fportal%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fxls%2F2007-2022-PIT-Counts-by-State.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK}}{{Cite web |title=The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress |url=https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2022-AHAR-Part-1.pdf}}

According to the 2020 census, 71.3% of the population was White (68.7% non-Hispanic white), 5.7% was Black or African American, 0.7% American Indian and Alaska Native, 3.6% Asian, 0.0% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, 9.4% from some other race, and 9.3% from two or more races. 16.6% of the total population was of Hispanic or Latino origin (they may be of any race).{{Cite web |url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDP2020.DP1?g=040XX00US44 |title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2020 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Rhode Island |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=April 17, 2024}}

Of the people residing in Rhode Island, 58.7% were born in Rhode Island, 26.6% were born in a different state, 2.0% were born in Puerto Rico, U.S. Island areas or born abroad to American parent(s), and 12.6% were foreign born.{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |title=U.S. Census website |website=census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=December 11, 2015 |archive-date=December 27, 1996 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/https://www.census.gov/ |url-status=live }}

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, {{as of|2015|lc=y}}, Rhode Island had an estimated population of 1,056,298, which is an increase of 1,125, or 0.10%, from the prior year and an increase of 3,731, or 0.35%, since the year 2010. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 15,220 people (that is 66,973 births minus 51,753 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 14,001 people into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 18,965 people, and migration within the country produced a net decrease of 4,964 people. In 2018, The top countries of origin for Rhode Island's immigrants were the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Portugal, Cape Verde and India.{{cite web |title=Immigrants in Rhode Island |url=https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/immigrants_in_rhode_island.pdf}}

Hispanics in the state make up 12.8% of the population, predominantly Dominican, Puerto Rican, and Guatemalan populations.{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/44000.html |title=Rhode Island |website=Quickfacts.census.gov |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=August 14, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101015091121/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/44000.html |archive-date=October 15, 2010}} Rhode Island has the highest percentage of Dominican Americans in the country at 5.1% according to latest estimates, putting the state at sixth largest Dominican community in the country.

According to the 2000 U.S. census, 84% of the population aged 5 and older spoke only American English, while 8.07% spoke Spanish at home, 3.80% Portuguese, 1.96% French, 1.39% Italian and 0.78% speak other languages at home accordingly.{{cite web |date=July 17, 2007 |url= http://www.mla.org/map_data_results&state_id=44&mode=state_tops |title=Language Map Data Center|publisher=Mla.org |access-date=July 31, 2010|archive-date=December 5, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205100552/http://www.mla.org/map_data_results%26state_id%3D44%26mode%3Dstate_tops|url-status=live}}

The state's most populous ethnic group, non-Hispanic white, has declined from 96.1% in 1970 to 76.5% in 2011.{{cite web|title=Rhode Island – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |archive-date=July 25, 2008}} In 2011, 40.3% of Rhode Island's children under the age of one belonged to racial or ethnic minority groups, meaning they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white.{{cite news |url=http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html |title=Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot |last=Exner|first=Rich|date=June 3, 2012|work=The Plain Dealer |access-date=July 31, 2012|archive-date=July 14, 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160714084214/http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html |url-status=live}}

6.1% of Rhode Island's population were reported as under 5, 23.6% under 18, and 14.5% were 65 or older. Females made up approximately 52% of the population.

According to the 2010–2015 American Community Survey, the largest ancestry groups were Irish (18.3%), Italian (18.0%), English (10.5%), French (10.4%), and Portuguese (9.3%). Rhode Island has some of the highest percentages of Irish Americans and Italian Americans.{{cite web |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Rhode%20island&tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B04006 |title=Explore Census Data }} Italian Americans make up a plurality in central and southern Providence County and French-Canadian Americans form a large part of northern Providence County. Irish Americans have a strong presence in Newport and Kent counties. Americans of English ancestry still have a presence in the state as well, especially in Washington County, and are often referred to as "Swamp Yankees".

Rhode Island has a notable Lusophone community, having a higher percentage of Americans of Portuguese ancestry than any other state, including Portuguese Americans and Cape Verdean Americans. Additionally, the state also has the highest percentage of Liberian immigrants, with more than 15,000 residing in the state.{{cite web|url=http://runningafrica.com/news-03212009DED-Extension.html |title=Obama grants 12-month extension to Liberians on DED |access-date=January 4, 2009 |publisher=The Providence Journal c/o The African Media Network |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418080005/http://runningafrica.com/news-03212009DED-Extension.html |archive-date=April 18, 2009 }} African immigrants, including those from Cape Verde and Liberia, form significant and growing communities in Rhode Island. Rhode Island is one of the few states where Black people of recent foreign origin outnumber Black people of multigenerational American origin (African Americans). Rhode Island also has a sizable Asian community. There is one federally recognized tribe in Rhode Island, the Narragansett Indian Tribe.

Although Rhode Island has the smallest land area of all 50 states, it has the second highest population density, second to that of New Jersey.

• Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

{{bar box

|title = Religious affiliation per the PRRI (2022)

|titlebar=#ccf |background-color=#f8f9fa |float=right

|bars =

{{bar percent|Christian|darkblue|72}}

{{bar percent|Unaffiliated|purple|24}}

{{bar percent|Jewish|lightgreen|2}}

{{bar percent|Other faiths|lightgreen|2}}

}}

A Pew survey of Rhode Island residents' religious self-identification in 2014 showed the following distribution of affiliations: Catholic 42%, Protestant 30%, Jewish 1%, Jehovah's Witnesses 2%, Buddhism 1%, Mormonism 1%, Hinduism 1%, and Non-religious 20%.{{cite web |url=http://religions.pewforum.org/maps |title=U.S. Religion Map and Religious Populations – U.S. Religious Landscape Study – Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life |publisher=Religions.pewforum.org |access-date=February 26, 2014 |archive-date=July 7, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707085300/http://religions.pewforum.org/maps |url-status=live }} The largest Christian denominations as of 2010 were the Catholic Church with 456,598 adherents, the Episcopal Church with 19,377, the American Baptist Churches USA with 15,220, and the United Methodist Church with 6,901 adherents.{{cite web |url=http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/44/rcms2010_44_state_adh_2010.asp |title=The Association of Religion Data Archives | State Membership Report |publisher=www.thearda.com |access-date=December 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217221736/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/44/rcms2010_44_state_adh_2010.asp |archive-date=December 17, 2013 }}

Rhode Island has had the highest proportion of Catholic residents of any state according to a study in 2000,{{cite web |title=The Largest Roman Catholic Communities |date=April 29, 1999 |orig-date=Last updated: July 29, 2000 |url=http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_romcath.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000818085719/http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_romcath.html |archive-date=August 18, 2000 |website=Adherents.com |access-date=February 13, 2009 |url-status=usurped}} mainly due to large Irish, Italian, and French-Canadian immigration in the past; recently, significant Portuguese and various Hispanic or Latino communities have also been established in the state. Though it has the highest overall Catholic percentage of any state, none of Rhode Island's individual counties ranks among the 10 most Catholic in the United States, as Catholics are evenly spread throughout the state.

According to the Public Religion Research Institute (PRRI) in 2020, 67% of the population were Christian, spread among evangelical and mainline Protestantism, and Roman Catholicism.{{Cite web |title=2020 Religious Affiliations PRRI |website=ava.prri.org |url=https://ava.prri.org/#religious/2020/States/religion/m/US-RI |access-date=2022-09-17 |archive-date=April 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404161714/https://ava.prri.org/#religious/2020/States/religion/m/US-RI |url-status=dead }} In 2022, the Public Religion Research Institute revealed 72% of the population were Christian.{{Cite web |title=2022 Religious Affiliations PRRI |website=ava.prri.org |url=https://ava.prri.org/#religious/2022/States/religion/m/US-RI |access-date=2023-04-15 |archive-date=April 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404161714/https://ava.prri.org/#religious/2022/States/religion/m/US-RI |url-status=dead}}

File:Touro_Synagogue,_Newport,_Rhode_Island.jpg in Newport is the oldest existing synagogue building in the United States.]]

Rhode Island's Jewish community, centered in the Providence area, emerged during a wave of Jewish immigration predominantly from Eastern Europeans shtetls between 1880 and 1920. The presence of the Touro Synagogue in Newport, the oldest existing synagogue in the United States, emphasizes that these second-wave immigrants did not create Rhode Island's first Jewish community; a comparatively smaller wave of Spanish and Portuguese Jews immigrated to Newport during the colonial era. In 2022, they made up 2% of the state's population.

The religiously unaffiliated since 2014 were 20% of the population, though the separate study by the Public Religion Research Institute determined the irreligious increased to 29% of the adult population. In 2022, the religiously unaffiliated declined to 24% of the population.

Today, many inhabitants of Rhode Island identify as being Native American alone (6,058 people in 2010 census and 7,385 in 2020) or Native American in combination with one or more other races (8,336 people in 2010 census and 15,972 in 2020).{{Cite web |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html}} Many inhabitants of Rhode Island also reported belonging to tribes in 2010 census, the largest of which were the Narragansett (2,820 people), the Cherokee (987), the Wampanoag (559) and the Pequot (424). Other tribes included the Iroquois (278), the Micmac (101), the Abenaki (100), the Nipmuc (99) and more.{{Cite web |title=American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/cph-series/cph-t/cph-t-6.html}}

{{See also|Rhode Island locations by per capita income}}

The Rhode Island economy had a colonial base in fishing.

File:Slater_and_Wilkinson_Mills_-_exterior_&_water_power_systems.jpg in Pawtucket is cited as the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution in the United States.{{Cite web|date=2021-01-26|title=Slater Mill acquired by US National Park Service|url=https://www.wpri.com/news/local-news/blackstone-valley/reed-slater-mill-to-be-transferred-to-us-national-park-service/|access-date=2021-05-26|website=WPRI.com|language=en-US|archive-date=April 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423031421/https://www.wpri.com/news/local-news/blackstone-valley/reed-slater-mill-to-be-transferred-to-us-national-park-service/|url-status=live}}|alt=Slater Mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island]]

The Blackstone River Valley was a major contributor to the American Industrial Revolution. It was in Pawtucket that Samuel Slater set up Slater Mill in 1793,{{cite web|url=http://www.slatermill.org|publisher=Slater Mill Historic Site|title=Slater Mill|access-date=April 13, 2008|archive-date=May 9, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509194026/http://www.slatermill.org/|url-status=live}} using the waterpower of the Blackstone River to power his cotton mill. For a while, Rhode Island was one of the leaders in textiles. However, with the Great Depression, most textile factories relocated to southern U.S. states. The textile industry still constitutes a part of the Rhode Island economy but does not have the same power.

Other important industries in Rhode Island's past included toolmaking, costume jewelry, and silverware. An interesting by-product of Rhode Island's industrial history is the number of abandoned factories, many of which are now condominiums, museums, offices, and low-income and elderly housing. Today, much of Rhode Island's economy is based on services, particularly healthcare and education, and still manufacturing to some extent.{{cite web|url=http://stats.bls.gov/eag/eag.ri.htm|title=Rhode Island Economy at a Glance|publisher=US Dept. of Labor|access-date=April 13, 2008|archive-date=May 13, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513202441/http://stats.bls.gov/eag/eag.ri.htm|url-status=live}} The state's nautical history continues in the 21st century in the form of nuclear submarine construction.

Per the 2013 American Communities Survey, Rhode Island has the highest paid elementary school teachers in the country, with an average salary of $75,028 (adjusted to inflation).{{cite web|url=http://golocalprov.com/news/rhode-island-has-the-highest-salaries-for-elementary-school-teachers-in-us|title=Rhode Island Has the Highest Salaries for Elementary School Teachers in US|website=GoLocalProv|access-date=January 23, 2015|archive-date=January 23, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123011641/http://www.golocalprov.com/news/rhode-island-has-the-highest-salaries-for-elementary-school-teachers-in-us|url-status=live}}

{{Multiple image

| image1 = Textron building in Providence, Rhode Island.jpg

| image2 = One Citizens Plaza north side.jpg

| total_width = 350

| footer = The headquarters of Textron and Citizens Financial Group in downtown Providence

| alt1 = Textron Tower, a concrete and glass commercial high-rise building in downtown Providence

| alt2 = One Citizens Plaza, a red commercial high-rise building in downtown Providence

}}

The headquarters of Citizens Financial Group, the 14th largest bank in the United States, is in Providence.{{cite web |url=http://nyjobsource.com/banks.html |title=Nation's Largest Banks |publisher=Nyjobsource.com |date=June 30, 2009 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-date=August 5, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805055605/http://nyjobsource.com/banks.html |url-status=live }} The Fortune 500 companies CVS Caremark and Textron are based in Woonsocket and Providence, respectively. FM Global, GTECH Corporation, Hasbro, American Power Conversion, Nortek, and Amica Mutual Insurance are all Fortune 1000 companies based in Rhode Island.{{cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2009/snapshots/387.html |title=Fortune 500 2009: Top 1000 American Companies – Exxon Mobil – XOM |publisher=CNN |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-date=July 8, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708090522/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2009/snapshots/387.html |url-status=live }}

Rhode Island's 2000 total gross state production was $46.18 billion (adjusted to inflation), placing it 45th in the nation. Its 2000 per capita personal income was $41,484 (adjusted to inflation), 16th in the nation. Rhode Island has the lowest level of energy consumption per capita of any state.{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/txt/ptb0106.html|title=State-Level Energy Consumption, Expenditures, and Prices, 2004|publisher=US Dept. of Energy|access-date=April 13, 2008|archive-date=April 8, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408135443/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/txt/ptb0106.html|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/ranks/rank30.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414201433/http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/ranks/rank30.htm |archive-date=April 14, 2008 |title=Energy consumption per capita, 2003 |publisher=US Census Bureau |access-date=June 26, 2008}}{{cite web |url=http://www.sustainablemiddleclass.com/energy-consumption.html |title=Energy Consumption: Red State and Blue State Comparisons |publisher=sustainablemiddleclass.com |access-date=June 26, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602114044/http://sustainablemiddleclass.com/energy-consumption.html |archive-date=June 2, 2008 }} Additionally, Rhode Island is rated as the 5th most energy efficient state in the country.{{cite news |url=http://www.boston.com/Boston/metrodesk/2011/10/massachusetts-ranks-energy-efficiency/HMzckZrGcLVtF2dCucvbDP/index.html?p1=Upbox_links |work=The Boston Globe |title=Massachusetts ranks No. 1 in energy efficiency |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105060928/http://www.boston.com/Boston/metrodesk/2011/10/massachusetts-ranks-energy-efficiency/HMzckZrGcLVtF2dCucvbDP/index.html?p1=Upbox_links |archive-date=January 5, 2012 }}{{cite news |last=Kuffner |first=Alex |date=October 20, 2011 |url=http://news.providencejournal.com/business/2011/10/ri-moves-up-in-state-energy-efficiency-rankings.html#.TqDdkpwu5EE |title=RI moves up in state energy efficiency rankings |newspaper=The Providence Journal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127045149/http://news.providencejournal.com/business/2011/10/ri-moves-up-in-state-energy-efficiency-rankings.html |archive-date=2011-11-27}} In December 2012, the state's unemployment rate was 10.2%.{{cite web |url=http://www.bls.gov/lau/ |title=Local Area Unemployment Statistics |publisher=Bureau of Labor Statistics |access-date=January 26, 2013 |archive-date=July 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725005015/https://www.bls.gov/lau/ |url-status=live }} This has gradually reduced to 3.5% in November 2019, however, the coronavirus pandemic brought the unemployment rate to a high of 18.1% in April 2020. This has since reduced to 10.5% in September 2020 and is projected to further decrease to 7% in October 2020.{{Cite web|title=Bureau of Labor Statistics |url=https://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LASST440000000000003?amp%253bdata_tool=XGtable&output_view=data&include_graphs=true |access-date=December 2, 2020|archive-date=October 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017103755/https://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LASST440000000000003?amp%253bdata_tool=XGtable&output_view=data&include_graphs=true|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|title=Rhode Island Economy at a Glance |url=https://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.ri.htm|access-date=2020-12-02|website=www.bls.gov|language=en|archive-date=December 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201031702/https://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.RI.htm|url-status=live}}

Health services are Rhode Island's largest industry. Second is tourism, supporting 39,000 jobs, with tourism-related sales at $4.56 billion (adjusted to inflation) in the year 2000. The third-largest industry is manufacturing.{{cite web |url=http://www.visitrhodeisland.com/facts_history/rifacts.aspx |title=Facts about Rhode Island |website=Visitrhodeisland.com |access-date=April 13, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512002351/http://www.visitrhodeisland.com/facts_history/rifacts.aspx |archive-date=May 12, 2008}} Its industrial outputs are submarine construction, shipbuilding, costume jewelry, fabricated metal products, electrical equipment, machinery, and boatbuilding. Rhode Island's agricultural outputs are nursery stock, vegetables, dairy products, and eggs. The largest single product is milk, which in 2017 totaled $4,563,000 in sales.{{cite report | access-date=2022-09-21 |date=April 2019 | title=2017 Census of Agriculture | volume=1 | chapter=State Level Data |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |chapter-url=https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2017/Full_Report/Volume_1,_Chapter_1_State_Level/Rhode_Island/}}

Rhode Island's taxes were appreciably higher than those of neighboring states, because Rhode Island's income tax was based on 25% of the payer's federal income tax payment.{{cite web |url=http://www.taxadmin.org/fta/rate/ind_inc.pdf |access-date=April 13, 2008 |publisher=Federation of Tax Administrators |title=State Individual Income Taxes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414005744/https://www.taxadmin.org/fta/rate/ind_inc.pdf |archive-date=April 14, 2008}} Former governor Donald Carcieri claimed the higher tax rate had an inhibitory effect on business growth in the state and called for reductions to increase the competitiveness of the state's business environment. In 2010, the Rhode Island General Assembly passed a new state income tax structure that Governor Carcieri signed into law on June 9, 2010.{{cite web|url=http://newsblog.projo.com/2010/06/carcier-signs-law-changing-inc.html |title=Carcieri signs law changing income tax structure |website=Projo 7 to 7 News Blog | The Providence Journal |date=June 9, 2010 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613014203/http://newsblog.projo.com/2010/06/carcier-signs-law-changing-inc.html |archive-date=June 13, 2010}} The income tax overhaul has made Rhode Island competitive with other New England states by lowering its maximum tax rate to 5.99% and reducing the number of tax brackets to three.{{cite web |url=http://www.projo.com/business/yourmoney/content/state_tax_overhaul_plan_06-05-10_ECIOV59_v13.1839414.html |title=R.I. General Assembly approves income tax overhaul |website=The Providence Journal |date=June 5, 2010 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613014213/http://www.projo.com/business/yourmoney/content/state_tax_overhaul_plan_06-05-10_ECIOV59_v13.1839414.html |archive-date=June 13, 2010}} The state's first income tax was enacted in 1971.{{cite web |url=http://www.rilin.state.ri.us/rhodeislandhistory/chapt8.html |title=Chapter VIII, The Era of Transition. 1946–1983 |date=December 29, 2009 |website=rilin.state.ri.us |publisher=State of Rhode Island General Assembly |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902080009/http://www.rilin.state.ri.us/rhodeislandhistory/chapt8.html |archive-date=September 2, 2012}}

{{As of |2011 |March}}, Rhode Island's largest employers (excluding employees of municipalities) are:{{cite web |url=http://www.riedc.com/files/Top%20Employers%20ranking%202011.pdf |title=Top Employers in Rhode Island |publisher=Rhode Island Economic Development Corporation |date=March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718064751/http://www.riedc.com/files/Top%20Employers%20ranking%202011.pdf |archive-date=July 18, 2013 }}

{{further|Rhode Island Department of Transportation}}

File:R-Line_bus_on_Exchange_Street,_October_2014.JPG operates a statewide system of bus transport.]]

The Rhode Island Public Transit Authority (RIPTA) operates statewide intra- and intercity bus transport from its hubs at Kennedy Plaza in Providence, Pawtucket, and Newport. RIPTA bus routes serve 38 of Rhode Island's 39 cities and towns. (New Shoreham on Block Island is not served). RIPTA operates 58 routes, including daytime trolley service (using trolley-style replica buses) in Providence and Newport.

From 2000 through 2008, RIPTA offered seasonal ferry service linking Providence and Newport (already connected by highway) funded by grant money from the United States Department of Transportation. Though the service was popular with residents and tourists, RIPTA was unable to continue after the federal funding ended. Service was discontinued {{as of|2010|lc=y}}.{{cite web |url=http://www.pbn.com/RIPTA-No-Newport-ferry-service-in-2010,48712 |title=RIPTA: No Newport ferry service in 2010 |publisher=Pbn.com |date=December 7, 2012 |access-date=January 26, 2013 |archive-date=January 20, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120044827/http://www.pbn.com/RIPTA-No-Newport-ferry-service-in-2010,48712 |url-status=live }} The service resumed in 2016 and has been successful. The privately run Block Island Ferry{{cite web |url=http://www.blockislandferry.com/ |title=Block Island Ferry |publisher=Block Island Ferry |access-date=January 26, 2013 |archive-date=January 18, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118093349/http://www.blockislandferry.com/ |url-status=live }} links Block Island with Newport and Narragansett with traditional and fast-ferry service, while the Prudence Island Ferry{{cite web |url=http://www.prudenceferry.com/ |title=Prudence Island Ferry |publisher=Prudenceferry.com |date=October 15, 2012 |access-date=January 26, 2013 |archive-date=January 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115001354/http://www.prudenceferry.com/ |url-status=live }} connects Bristol with Prudence Island. Private ferry services also link several Rhode Island communities with ports in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York.

File:Southbound_Northeast_Regional_at_Kingston_station,_May_2017.JPG train at Kingston Station]]

{{See also|List of Rhode Island railroads}}

The MBTA Commuter Rail's Providence/Stoughton Line links Providence and T. F. Green Airport with Boston's South Station, with an intermediate stop at Pawtucket/Central Falls and several stations in Massachusetts. The line was later extended southward to Wickford Junction, with service beginning April 23, 2012. The state has considered proposals for extending the MBTA line to Kingston and Westerly, as well as explore the possibility of extending Connecticut's Shore Line East to T.F. Green Airport.{{cite web |url=http://www.dot.state.ri.us/intermod/index.asp |title=State of Rhode Island: Department of Transportation: Intermodal Planning |publisher=Dot.state.ri.us |date=October 27, 2010 |access-date=January 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117053439/http://www.dot.state.ri.us/intermod/index.asp |archive-date=January 17, 2013}} Other proposals have contemplated a light-rail tram or rapid bus transit through: Cumberland, Central Falls, Pawtucket, Providence, Cranston, and Warwick as well.{{cite news |last1=Shea |first1=Christopher |author-link1= |date=October 1, 2024 |location= |title=RIPTA is exploring the possibilities to get from Central Falls to Warwick faster |script-title= |title-link= |url=https://www.rhodeislandcurrent.com/2024/10/01/ripta-is-exploring-the-possibilities-to-get-from-central-falls-to-warwick-faster/ |url-access= |trans-title= |script-work= |trans-work= |publication-place= |publisher=The Rhode Island Current |publication-date=October 1, 2024 |arxiv= |asin= |asin-tld= |bibcode= |bibcode-access= |biorxiv= |citeseerx= |doi= |doi-access= |doi-broken-date= |eissn= |hdl= |hdl-access= |isbn= |ismn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |jstor-access= |lccn= |medrxiv= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |ol-access= |osti= |osti-access= |pmc= |pmc-embargo-date= |pmid= |rfc= |sbn= |ssrn= |s2cid= |s2cid-access= |zbl= |id= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-format= |archive-date= |access-date=May 22, 2025 |quote-page= |quote-pages= |quote= |script-quote= |trans-quote= |ref= |postscript=}}{{cite web |last1=writer |first1=Staff |author-link1= |year=2024 |location= |title=High-Capacity Transit Study |script-title= |title-link= |url=https://www.ripta.com/metroconnector/ |url-access= |trans-title= |script-website= |trans-website= |publication-place= |publisher=Rhode Island Public Transit Authority |publication-date=2024 |arxiv= |asin= |asin-tld= |bibcode= |bibcode-access= |biorxiv= |citeseerx= |doi= |doi-access= |doi-broken-date= |eissn= |hdl= |hdl-access= |isbn= |ismn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |jstor-access= |lccn= |medrxiv= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |ol-access= |osti= |osti-access= |pmc= |pmc-embargo-date= |pmid= |rfc= |sbn= |ssrn= |s2cid= |s2cid-access= |zbl= |id= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-format= |archive-date= |access-date=May 22, 2025 |quote-page= |quote-pages= |quote= |script-quote= |trans-quote= |ref= |postscript=}} The Federal government's Amtrak Acela Express stops at Providence Station (the only Acela stop in Rhode Island), linking Providence to other cities in the Northeast Corridor. Amtrak's Northeast Regional service makes stops at Providence Station, Kingston, and Westerly.

Rhode Island is one of four states to have high-speed Northeast Corridor tracks capable of 165 mph. This was due to the fact that in the 1990s, Amtrak upgraded the NEC north of New Haven, CT to get it ready for the high-speed Acela Express trains and to extend electrified Northeast Corridor services to Boston.{{cite web |title=Building the Infrastructure for Acela Express |url=https://history.amtrak.com/blogs/blog/building-the-infrastructure-for-acela-express |website=history.amtrak.com |publisher=Amtrak |access-date=April 28, 2020 |date=February 25, 2016 |archive-date=July 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727021017/https://history.amtrak.com/blogs/blog/building-the-infrastructure-for-acela-express |url-status=dead }}

{{See also|Aviation in Rhode Island|List of airports in Rhode Island}}

Rhode Island's primary airport for passenger and cargo transport is T. F. Green Airport in Warwick, though Rhode Islanders who wish to travel internationally on direct flights and those who seek a greater availability of flights and destinations often fly through Logan International Airport in Boston.

File:CAP-ARC-Flight,_Jamestown_and_Newport_bridges.jpg (foreground) and Claiborne Pell Newport Bridge (background)|alt=The Jamestown Verrazzano Bridge and Claiborne Pell Newport Bridge]]

Interstate 95 (I-95) runs southwest to northeast across the state, linking Rhode Island with other states along the East Coast. I-295 functions as a partial beltway encircling Providence to the west. I-195 provides a limited-access highway connection from Providence (and Connecticut and New York via I-95) to Cape Cod. Initially built as the easternmost link in the (now cancelled) extension of I-84 from Hartford, Connecticut, a portion of U.S. Route 6 (US 6) through northern Rhode Island is limited-access and links I-295 with downtown Providence.

Several Rhode Island highways extend the state's limited-access highway network. Route 4 is a major north–south freeway linking Providence and Warwick (via I-95) with suburban and beach communities along Narragansett Bay. Route 10 is an urban connector linking downtown Providence with Cranston and Johnston. Route 37 is an important east–west freeway through Cranston and Warwick and links I-95 with I-295. Route 99 links Woonsocket with Providence (via Route 146). Route 146 travels through the Blackstone Valley, linking Providence and I-95 with Worcester, Massachusetts and the Massachusetts Turnpike. Route 403 links Route 4 with Quonset Point.

Several bridges cross Narragansett Bay connecting Aquidneck Island and Conanicut Island to the mainland, most notably the Claiborne Pell Newport Bridge and the Jamestown-Verrazano Bridge.

File:East_Bay_Bike_Path_in_Riverside,_October_2020.jpg in Riverside|alt=Two paved bike lanes extend into the distance]]

The East Bay Bike Path stretches from Providence to Bristol along the eastern shore of Narragansett Bay, while the Blackstone River Bikeway will eventually link Providence and Worcester. In 2011, Rhode Island completed work on a marked on-road bicycle path through Pawtucket and Providence, connecting the East Bay Bike Path with the Blackstone River Bikeway, completing a {{convert|33.5|mi|km|0}} bicycle route through the eastern side of the state.{{cite web|url=http://www.projo.com/news/content/Bike_Paths_07-12-11_N2P4G48_v19.3537d.html |title=Providence Journal | Rhode Island news, sports, weather & more |publisher=Projo.com |access-date=January 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914030551/http://www.projo.com/news/content/Bike_Paths_07-12-11_N2P4G48_v19.3537d.html |archive-date=September 14, 2011 }} The William C. O'Neill Bike Path (commonly known as the South County Bike Path) is an {{convert|8|mi|adj=on|abbr=on}} path through South Kingstown and Narragansett. The {{convert|19|mi|adj=on|abbr=on}} Washington Secondary Bike Path stretches from Cranston to Coventry, and the {{convert|2|mi|adj=on|abbr=on}} Ten Mile River Greenway path runs through East Providence and Pawtucket.

In late 2019, the Rhode Island Public Transit Authority released a draft of the Rhode Island Transit Master Plan, documenting and describing a variety of proposed improvements and additions to be made to the state's public transit network by 2040. Several different proposals were offered and still under consideration as of December 2020,{{cite web|url=https://transitforwardri.com/documents.asp|title=Project Documents & Reports|website=Transit Forward RI 2040|access-date=January 26, 2021|archive-date=April 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426071414/https://transitforwardri.com/documents.asp|url-status=live}} including implementation of a bus rapid transit system, express bus routes, expansion of Amtrak and MBTA services throughout the state, and construction of a new light rail network through downtown Providence.{{cite web|url=https://www.providencejournal.com/news/20191129/big-ideas-for-riptas-future-new-rail-through-providence-designated-bus-lanes-to-suburbs|title=Big ideas for RIPTA's future: New rail through Providence, designated bus lanes to suburbs|website=Providence Journal|author=Patrick Anderson|date=November 29, 2019|access-date=January 26, 2021|archive-date=April 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426071408/https://www.providencejournal.com/news/20191129/big-ideas-for-riptas-future-new-rail-through-providence-designated-bus-lanes-to-suburbs|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Media in Rhode Island}}

{{Main|Education in Rhode Island}}

File:Brown's_University_Hall_in_2007.jpg at Brown University is one of the oldest academic buildings in the United States.{{Cite web|date=2012|title=Brown University Campus Map|url=https://admission.brown.edu/sites/g/files/dprerj526/files/2020-01/brown-university-campus-map.pdf|website=Brown University|access-date=May 26, 2021|archive-date=May 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526060355/https://admission.brown.edu/sites/g/files/dprerj526/files/2020-01/brown-university-campus-map.pdf|url-status=live}}]]

{{Further|Rhode Island schools}}

{{Main|List of colleges and universities in Rhode Island}}

Rhode Island has several colleges and universities:

{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}

• Brown University
• Bryant University
• Community College of Rhode Island
• Johnson & Wales University
• Naval War College
• New England Institute of Technology
• Providence College
• Rhode Island College
• Rhode Island School of Design
• Roger Williams University
• Salve Regina University of Newport
• University of Rhode Island

{{Div col end}}

{{main|Eastern New England English#Rhode Island English}}

Some Rhode Islanders speak with the distinctive, non-rhotic, traditional Rhode Island accent linguists describe as a cross between New York City and Boston accents (e.g., "water" sounds like "watuh" {{IPA|[ˈwɔəɾə]}})."[http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/Atlas_chapters/Ch16_2nd.rev.pdf This phonemic and phonetic arrangement of the low back vowels makes Rhode Island more similar to New York City than to the rest of New England] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929050823/https://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/Atlas_chapters/Ch16_2nd.rev.pdf |date=September 29, 2020 }}". Labov, William et al. (2006). The Atlas of North American English. Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter. Many Rhode Islanders distinguish a strong aw sound {{IPA|[ɔə]}} (i.e., resist the cot–caught merger of Boston) much like one might hear in New Jersey or New York City; for example, the word coffee is pronounced {{IPA|[ˈkʰɔəfi]}}.{{cite web|url=http://www.quahog.org/factsfolklore/index.php?id=43|title=Guide to Rhode Island Language Stuff|access-date=May 30, 2007|publisher=Quahog.org|archive-date=July 14, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714083823/http://www.quahog.org/factsfolklore/index.php?id=43|url-status=live}} Rhode Islanders sometimes refer to drinking fountains as "bubblers", milkshakes as "cabinets", and overstuffed foot-long sandwiches (of whatever kind) as "grinders".Vaux, Bert; Jøhndal, Marius L. (2009). "[survey.johndal.com/results/ The Cambridge online survey of world Englishes]." University of Cambridge.

{{more citations needed section|date=December 2013}}

Rhode Island, like the rest of New England, has a tradition of clam chowder. Both the white New England and the red Manhattan varieties are popular, but there is also a unique clear-broth chowder known as Rhode Island Clam Chowder available in many restaurants. A culinary tradition in Rhode Island is the clam cake (also known as a clam fritter outside of Rhode Island), a deep fried ball of buttery dough with chopped bits of clam inside. They are sold by the half-dozen or dozen in most seafood restaurants around the state, and the quintessential summer meal in Rhode Island is chowder and clam cakes.

The quahog is a large local clam usually used in a chowder. It is also ground and mixed with stuffing or spicy minced sausage, and then baked in its shell to form a stuffie. Calamari (squid) is sliced into rings and fried as an appetizer in most Italian restaurants, typically served Sicilian-style with sliced banana peppers and marinara sauce on the side. (In 2014, calamari became the official state appetizer.{{citation |title= Calamari is now Rhode Island's official appetizer |date= June 27, 2014 |work= abc6.com |agency= AP |url= https://www.abc6.com/calamari-is-now-rhode-islands-official-appetizer/ |access-date= 2020-07-16 |archive-date= July 16, 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200716183351/https://www.abc6.com/calamari-is-now-rhode-islands-official-appetizer/ |url-status= live }}) Clams Casino originated in Rhode Island, invented by Julius Keller, the maître d' in the original Casino next to the seaside Towers in Narragansett.Ruth Reichl, John Willoughby, Zanne Early Stewart The Gourmet Cookbook: More Than 1000 Recipes Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2006 {{ISBN|0-618-80692-X}}, 9780618806928

1056 pages page 50 [https://books.google.com/books?id=PwJgZhXZVNkC&dq=clams+casino+rhode+island&pg=PA50 The Gourmet Cookbook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101112942/https://books.google.com/books?id=PwJgZhXZVNkC&pg=PA50&dq=clams+casino+rhode+island |date=January 1, 2016 }} Clams Casino resemble the beloved stuffed quahog but are generally made with the smaller littleneck or cherrystone clam and are unique in their use of bacon as a topping.

The official state drink of Rhode Island is coffee milk,{{cite web |author=RI.gov |url=http://www.ri.gov/facts |title=RI Government Facts and History |publisher=Ri.gov |date=July 20, 2000 |access-date=January 26, 2013 |archive-date=January 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117053431/http://www.ri.gov/facts/ |url-status=live }} a beverage created by mixing milk with coffee syrup. This unique syrup was invented in the state and is sold in almost all Rhode Island supermarkets, as well as its bordering states. Johnnycakes have been a Rhode Island staple since Colonial times, made with corn meal and water then pan-fried much like pancakes.

Submarine sandwiches are called grinders throughout Rhode Island, and the Italian grinder, made with cold cuts such as ham, prosciutto, capicola, salami, and Provolone cheese, is especially popular. Linguiça or chouriço is a spicy Portuguese sausage often served with peppers and eaten with hearty bread.

{{Infobox region symbols|country=United States

|image_flag = Flag of Rhode Island.svg

|image_seal = Seal of Rhode Island.svg

|image_arms = Coat of arms of Rhode Island.svg

|state = Rhode Island

|amphibian =

|bird = Rhode Island Red chicken
Gallus gallus domesticus

|butterfly =

|dog =

|crustacean =

|fish = Striped bass

|flower = Blue Violet
Viola sororia

|grass =

|insect = American burying beetle
Nicroforus americanus

|mammal = Morgan horse

|reptile = Painted turtle

|tree = Red Maple
Acer rubrum

|beverage = Coffee milk

|colors =

|dance =

|dinosaur =

|fossil =

|food =

|gemstone =

|mineral = Bowenite

|instrument =

|poem =

|rock = Cumberlandite

|shell =

|ship = {{USS|Providence|1775|6}}

|soil =

|sport =

|tartan = Rhode Island State Tartan

|toy =

|fruit = Rhode Island Greening

|image_route = Rhode Island 5.svg

|image_quarter = 2001 RI Proof.png

|quarter_release_date = 2001

}}

{{Main|Music of Rhode Island}}

The Farrelly brothers and Seth MacFarlane depict Rhode Island in popular culture, often making comedic parodies of the state. MacFarlane's television series Family Guy is based in a fictional Rhode Island city named Quahog, and notable local events and celebrities are regularly lampooned. Peter Griffin is seen working at the Pawtucket brewery, and other state locations are mentioned.

The 1956 film High Society (starring Bing Crosby, Grace Kelly, and Frank Sinatra) was set in Newport, Rhode Island.

The 1974 film adaptation of The Great Gatsby was also filmed in Newport.

Jacqueline Bouvier and John F. Kennedy were married at St. Mary's church in Newport. Their reception took place at Hammersmith Farm, the Bouvier summer home in Newport.

Cartoonist Don Bousquet, a state icon, has made a career out of Rhode Island culture, drawing Rhode Island-themed gags in The Providence Journal and Yankee magazine. These cartoons have been reprinted in the Quahog series of paperbacks (I Brake for Quahogs, Beware of the Quahog, and The Quahog Walks Among Us.) Bousquet has also collaborated with humorist and Providence Journal columnist Mark Patinkin on two books: The Rhode Island Dictionary and The Rhode Island Handbook.

The 1998 film Meet Joe Black was filmed at Aldrich Mansion in the Warwick Neck area of Warwick.

Brotherhood is set in Rhode Island.

Body of Proof{{'}}s first season was filmed entirely in Rhode Island.{{cite web |url=http://www.film.ri.gov/bodyofproof.html |title=Body of Proof |publisher=Film.ri.gov |access-date=January 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117053431/http://www.film.ri.gov/bodyofproof.html |archive-date=January 17, 2013}} The show premiered on March 29, 2011.{{cite web |url=http://abc.go.com/shows/body-of-proof |title=Body of Proof |publisher=Abc.go.com |access-date=January 26, 2013 |archive-date=February 26, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226135028/http://abc.go.com/shows/body-of-proof |url-status=live }}

The 2007 Steve Carell and Dane Cook film Dan in Real Life was filmed in various coastal towns in the state. The sunset scene with the entire family on the beach takes place at Napatree Point.

Jersey Shore star Pauly D filmed part of his spin-off The Pauly D Project in his hometown of Johnston.

The Comedy Central cable television series Another Period is set in Newport during the Gilded Age.

Rhode Island has been the first in a number of initiatives. The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations enacted the first law prohibiting slavery in America on May 18, 1652.{{cite web |url=http://www2.sec.state.ri.us/special_projects/0304_Owners_Manual/pdf/history.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041027005730/http://www2.sec.state.ri.us/special_projects/0304_Owners_Manual/pdf/history.pdf|archive-date=October 27, 2004|publisher=Rhode Island State Library|title=Rhode Island history and facts of interest|access-date=August 28, 2007}}

The first act of armed rebellion in America against the British Crown was the boarding and burning of the Revenue Schooner HMS Gaspée in Narragansett Bay on June 10, 1772. The idea of a Continental Congress was first proposed at a town meeting in Providence on May 17, 1774. Rhode Island elected the first delegates (Stephen Hopkins and Samuel Ward) to the Continental Congress on June 15, 1774. The Rhode Island General Assembly created the first standing army in the colonies (1,500 men) on April 22, 1775. On June 15, 1775, the first naval engagement took place in the American Revolution between an American sloop commanded by Capt. Abraham Whipple and an armed tender of the British Frigate Rose. The tender was chased aground and captured. Later in June, the General Assembly created the American Navy when it commissioned the sloops Katy and {{USS|Washington|1776 row galley|2}}, armed with 24 guns and commanded by Abraham Whipple who was promoted to Commodore. Rhode Island was the first Colony to declare independence from Britain on May 4, 1776.

Slater Mill in Pawtucket was the first commercially successful cotton-spinning mill with a fully mechanized power system in America and was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution in the US.{{cite web|url=http://www.slatermill.org/?pg=about|title=Slater Mill Today|publisher=Slater Mill Historic Site|access-date=August 28, 2007|archive-date=September 7, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070907232757/http://www.slatermill.org/?pg=about|url-status=live}} The oldest Fourth of July parade in the country is still held annually in Bristol, Rhode Island. The first Baptist church in America was founded in Providence in 1638.{{cite web |url=http://www.fbcia.org/page110.html |title=The First Baptist Church |website=The First Baptist Church in America |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113185728/http://www.fbcia.org/page110.html |archive-date=January 13, 2010 }} Ann Smith Franklin of the Newport Mercury was the first female newspaper editor in America (August 22, 1762). Touro Synagogue is the oldest synagogue in America, founded in Newport in 1763.

Pelham Street in Newport was the first in America to be illuminated by gaslight in 1806. The first strike in the United States in which women participated occurred in Pawtucket in 1824. Watch Hill has the nation's oldest flying horses carousel that has been in continuous operation since 1850. The motion picture machine was patented in Providence on April 23, 1867. The first lunch wagon in America was introduced in Providence in 1872. The first nine-hole golf course in America was completed in Newport in 1890. The first state health laboratory was established in Providence on September 1, 1894. The Rhode Island State House was the first building with an all-marble dome to be built in the United States (1895–1901). The first automobile race on a track was held in Cranston on September 7, 1896. The first automobile parade was held in Newport on September 7, 1899, on the grounds of Belcourt Castle.

Rhode Island is nicknamed "The Ocean State", and the nautical nature of Rhode Island's geography pervades its culture. Newport Harbor, in particular, holds many pleasure boats. In the lobby of T. F. Green, the state's main airport, is a large life-sized sailboat,{{cite web|url=http://www.pvdairport.com/main.aspx?guid=E41AC564-9E66-4D80-B6B6-B5037AD944EA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813150108/http://www.pvdairport.com/main.aspx?guid=E41AC564-9E66-4D80-B6B6-B5037AD944EA |archive-date=August 13, 2007 |title=Terminal Improvement Project |publisher=Rhode Island Airport Corporation |access-date=May 13, 2008 }} and the state's license plates depict an ocean wave or a sailboat.{{cite web |url=http://www.worldlicenceplates.com/usa/US_RIXX.html |publisher=PlatesUSA.com|access-date=April 13, 2008|title=United States:Rhode Island|author=Michael Kusterman|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420134941/http://www.worldlicenceplates.com/usa/US_RIXX.html|archive-date=April 20, 2008}}

File:Waves at Narragansett - panoramio.jpg for its beaches]]

The large number of beaches in Washington County lures many Rhode Islanders south for summer vacation.{{cite web|url=http://www.quahog.org/factsfolklore/index.php?id=105|title=Quahog.org: Rhode Island Beaches|access-date=May 30, 2007|publisher=Quahog.org|archive-date=February 26, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070226163934/http://www.quahog.org/factsfolklore/index.php?id=105|url-status=live}}

The state constitution protects shore access, including swimming and gathering of seaweed.Constitution of the State of Rhode Island (1986), Article I, Section 17{{Cite web |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/08/12/metro/shore-subjects-ri-limited-beach-access-right-collect-seaweed/ |title=Shore subjects in R.I.: Limited beach access and the right to collect seaweed |website=The Boston Globe |access-date=January 5, 2022 |archive-date=January 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105190412/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/08/12/metro/shore-subjects-ri-limited-beach-access-right-collect-seaweed/ |url-status=live }} The 1982 Rhode Island Supreme Court decision in State v. Ibbison{{cite web |title=State v. James Ibbison III et al. 448 A.2d 728 (1982) |author=Supreme Court of Rhode Island |date=July 20, 1982 |url=https://law.justia.com/cases/rhode-island/supreme-court/1982/448-a-2d-728.html |access-date=January 5, 2022 |archive-date=January 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105190412/https://law.justia.com/cases/rhode-island/supreme-court/1982/448-a-2d-728.html |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/11/18/metro/we-will-get-access-study-commission-hears-riers-shoreline-rights/ |title='We will get access': Study commission hears from R.I.'ers on shoreline rights |website=The Boston Globe |access-date=January 5, 2022 |archive-date=January 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105190044/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/11/18/metro/we-will-get-access-study-commission-hears-riers-shoreline-rights/ |url-status=live }} defines the end of private land as the mean high tide line, which is difficult to determine in day-to-day activities, and has resulted in beach access conflicts.{{Cite web |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/10/14/metro/drawing-line-why-shore-access-ri-might-be-even-more-limited-than-it-appears/ |title=Drawing a line: Why shore access in R.I. might be even more limited than it appears |website=The Boston Globe |access-date=January 5, 2022 |archive-date=January 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105190042/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/10/14/metro/drawing-line-why-shore-access-ri-might-be-even-more-limited-than-it-appears/ |url-status=live }} Underfunding of the Rhode Island Coastal Resources Management Council has resulted in lax enforcement against encroachment on public access and building of illegal structures.{{cite web |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/12/08/metro/water-woes-wash-over-ocean-state/ |title=Water woes wash over the Ocean State |author=Brian Amaral |publisher=Boston Globe |date=December 8, 2021 |access-date=January 5, 2022 |archive-date=January 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105190042/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/12/08/metro/water-woes-wash-over-ocean-state/ |url-status=live }}

The state was notorious for organized crime activity from the 1950s into the 1990s when the Patriarca crime family held sway over most of New England from its Providence headquarters.

Rhode Islanders developed a unique style of architecture in the 17th century called the stone-ender.{{cite web|url=http://www.warwickri.gov/heritage/damatoshistory/conimicut3.htm|title=Warwick's Villages & Historic Places|first=Don |last=D'Amato|publisher=City of Warwick|access-date=April 13, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927205528/http://www.warwickri.gov/heritage/damatoshistory/conimicut3.htm |archive-date = September 27, 2007}}

Rhode Island is the only state to still celebrate Victory over Japan Day, which is officially named "Victory Day" but is sometimes referred to as "VJ Day".{{cite news |last=Nesi |first=Ted |title=Here's why Rhode Island is the only state that celebrates Victory Day |url=https://www.wpri.com/politics/heres-why-rhode-island-is-the-only-state-that-celebrates-victory-day/1364108628 |work=WPRI |access-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327191300/https://www.wpri.com/politics/heres-why-rhode-island-is-the-only-state-that-celebrates-victory-day/1364108628 |url-status=live }} It is celebrated on the second Monday in August.{{cite web |url=http://sos.ri.gov/library/history/facts |title=Home > State Library > History of Rhode Island > State Facts & Figures |publisher=Rhode Island Office of the Secretary of State |access-date=September 24, 2013 |archive-date=September 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927174444/http://sos.ri.gov/library/history/facts/ |url-status=live }}

Nibbles Woodaway, more commonly referred to as "the Big Blue Bug", is a 58-foot-long termite mascot for a Providence extermination business. Since its construction in 1980, it has been featured in several movies and television shows, and has come to be recognized as a cultural landmark by many locals.{{cite web |first=Amy |last=Forliti |agency=Associated Press |title=For 2-ton, blue termite, near-cult status in R.I.|url=https://www.southcoasttoday.com/article/20010527/News/305279984 |access-date=2019-07-18|website=southcoasttoday.com |archive-date=July 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722192117/https://www.southcoasttoday.com/article/20010527/News/305279984|url-status=dead}} In more recent times, the Big Blue Bug has been given a mask to remind locals and visitors to mask-up during the COVID-19 pandemic.{{Cite web|last1=Milkovits|first1=Amanda|last2=Fitzpatrick|first2=Edward|date=May 1, 2020|title=Rhode Islanders show we are all in this together — even the Big Blue Bug|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/05/01/metro/rhode-islanders-show-we-are-all-this-together-even-big-blue-bug/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830184235/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/05/01/metro/rhode-islanders-show-we-are-all-this-together-even-big-blue-bug/|archive-date=August 30, 2020|access-date=2020-09-29|website=The Boston Globe|language=en-US}}

On September 2, 1977, music icons the Beach Boys performed a concert at Narragansett Park in Pawtucket, Rhode Island attended by 40,000 people, the largest concert audience in Rhode Island history. In 2017, music historians Al Gomes and Connie Watrous of Big Noise were successful in getting the street where the concert stage stood (510 Narragansett Park Drive in Pawtucket, RI) officially renamed as "Beach Boys Way".{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZWiTYLXubaM| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/NmXws4O0mhE| archive-date=2021-11-17 | url-status=live|title=The Beach Boys RI Concert Commemoration|via=YouTube |date=August 9, 2017}}{{cbignore}}{{cite news|last=Markgraf|first=Diandra|date=September 5, 2017|title=Pawtucket celebrates Beach Boys Way|newspaper=The Valley Breeze|url=http://www.valleybreeze.com/2017-09-05/pawtucket/pawtucket-celebrates-beach-boys-way}}{{cite news|url=http://www.providencejournal.com/news/20170808/in-77-beach-boys-headlined-ris-largest-concert|title=In '77 Beach Boys Headlined R.I.'s Largest Concert|last=Smith|first=Andy|date=August 8, 2017|newspaper=The Providence Journal}}{{cite news|title=The Beach Boys / "Beach Boys Way" Plaque|url=http://www.bignoisenow.com/images/artistphotos2018/BB_CommemorationPlaqueOL.pdf|date=September 2, 2017}}

In April of 1986, the music charity Bandwagon was established in Rhode Island. On May 11, 1986, a 150-person celebrity chorus consisting of musicians, journalists (including MTV Networks executive producer Bill Flanagan), TV broadcasters, politicians (including members of the United States Congress), and the heads of human service agencies joined together at the recording studio Normandy Sound in Warren, RI to record the charity single “A Piece of Our Hearts.” Bandwagon's goal was to raise money for American agencies that aid the hungry and homeless and elevate awareness of the plight of the poor in America. Because of its efforts, the project received national recognition when Bandwagon went on to win the coveted Jefferson Award from the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Foundation for Outstanding Public Service, joining fellow recipients Oprah Winfrey, President Jimmy Carter, Paul Newman, and Harry Belafonte.[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rlKWyb59mfM “PM Magazine: Bandwagon Chorus Recording Session”], ‘’Westinghouse (Group W) Broadcasting’’, ‘’PM Magazine’’, 19 May 1986.[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PgddTzJ7J-0 “NBC Affiliate: Bandwagon Jefferson Award Profile”], 18 March 1987.[https://whatsupnewp.com/2020/12/whats-up-interview-al-gomes-a-look-back-at-bandwagon/ “What's Up Interview – A Look Back at Bandwagon”], retrieved 23 December 2020.

Rhode Island is currently home to two professional minor league teams one whom is affiliated with a major league sports team in nearby Boston; the largest city in the New England region, one being the Providence Bruins ice hockey team of the American Hockey League, who are a top-level minor league affiliate of the Boston Bruins. They play in the Amica Mutual Pavilion in Providence and won the AHL's Calder Cup during the 1998–99 AHL season. The other is Rhode Island FC, a soccer team that began competing in the second tier USL Championship in 2024 at Beirne Stadium located within Bryant University, awaiting the completion of the soccer-specific Tidewater Landing Stadium in Pawtucket in time for the 2025 season.

File:McCoy Stadium Pan.jpg played at McCoy Stadium]]

The Pawtucket Red Sox baseball team was a Triple-A International League affiliate of the nearby Boston Red Sox from 1973 to 2020. They played at McCoy Stadium in Pawtucket and had won four league titles, the Governors' Cup, in 1973, 1984, 2012, and 2014. McCoy Stadium also has the distinction of being home to the longest professional baseball game ever played – 33 innings.

The Providence Reds were a hockey team that played in the Canadian-American Hockey League (CAHL) from 1926 to 1936, and the American Hockey League (AHL) from 1936 to 1977, the last season of which they played as the Rhode Island Reds. The team won the Calder Cup in 1938, 1940, 1949, and 1956. The Reds played at the Rhode Island Auditorium, on North Main Street in Providence, Rhode Island from 1926 through 1972, when the team affiliated with the New York Rangers and moved into the newly built Providence Civic Center. The team name came from the state bird, a rooster known as the Rhode Island Red. They moved to New York in 1977, then to Connecticut in 1997, and are now called the Hartford Wolf Pack.

The Reds are the oldest continuously operating minor-league hockey franchise in North America, having fielded a team in one form or another since 1926 in the CAHL. It is also the only AHL franchise to have never missed a season. The AHL returned to Providence in 1992 in the form of the Providence Bruins.

File:1884grays.jpg

Before the great expansion of athletic teams all over the country, Providence and Rhode Island in general played a great role in supporting teams. The Providence Grays won the first World Championship in baseball history in 1884. The team played their home games at the old Messer Street Field in Providence. The Grays played in the National League from 1878 to 1885. They defeated the New York Metropolitans of the American Association in a best of five-game series at the Polo Grounds in New York. Providence won three straight games to become the first champions in major league baseball history. Babe Ruth played for the minor league Providence Grays of 1914 and hit his only official minor league home run for them before the Grays' parent club, the Boston Red Stockings, recalled him.

Rhode Island has deep history with the sport of soccer where the sport was played as early as 1886 when the state's first organized league would be founded, known as the Rhode Island Football Association (RIFA). One of their teams, the Pawtucket Free Wanderers, would establish themselves as a regional power and win the American Cup in 1893. The first championship game of the U.S. Open Cup was also held in 1914 in Pawtucket's Coates Field to a crowd of 10,000. Later, a team known as Pawtucket Rangers F.C. would win the 1941 edition of the U.S. Open Cup (then National Challenge Cup). The Rhode Island Oceaneers would later be founded, and went on to win the 1974 American Soccer League championship. Other former semiprofessional soccer teams of the modern era include the Rhode Island Stingrays of the USL Premier Development League, and the Rhode Island Reds of the National Premier Soccer League, with both leagues regarded as the fourth tier of American soccer.

The now-defunct professional football team known as the Providence Steamrollers won the 1928 NFL title. They played in a 10,000 person stadium called the Cycledrome.{{cite web |title=NFL History by Decade |work=Nfl.com |url=http://www.nfl.com/history/chronology/1921-1930#1928 |access-date=January 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410134638/http://www.nfl.com/history/chronology/1921-1930 |archive-date=April 10, 2016}} An unrelated basketball team also known as the Providence Steamrollers played in the Basketball Association of America, which would become the National Basketball Association.

Rhode Island's only rugby league team was the Rhode Island Rebellion, a semi-professional team that was a founding member of the USA Rugby League, which was at the time the top competition in the United States for the sport of rugby league.{{cite web|url= http://league13.info/2011/02/18/inaugural-usarl-line-up-announced/|title= Inaugural USARL Line-up Announced|author= Ian Bridge|date= February 18, 2011|website= league13.info|access-date= March 24, 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110809225237/http://league13.info/2011/02/18/inaugural-usarl-line-up-announced/|archive-date= August 9, 2011}}{{cite web|url=http://www.usarugbyleague.com/2011/02/usarl-constitution-teams-entry-qualifications-announced/ |title=USARL Constitution & Teams announced |date=February 18, 2011 |website=usarl.com |publisher=USA Rugby League |access-date=March 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513210426/https://www.usarugbyleague.com/2011/02/usarl-constitution-teams-entry-qualifications-announced/ |archive-date=May 13, 2011}} The Rebellion played their home games at Classical High School in Providence.{{cite web |url=http://www.rebellion-rugby.com |title=MAIN |publisher=Rebellion-rugby.com |date=June 6, 2012 |access-date=January 26, 2013 |archive-date=June 14, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614031629/http://rebellion-rugby.com/ |url-status=live }}

File:Meade_Stadium.jpg in Kingston]]

There are four NCAA Division I schools in Rhode Island. All four schools compete in different conferences. The Brown University Bears compete in the Ivy League, the Bryant University Bulldogs compete in the America East Conference, the Providence College Friars compete in the Big East Conference, and the University of Rhode Island Rams compete in the Atlantic 10 Conference. Three of the schools' football teams compete in the Football Championship Subdivision, the second-highest level of college football in the United States. Brown plays FCS football in the Ivy League, Bryant plays FCS football in the Big South Conference before that league merges its football operations with those of the Ohio Valley Conference in 2023, and Rhode Island plays FCS football in CAA Football, the technically separate football league of the Colonial Athletic Association. All four Division I schools in the state compete in an intrastate all-sports competition known as the Ocean State Cup, with Bryant winning the most recent cup in 2011–12 academic year.

From 1930 to 1983, America's Cup races were sailed off Newport, and the extreme-sport X Games and Gravity Games were founded and hosted in the state's capital city.

File:ITHF_Grounds_and_Newport_Casino_building.jpg in Newport]]

The International Tennis Hall of Fame is in Newport at the Newport Casino, site of the first U.S. National Championships in 1881. The Hall of Fame and Museum were established in 1954 by Jimmy Van Alen as "a shrine to the ideals of the game".{{Cite web |title=James Henry Van Alen II – Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame |url=http://riheritagehalloffame.com/james-van-alen/ |access-date=2023-02-15 |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last=Bala |first=Gary |date=2010-02-16 |title=A Brief History of Tennis* - |url=https://www.essentialtennis.com/a-brief-history-of-tennis/ |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=Essential Tennis |language=en-US}}

Rhode Island is also home to the headquarters of the governing body for youth rugby league in the United States, the American Youth Rugby League Association or AYRLA. The AYRLA has started the first-ever rugby league youth competition in Providence Middle Schools, a program at the RI Training School, in addition to starting the first high school competition in the US in Providence Public High School.{{cite web |url= http://www.usarl.com/2013/11/high-school-rugby-league-kicksoff-in-the-usa/ |title= High School Rugby League Kicks Off in USA |date= November 14, 2013 |website= USARL.com |access-date= November 14, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131118073219/http://www.usarl.com/2013/11/high-school-rugby-league-kicksoff-in-the-usa/ |archive-date= November 18, 2013}}

{{Main|Government of Rhode Island}}

The capital of Rhode Island is Providence. The state's governor is Daniel McKee (D), and the lieutenant governor is Sabina Matos (D). Gina Raimondo became Rhode Island's first female governor with a plurality of the vote in the November 2014 state elections.{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-elections-rhodeisland-governor-idUSKBN0IP0AR20141105|title=Democrat Gina Raimondo becomes Rhode Island's first female governor|work=Reuters|access-date=January 23, 2015|archive-date=November 13, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113145737/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/05/us-usa-elections-rhodeisland-governor-idUSKBN0IP0AR20141105|url-status=live}} Its United States senators are Jack Reed (D) and Sheldon Whitehouse (D). Rhode Island's two United States representatives are Gabe Amo (D-1) and Seth Magaziner (D-2). See congressional districts map. Rhode Island is one of a few states that do not have an official governor's residence. See List of Rhode Island Governors.

The state legislature is the Rhode Island General Assembly, consisting of the 75-member House of Representatives and the 38-member Senate. The Democratic Party dominates both houses of the bicameral body; the Republican Party's presence is minor in the state government, with Republicans holding a handful of seats in both the Senate and House of Representatives.

{{further|Politics of Rhode Island|Political party strength in Rhode Island}}

File:Rhode Island Presidential Election Results 2024.svg

{{PresHead|place=Rhode Island|whig=yes|source={{cite web|url=https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/compare.php?year=2008&fips=44&f=1&off=0&elect=0&type=state|title=Presidential General Election Results Comparison – Rhode Island|publisher=US Election Atlas|access-date=January 4, 2023|author=Leip, David}}}}

{{PresRow|2024|Democratic|214,406|285,156|13,824|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|2020|Democratic|199,922|307,486|10,349|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|2016|Democratic|180,543|252,525|31,076|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|2012|Democratic|157,204|279,677|9,168|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|2008|Democratic|165,391|296,571|9,804|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|2004|Democratic|169,046|259,760|8,328|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|2000|Democratic|130,555|249,508|29,049|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1996|Democratic|104,683|233,050|52,551|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1992|Democratic|131,601|213,299|108,578|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1988|Democratic|177,761|225,123|1,736|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1984|Republican|212,080|197,106|1,306|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1980|Democratic|154,793|198,342|62,937|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1976|Democratic|181,249|227,636|2,285|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1972|Republican|220,383|194,645|780|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1968|Democratic|122,359|246,518|16,123|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1964|Democratic|74,615|315,463|13|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1960|Democratic|147,502|258,032|1|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1956|Republican|225,819|161,970|2|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1952|Republican|210,935|203,293|270|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1948|Democratic|135,787|188,736|3,179|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1944|Democratic|123,487|175,356|433|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1940|Democratic|138,653|182,182|313|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1936|Democratic|125,031|165,238|20,909|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1932|Democratic|115,266|146,604|4,300|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1928|Democratic|117,522|118,973|699|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1924|Republican|125,286|76,606|8,223|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1920|Republican|107,463|55,062|5,456|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1916|Republican|44,858|40,394|2,564|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1912|Democratic|27,703|30,412|19,779|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1908|Republican|43,942|24,706|3,669|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1904|Republican|41,605|24,839|2,212|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1900|Republican|33,784|19,812|2,952|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1896|Republican|37,437|14,459|2,889|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1892|Republican|26,975|24,336|1,885|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1888|Republican|21,969|17,530|1,276|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1884|Republican|19,030|12,391|1,350|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1880|Republican|18,195|10,779|261|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1876|Republican|15,787|10,712|128|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1872|Republican|13,665|5,329|0|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1868|Republican|12,993|6,548|0|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1864|Republican|13,962|8,470|0|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1860|Republican|12,244|7,707|0|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1856|Republican|11,467|6,680|1,675|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1852|Democratic|7,626|8,735|644|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1848|Whig|6,779|3,646|730|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1844|Whig|7,322|4,867|107|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1840|Whig|5,278|3,301|42|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1836|Democratic|2,710|2,964|0|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1832|Whig|2,810|2,126|0|Rhode Island}}

{{PresRow|1828|Whig|2,754|821|0|Rhode Island}}

{{PresFoot|1824|Whig|2,145|0|200|Rhode Island}}

Rhode Island's population barely crosses the threshold beyond the minimum of three for additional votes in both the federal House of Representatives and Electoral College; it is well represented relative to its population, with the eighth-highest number of electoral votes and second-highest number of House Representatives per resident. Based on its area, Rhode Island has the highest density of electoral votes of any state.{{cite web |url=http://www.270towin.com/states/New_Jersey |title=New Jersey Presidential Election Voting History |publisher=270towin.com |access-date=January 26, 2013 |archive-date=January 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117053423/http://www.270towin.com/states/New_Jersey |url-status=live }}

Federally, Rhode Island is a reliably Democratic state during presidential elections, usually supporting the Democratic presidential nominee. The state voted for the Republican presidential candidate until 1908. Since then, it has voted for the Republican nominee for president seven times, and the Democratic nominee 17 times. The last 16 presidential elections in Rhode Island have resulted in the Democratic Party winning the Ocean State's Electoral College votes 12 times. In the 1980 presidential election, Rhode Island was one of six states to vote against Republican Ronald Reagan. Reagan was the last Republican to win any of the state's counties in a Presidential election until Donald Trump won Kent County in 2016. In 1988, George H. W. Bush won over 40% of the state's popular vote, something no Republican has done since.

Rhode Island was the Democrats' leading state in 1960, 1964, 1968, 1988 and 2000, and second-best in 1968, 1972, 1996, and 2004. Rhode Island's most one-sided Presidential election result was in 1964, with over 80% of Rhode Island's votes going for Lyndon B. Johnson. In 2004, Rhode Island gave John Kerry more than a 20-percentage-point margin of victory (the third-highest of any state), with 59.4% of its vote. All but three of Rhode Island's 39 cities and towns voted for the Democratic candidate. The exceptions were East Greenwich, West Greenwich, and Scituate.{{cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/cstewart/www/nationwide2004.xls |title=nationwide2004 |author=Stewart, Charles |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|access-date=August 28, 2007|archive-date=November 4, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104111948/http://web.mit.edu/cstewart/www/nationwide2004.xls|url-status=live}} taken from [http://web.mit.edu/cstewart/www/election2004.html web.mit.edu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817210744/http://web.mit.edu/cstewart/www/election2004.html |date=August 17, 2007 }} In 2008, Rhode Island gave Barack Obama a 28-percentage-point margin of victory (the third-highest of any state), with 63% of its vote. All but one of Rhode Island's 39 cities and towns voted for the Democratic candidate (the exception being Scituate).{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/county/#RIP00p1 |title=CNN Election Results by town in Rhode Island |access-date=January 6, 2009 |archive-date=January 18, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118011517/http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/county/#RIP00p1 |url-status=live }}

In a 2020 study, Rhode Island was ranked as the 19th easiest state for citizens to vote in.{{cite journal |last1=J. Pomante II |first1=Michael |last2=Li |first2=Quan |title=Cost of Voting in the American States: 2020 |journal=Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy |date=15 Dec 2020 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=503–509 |doi=10.1089/elj.2020.0666 |s2cid=225139517 |doi-access=free }}

Rhode Island is one of 21 states that have abolished capital punishment; it was second do so, just after Michigan, and carried out its last execution in the 1840s. Rhode Island was the second to last state to make prostitution illegal. Until November 2009 Rhode Island law made prostitution legal provided it took place indoors.{{cite web|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/nation/20050910-0019-sexforsale.html|title=Rhode Island police seek stricter anti-prostitution laws|author=Eric Tucker|access-date=April 13, 2008|publisher=Union-Tribune Publishing Co.|archive-date=September 5, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905040414/http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/nation/20050910-0019-sexforsale.html|url-status=live}} In a 2009 study Rhode Island was listed as the 9th safest state in the country.{{cite web |url=http://www.walletpop.com/insurance/safest-states |title=Safest States |publisher=Walletpop.com |access-date=January 26, 2013 |archive-date=December 5, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205081617/http://www.walletpop.com/insurance/safest-states }}

In 2011, Rhode Island became the third state in the United States to pass legislation to allow the use of medical marijuana. On May 25, 2022, Rhode Island fully legalized recreational use of marijuana, becoming the nineteenth state to do so.{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=RI becomes 19th state to legalize recreational marijuana |url=https://www.wpri.com/news/cannabis-coverage/mckee-to-sign-marijuana-legalization-bill-into-law/ |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=WPRI.com |language=en-US |archive-date=July 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705033406/https://www.wpri.com/news/cannabis-coverage/mckee-to-sign-marijuana-legalization-bill-into-law/ |url-status=dead }} Additionally, the Rhode Island General Assembly passed legislation that allowed civil unions which Governor Lincoln Chafee signed into law on July 2, 2011. Rhode Island became the eighth state to fully recognize either same-sex marriage or civil unions.{{cite web|url=http://www1.whdh.com/news/articles/local/south/12004734046312/ri-gov-chafee-signs-bill-allowing-civil-unions/ |title=RI Gov. Chafee signs bill allowing civil unions |publisher=WHDH-TV 7News|access-date=January 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117053440/http://www1.whdh.com/news/articles/local/south/12004734046312/ri-gov-chafee-signs-bill-allowing-civil-unions/ |archive-date=January 17, 2013 }} Same-sex marriage became legal on May 2, 2013, and took effect August 1.{{cite web |url=http://nation.time.com/2013/05/02/rhode-island-becomes-10th-state-with-gay-marriage/ |title=Rhode Island Becomes 10th State With Gay Marriage |author=David Klepper |date=May 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521074459/http://nation.time.com/2013/05/02/rhode-island-becomes-10th-state-with-gay-marriage/ |archive-date=May 21, 2013 }}

Rhode Island has some of the highest taxes in the country, particularly its property taxes, ranking seventh in local and state taxes, and sixth in real estate taxes.{{cite web |url=http://www.projo.com/news/content/projo_07102007_ndown.5f1e041a.html |author=Downing, Neil |title=Rhode Island taxes rising, now seventh in the country |access-date=April 24, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211122919/http://www.projo.com/news/content/projo_07102007_ndown.5f1e041a.html |archive-date=December 11, 2007 }}

{{main|List of people from Rhode Island}}

{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2023}}

• Thomas Angell (1618–1694) – co-founder of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
• Joshua Babcock (1707–1783) – physician, American Revolution general, state Supreme Court justice, and postmaster
• John Clarke (1609–1676) – Baptist minister, co-founder of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, author of its influential charter, and a leading advocate of religious freedom in America
• William Coddington (1601–1678) – magistrate of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Judge of Portsmouth, Judge of Newport, Governor of Portsmouth and Newport, Deputy Governor of the entire colony, and governor of the colony
• William Ellery (1727–1820) – a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of Rhode Island
• Samuel Gorton (1593–1677) – settled Warwick
• Nathanael Greene (1742–1786) – Continental Army officer, considered George Washington's most gifted officer
• Esek Hopkins (1718–1802) – Commander in Chief of the Continental Navy during the American Revolutionary War
• Stephen Hopkins (1707–1785) – Governor of Rhode Island, RI Supreme Court justice, signatory of the Declaration of Independence
• Anne Hutchinson (1591–1643) – early settler of Newport, the catalyst of the Antinomian Controversy
• H. P. Lovecraft (1890–1937) – author
• Oliver Hazard Perry (1785–1819) naval commander and hero of the War of 1812, the best-known and most prominent member of the Perry family naval dynasty
• Samuel Slater (1768–1835) – industrialist, "father of the industrial revolution"
• Gilbert Stuart (1755–1828) – painter, one of America's foremost portraitists
• James Mitchell Varnum (1748–1789) – general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War
• Samuel Ward (1725–1776) – Supreme Court justice, Governor of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, and a delegate to the Continental Congress
• Samuel Ward Jr. (1756–1832) – American Revolutionary War soldier and delegate to the secessionist Hartford Convention
• Roger Williams (1603–1684) – founder of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, influential author, considered the first proponent of separation of church and state
• Abraham Whipple (1733–1819) – Continental Navy commander-in-chief

• Index of Rhode Island-related articles
• Outline of Rhode Island

{{Notelist}}

{{Clear}}

{{Reflist|refs=

{{cite book|last1=McLoughlin|first1=William G|title=Rhode Island: A History|date=1986|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|location=New York|isbn=978-0393302714|pages=148–168}}}}

{{Refbegin}}

{{Further|History of Rhode Island#Further reading}}

• Dwight, Timothy. Travels Through New England and New York (circa 1800) 4 vol. (1969) Online at: [http://www-gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/cgi-bin/digbib.cgi?PPN244525439 vol 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728110138/https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN244525439 |date=July 28, 2020 }}; [http://dz-srv1.sub.uni-goettingen.de/sub/digbib/loader?did=D6116 vol 2]{{dead link|date=March 2017 |bot=Beta7 |fix-attempted=yes }}; [http://dz-srv1.sub.uni-goettingen.de/sub/digbib/loader?did=D6784 vol 3]{{dead link|date=March 2017 |bot=Beta7 |fix-attempted=yes }}; [http://dz-srv1.sub.uni-goettingen.de/sub/digbib/loader?did=D6003 vol 4]{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
• [http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa;idno=ADH0309 McPhetres, S. A. A political manual for the campaign of 1868, for use in the New England states, containing the population and latest election returns of every town (1868)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728110139/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa&idno=ADH0309 |date=July 28, 2020 }}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20050630075906/http://www.sec.state.ri.us/resources_for/library/riinfo/riinfo/knowrhode Rhode Island's Geography and Climate]

• Adams, James Truslow. The Founding of New England (1921)
• Adams, James Truslow. Revolutionary New England, 1691–1776 (1923)
• Adams, James Truslow. New England in the Republic, 1776–1850 (1926)
• Andrews, Charles M. The Fathers of New England: A Chronicle of the Puritan Commonwealths (1919). Short survey by leading scholar.
• Axtell, James, ed. The American People in Colonial New England (1973), new social history
• Brewer, Daniel Chauncey. Conquest of New England by the Immigrant (1926).
• Coleman, Peter J. The Transformation of Rhode Island, 1790–1860 (1963)
• Conforti, Joseph A. Imagining New England: Explorations of Regional Identity from the Pilgrims to the Mid-Twentieth Century (2001)
• Dennison, George M. The Dorr War: Republicanism on Trial, 1831–1861 (1976)
• Hall, Donald, ed. Encyclopedia of New England (2005)
• Karlsen, Carol F. The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England (1998)
• Lovejoy, David S. Rhode Island Politics and the American Revolution, 1760–1776 (1969)
• McLaughlin, William. Rhode Island: A Bicentennial History (1976)
• Moondancer & Strong Woman "Cultural History of the Native Peoples of Southern New England". Bauu Press. (2007).
• Palfrey, John Gorham. [http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa;idno=AJA1967 History of New England] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728110137/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa&idno=AJA1967 |date=July 28, 2020 }} (5 vol. 1859–90)
• {{cite web |url=http://www.slavenorth.com/rhodeisland.htm |title=Slavery in Rhode Island |website=Slavery in the North |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-date=April 19, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419153408/http://www.slavenorth.com/rhodeisland.htm |url-status=live }}
• Sletcher, Michael. New England. (2004).
• Stephenson, Nathaniel Wright. Nelson W. Aldrich, a Leader in American Politics (1930).
• WPA. Guide to Rhode Island (1939).
• Zimmerman, Joseph F. [https://www.questia.com/library/book/the-new-england-town-meeting-democracy-in-action-by-joseph-f-zimmerman.jsp The New England Town Meeting: Democracy in Action] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123155020/http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-new-england-town-meeting-democracy-in-action-by-joseph-f-zimmerman.jsp |date=November 23, 2011 }}. (1999)

{{Refend}}

{{Sister project links|voy=Rhode Island}}

• [http://www.ri.gov/ State of Rhode Island Government website]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20110123145019/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=RI Energy & Environmental Data for Rhode Island]
• [http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=RI USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Rhode Island] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209131720/https://www2.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=RI |date=December 9, 2016 }}
• [https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/RI U.S. Census Bureau Quickfacts: Rhode Island]
• [http://www.rilin.state.ri.us/Statutes/ Rhode Island laws] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810123727/http://www.rilin.state.ri.us/Statutes/ |date=August 10, 2012 }}
• [http://www.scituateartfestival.org/ Scituate Art Festival]
• [http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=44&StateName=Rhode%20Island#.U8Q1L7EXtQs USDA Rhode Island State Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205132907/http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=44&StateName=Rhode%20Island#.U8Q1L7EXtQs |date=December 5, 2014 }}
• {{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Rhode Island |volume=23 |pages=248–254 |short=1}} — Detailed Historical Article
• [http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~rigenweb/IndianPlaceNames.html Indian Place Names]
• {{OSM relation|165795}}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080515221317/http://wikis.ala.org/godort/index.php/Rhode_Island Rhode Island State Databases] – Annotated list of searchable databases produced by Rhode Island state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association.
• [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/states/rhodeisland/ Rhode Island State Guide] from the Library of Congress
• [https://catalog.sos.ri.gov/repositories/resources Rhode Island State Archives Catalog for further information]

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