Richard Lathe

Lathe studied Molecular Biology at Edinburgh under Bill Hayes and Ken Murray, followed by doctoral studies at Brussels under Rene Thomas. He then moved to Cambridge (under Mike Ashburner), to Heidelberg (Ekke Bautz) before joining the newly founded Biotech company Transgene SA under Jean-Pierre Lecocq, Pierre Chambon, and Philippe Kourilsky.

Lathe is the primary inventor of the vaccine that eradicated rabies in France.;{{Cite web|title=patents.google.com|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/EP0162757B1/en|date=1984-04-25|website=Google patents}} other members of the team included Marie-Paule Kieny. Extension of this work included the development of vaccines against virus-induced tumors.{{Cite journal|last=Lathe|first=Richard|date=1987-04-30|title=Tumour prevention and rejection with recombinant vaccinia|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/326878a0|journal=Nature|volume=326|issue=6116|pages=878–880|doi=10.1038/326878a0|pmid=3033512|bibcode=1987Natur.326..878L |s2cid=4353641}}{{Cite journal|last=Lathe|first=Richard|date=1990-12-01|title=Vaccination against tumor cells expressing breast cancer epithelial tumor antigen.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=87|issue=23|pages=9498–9502|doi=10.1073/pnas.87.23.9498|pmid=2251291|pmc=55194|bibcode=1990PNAS...87.9498H |doi-access=free}} The European rabies vaccination campaigns proved tremendously successful and constituted a paradigm for wildlife vaccination programs. France was declared free of rabies in 2002, but success in North America has been less dramatic owing to the prevalence of several species capable of transmitting rabies{{Cite book|last=Lafon|first=M.|title=Neurotropic Viral Infections (Vol. 1): Neurotropic RNA Viruses (2nd edn)|publisher=springer|year=2016|isbn=978-3-319-33189-8|editor-last=Reiss|editor-first=Carol Shoshkes|url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783319331881|pages=85–113}}

The most highly cited paper regards a tool for isolating coding sequences, published in 1985 in the Journal of Molecular Biology.[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4009718/]

This paper makes him among the 1000 citations clan{{Cite journal|last1=Chuang|first1=Kun-Yang|last2=Ho|first2=Yuh-Shan|date=2014-10-01|title=Bibliometric profile of top-cited single-author articles in the Science Citation Index Expanded|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1751157714000893|journal=Journal of Informetrics|language=en|volume=8|issue=4|pages=951–962|doi=10.1016/j.joi.2014.09.008|issn=1751-1577}} of authors who have achieved a thousand citations for a single-author work [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=isolating+coding+sequences+Lathe&oq=]

A review in the Journal of Endocrinology entitled 'Hormones and the Hippocampus' argues that external and internal biochemical sensing have been crucial for the evolution of the mammalian brain.[http://joe.endocrinology-journals.org/cgi/reprint/169/2/205] Although the hippocampus is likely to play a role in internal sensing, other brain regions have been implicated, and a far wider role of the hippocampus in consciousness, episodic memory, and emotional feelings has been discussed{{Cite journal|last=Behrendt|first=Ralf-Peter|date=2013|title=Conscious experience and episodic memory: hippocampus at the crossroads.|journal=Frontiers in Psychology|volume=4|pages=304|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00304|pmid=23755033|pmc=3667233|doi-access=free}}

In Autism, Brain, and Environment (2006, {{ISBN|1-84310-438-5}}), Lathe proposes that autism is largely a disorder of the limbic brain, balancing what he calls evidence that environmental factors may trigger autism with a recognition of genetic vulnerability.{{Cite book |last=Lathe |first=Richard |title=Autism, brain, and environment |date=2006 |publisher=J. Kingsley |isbn=978-1-84310-438-4 |location=London}}

Lathe's research has led him to develop a theory that without the Moon, there would be no life on Earth. When life began, Earth orbited much more closely to the Moon than it does now, causing massive tides every few hours, which in turn caused rapid cycling of salinity levels on coastlines and may have driven the evolution of early DNA. Lathe uses polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which amplifies DNA replication in the lab, as an example of the mechanisms that facilitate DNA replication, In the laboratory, PCR synthesis is achieved by cycling DNA between two extreme temperatures in the presence of certain enzymes. At lower temperatures, about 50 °C, single strands of DNA act as templates for building complementary strands. At higher temperatures, about 100 °C, the double strands break apart, doubling the number of molecules. The synthesis of DNA is started again by lowering the temperature, and so forth. Through this process, one DNA molecule can be converted into a trillion identical copies in just 40 cycles. Saline cycles triggered by rapid tidal activity would have amplified molecules such as DNA in a process similar to PCR, through alternating high and low salinity – a process dubbed tidal chain reaction (TCR){{Cite journal|last=Lathe|first=Richard|date=January 2005|title=Tidal chain reaction and the origin of replicating biopolymers|journal=International Journal of Astrobiology|volume=4|issue=1 |pages=19–31|doi=10.1017/S1473550405002314|bibcode=2005IJAsB...4...19L |s2cid=85575347}} – says Lathe, "The tidal force is absolutely important, because it provides the energy for association and dissociation" of polymers.{{Cite journal|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/923a/fc758a965307c14878dde294e12b1d70dfdf.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907071153/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/923a/fc758a965307c14878dde294e12b1d70dfdf.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2018-09-07|s2cid=46494358|doi=10.1016/J.ICARUS.2003.10.018|title=Fast tidal cycling and the origin of life|year=2004|last1=Lathe|first1=Richard|journal=Icarus|volume=168|issue=1 |pages=18–22|bibcode=2004Icar..168...18L }}

A contrasting viewpoint is that deep-sea hydrothermal vents, among other scenarios, may have led to the emergence of life (abiogenesis). In addition, the fast early tides invoked may not have been quite so rapid,{{Cite journal|last1=Varga|first1=P|last2=Rybicki|first2=K.R.|last3=Denis|first3=C|date=2005|title=Comment on the paper 'Fast tidal cycling and the origin of life'|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0019103505003283|journal=Icarus|volume=180|pages=274–276|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2005.04.022|via=Elsevier Science Direct}} and it is possible that only 2-3% of the Earth's crust may have been exposed above the sea until late in terrestrial evolution [4]; although mechanistically sound, the tidal chain reaction theory remains speculative.{{Cite journal|last1=Flament|first1=N|last2=Coltice|first2=Nicolas|last3=Rey|first3=Patrice F.|date=2008|title=A case for late-Archaean continental emergence from thermal evolution models and hypsometry|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012821X08005748|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|volume=275|issue=3–4|pages=326–336|doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2008.08.029|bibcode=2008E&PSL.275..326F|via=Elsevier Science Direct}}

The prion theory has been widely questioned,{{Cite journal|last1=Bruce|first1=M. E.|last2=Dickinson|first2=A. G.|date=1987|title=Biological evidence that scrapie agent has an independent genome|journal=Journal of General Virology|volume=68|pages=79–89|doi=10.1099/0022-1317-68-1-79|pmid=3100717|doi-access=free}} and the prion (PrP) protein is now recognized to be an RNA-binding protein.{{Cite journal|last1=Silva|first1=Jerson L.|last2=Lima|first2=Luís Maurício T.R.|last3=Foguel|first3=Debora|last4=Cordeiro|first4=Yraima|date=2008|title=Intriguing nucleic-acid-binding features of mammalian prion protein|journal=Trends in Biochemical Sciences|volume= 33| issue = 3|pages=132–140|doi=10.1016/j.tibs.2007.11.003|pmid=18243708}} Darlix and Lathe propose that retroelements constitute the replicative component of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.{{Cite journal|last1=Lathe|first1=R.|last2=Darlix|first2=J. L.|date=2020|title=Prion protein PrP nucleic acid binding and mobilization implicates retroelements as the replicative component of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy|journal=Archives of Virology|volume=165|issue=3|pages=535–556|doi=10.1007/s00705-020-04529-2|pmid=32025859|pmc=7024060}}

Lathe has also argued that infection may play a role in Alzheimer disease, and has worked with Rudy Tanzi and Rob Moir at Harvard to develop the Antimicrobial Protection Theory of Alzheimer Disease{{Cite journal|title=The antimicrobial protection hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease|last1=Lathe|first1=Richard|last2=Moir|first2=Robert D.|date=9 October 2018|last3=Tanzi|first3=Rudolph E.|journal=Alzheimer's & Dementia|volume=14|issue=12|pages=1602–1614|doi=10.1016/j.jalz.2018.06.3040|pmid=30314800|s2cid=52942828|doi-access=free}} Building on earlier recommendations of an expert group{{Cite journal|last1=Itzhaki|first1=Ruth F.|last2=Lathe|first2=Richard|date=12 April 2016|title=Microbes and Alzheimer's Disease|journal=Journal of Alzheimer's Disease|volume= 51| issue = 4|pages=979–984|doi=10.3233/JAD-160152|pmid=26967229|pmc=5457904}} and increasing evidence that there is a causal link between infection and Alzheimer's disease.{{Cite journal|last1=Itzhaki|first1=Ruth F|last2=Lathe|first2=Richard|date=1 January 2018|title=Herpes Viruses and Senile Dementia: First Population Evidence for a Causal Link|url=https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-alzheimers-disease/jad180266|journal=Journal of Alzheimer's Disease|volume= 64| issue = 2|pages=363–366|doi=10.3233/JAD-180266|pmid=29889070|via=IOS Press|hdl=20.500.11820/63af4489-c3b6-49d9-8c50-35e7f1608450|s2cid=47014172 |hdl-access=free}}

{{Reflist}}

• [http://www.pieta-research.org/ Pieta-Research.org] - 'Pieta Research A biotechnology consultancy based in Edinburgh UK: Specialist areas Molecular biology, neuroscience, physiology'
• [https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn4786 NewScientist.com] - 'No Moon, no life on Earth, suggests theory', Anil Ananthaswamy, New Scientist (18 March 2004)
• [https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn3842 NewScientist.com] - 'Toxic metal clue to autism', Richard Lathe and Michael Le Page, New Scientist (18 June 2003)
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20081007124948/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,8123-2160195,00.html] - 'Autism and pollution: the vital link', Juliet Rix, The Times (2 May 2006)
• [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v442/n7103/full/442632b.html] - 'Making sense of autism', Francesca Happé, Nature (9 Aug 2006)
• [http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S001910350300383X] - 'Fast tidal cycling and the origin of life', Richard Lathe, Icarus (2003)
• [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=moon-life-tides] - 'Without the moon, would there be life on earth', Bruce Dorminey, Scientific American (21 April 2009)
• [http://www.jkp.com/catalogue/book/9781843104384/] - 'Autism, Brain, and Environment', Richard Lathe, Jessica Kingsley Publishers (2006)

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Category:Academics of the University of Edinburgh

Category:Autism researchers

Category:Living people

Category:Molecular biologists

Category:Year of birth missing (living people)