Road master

{{other uses|Roadmaster (disambiguation)}}

File:Bologna's fango official en route.jpg

The road master (Latin: viarius; Italian: Maestro delle Strade) was a middle- to high-ranking urban official common across the central and northern regions of Italy between c. 1250-1550, that is the communal and despotic era.{{Cite book|title=The Italian city-state : from commune to signoria|author=Jones, P. J. |date=1997|publisher=New York|isbn=0-19-822585-7|location=Oxford|oclc=37247264}} Often part of the podestà’s or capitano del popolo’s entourage, the road master worked in small teams of builders and administrators to maintain a city's network of roads and waterways, including nodal points such as gates, bridges, sluices and markets. In many towns and cities across the peninsula, road masters not only built and maintained such amenities, but they also monitored human and animal behavior that impacted their traversability, and fined pertinent offenders.{{Cite book|title=Roads to health : infrastructure and urban wellbeing in later medieval Italy|author=Geltner, G. |date=2 August 2019 |isbn=978-0-8122-5135-7|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|oclc=1076422219}} For instance, they could punish artisans polluting a public street or neighborhood, enforcing a distinct form of urban zoning. Road masters also fought against domestic practices that were seen as causing harm to the population at large, including unlawful refuse disposal and neglecting to restrain pigs.

Roads officials were also active in ensuring urban markets ran smoothly. Beyond the upkeep of roads and canals allowing produce to reach and leave markets, these officials often examined the accuracy of weights and measures used by retailers. They also pursued people who tried to sell produce outside the allowed time and place or wares of inferior quality, such as rotten meat or fish. In doing so, they resembled the Islamicate market inspector or muhtasib. Lastly, roads officials also policed inns and taverns, places where food and drink were sold, to ensure these were of good quality and served in the correct amounts and for the right price. The presence in taverns of alcohol and abundance of foreigners, including sex workers, sometimes meant that roads masters also operated as a moral police force, fighting gambling, rowdiness and sexual promiscuity.{{Cite book|title=Police Power in the Italian Communes, 1228-1326|author=Roberts, Gregory|date=2019|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=978-90-485-4354-0|location=Amsterdam|oclc=1114972106}}

In doing all this, road masters participated in earlier cities’ preventative and harm-reductive programs, designed to promote public health and fight disease at the population level.{{Cite book|chapter=The Regulation of Public Health in Italian Medieval Towns|last=Balestracci|first=Duccio|title=Die Vielfalt der Dinge: Neue Wege zur Analyse mittelaltericher Sachkultur|year=1998|isbn=9783700125174|editor-last=Hundsbichler|editor-first=Helmut|location=Vienna|pages=345–357}} They had rural parallels in the office of the field warden.

Road masters and their teams are especially well documented for Bologna, where they were known as the Dirt masters (Ufficiali del fango);{{Cite journal|last=Breveglieri|first=Bruno|date=2005|title=Il notaio del fango|journal=Atti e Memorie della Deputazione di Storia Patria per le Province di Romagna|volume=56|pages=95–152}}{{Cite journal|last=Albertani|first=Germana|date=2007|title=Igiene e decoro. Bologna secondo il registro del 'notaio del fango' (1285)|journal=Storia Urbana|volume=116|pages=19–36}}{{Cite journal|last1=Geltner|first1=G.|last2=Zaneri|first2=Taylor|title=The dynamics of healthscaping: mapping communal hygiene in Bologna, 1287–1383|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/urban-history/article/dynamics-of-healthscaping-mapping-communal-hygiene-in-bologna-12871383/E4FA1704EF3CED66E8AE8B1E965E2A48|journal=Urban History|date=2022 |volume=49 |pages=2–27 |doi=10.1017/S0963926820000541 |hdl=11245.1/005701a6-39dd-4274-a11d-352b22239b0a|hdl-access=free}} Lucca;{{Cite journal|last=Geltner|first=G.|date=2013|title=Healthscaping a medieval city: Lucca's Curia viarum and the future of public health history|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/urban-history/article/healthscaping-a-medieval-city-luccas-curia-viarum-and-the-future-of-public-health-history/9B2A1808E997FD4BE725E234D958E330#fndtn-metrics|journal=Urban History|volume=40|issue=3|pages=395–415|doi=10.1017/S0963926813000321|s2cid=145247837 |url-access=subscription}} and Rome.Cristina Carbonetti Vendittelli, "La Curia dei Magistri edificiorum Urbis nei Secoli XIII e XIV e la sua Documentazione," in Etienne Hubert (ed.), Rome aux XIIIe et XIVe siècles: Cinq études = Roma nei secoli XIII e XIV: Cinque saggi (Rome, 1993), 1-42.{{Cite book|last=Long|first=Pamela|title=Engineering the Eternal City: Infrastructure, Topography, and the Culture of Knowledge in Late Sixteenth-Century Rome|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2018|isbn=9780226591285|location=Chicago and London}}