Robert Indiana

{{Infobox person

| name = Robert Indiana

| image = Robert Indiana.jpg

| image_size =

| caption = Robert Indiana. Photo by Dennis Griggs

| birth_name = Robert Clark

| birth_date = {{Birth date|1928|09|13}}

| birth_place = New Castle, Indiana, U.S.

| death_date = {{Death date and age|2018|05|19|1928|09|13}}

| death_place = Vinalhaven, Maine, U.S.

| education = Herron School of Art and Design, Arsenal Technical High School, Art Institute of Chicago, Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture, Edinburgh College of Art

| occupation = Artist, theatrical set designer and costume designer

| title =

| nationality = American

| movement = Pop art, Hard-edge painting

| works = LOVE

}}

Robert Indiana (born Robert Clark; September 13, 1928 – May 19, 2018) was an American artist associated with the pop art movement.

Indiana is mostly known for his iconic image LOVE which was first created in 1964 in the form of a card. Indiana sent these cards to several friends and acquaintances in the art world. In 1965, Robert Indiana was invited to propose an artwork to be featured on the Museum of Modern Art's annual Christmas card. Indiana submitted several 12” square oil on canvas variations based on his LOVE image. The museum selected the most intense color combination in red, blue, and green. It became one of the most popular cards the museum has ever offered. Indiana continued to develop his LOVE series, and in 1966, worked with Marian Goodman of Multiples, Inc. to make his first LOVE sculpture in aluminum. In 1970, Indiana completed his first monumental LOVE sculpture in Cor-Ten steel which is in the collection of the Indianapolis Museum of Art.

Indiana has also been a focal point of the LGBTQ rights movement after it was disclosed that his famous LOVE artwork was the result of the breakup between him and artist Ellsworth Kelly, who notably, inspired Indiana's style of work.{{Cite web |date=13 February 2020 |title=LOVE story: the many sides of Robert Indiana |url=https://www.christies.com/en/stories/an-artist-guide-to-robert-indiana-c209e2b764b449d7bf65ee4a03d91613 |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=Christies}}

In addition to being a painter and sculptor, Indiana made posters and prints and also designed stage sets and costumes for the Virgil Thompson and Gertrude Stein opera The Mother of Us All.{{Cite book |last=Haskell |first=Barbara |title=Robert Indiana: Beyond LOVE |publisher=Whitney Museum of American Art |year=2013 |isbn=978-0300196863 |location=New York |page=245 |language=English}} Indiana's artwork has been featured in numerous exhibitions around the world and is included in the permanent collections of many major museums including the Museum of Modern Art, New York; Tate Modern, London; and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.

Biography

Robert Indiana was born Robert Clark in New Castle, Indiana, and was adopted as an infant by Earl Clark and Carmen Watters.{{Cite web|url=http://robertindiana.com/biography/|title=Biography {{!}} Robert Indiana|website=robertindiana.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-12}}Jori Finkel (May 21, 2018), [https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/21/obituaries/robert-indiana-love-pop-art-dies.html Robert Indiana, 89, Who Turned ‘Love’ Into Enduring Art, Is Dead] New York Times. After his parents divorced, he relocated to Indianapolis to live with his father so he could attend Arsenal Technical High School (1942–1946),{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalindy.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/aths |title=Arsenal Technical High School|publisher=Digital Lindy |access-date=May 21, 2018}}{{cite web |url=http://robertindiana.com/biography/ |title=Biography: Robert Indiana |publisher=RobertIndiana |access-date=May 21, 2018}} from which he graduated as valedictorian of his class.

After serving for three years in the United States Army Air Forces, Indiana studied at the Art Institute of Chicago (1949–1953), the Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture in Maine (summer 1953) and Edinburgh University and Edinburgh College of Art (1953–1954). He returned to the United States in 1954 and settled in New York City.{{cite web |url=http://www.moma.org/collection/artist.php?artist_id=2812 |title=Robert Indiana |publisher=MoMA |location=New York, NY}}

In New York, Indiana's romantic partner Ellsworth Kelly, whom he met in 1956, helped him find a loft on Coenties Slip.{{Cite web|url=https://www.phaidon.com/agenda/art/articles/2016/september/13/the-hidden-messages-in-robert-indiana-s-love/|title=The hidden message in Robert Indiana's Love {{!}} Art {{!}} Agenda|website=Phaidon|access-date=2020-04-06}} On Coenties Slip Kelly introduced Indiana to neighboring artists like Jack Youngerman, Agnes Martin and Cy Twombly, with whom he shared his studio for a time. It was around this time when Indiana and Kelly established their romantic relationship. Kelly would go on to become a mentor for Indiana, and later convince him to make the shift to the hard edge style that quickly became a fan favorite.

An interview with Indiana later in life reveals that Indiana only saw himself as equal with Kelly. Although Indiana claims to be inspired by his homefront, The Slip, and Life Magazine, his biggest inspiration of all was Kelly.{{Cite web |title=Robert Indiana on 50 Years of Art, and the Fraught Life of "LOVE" |url=https://www.artspace.com/magazine/interviews_features/qa/robert_indiana_interview-51648 |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=Artspace |language=english}}

In 1958 he changed his surname to Indiana.{{cite web|title=Robert Indiana|date=September 9, 2024 |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Indiana}} His career took off in the early 1960s after Alfred H. Barr Jr., bought The American Dream, I for the Museum of Modern Art.

In 1964, Indiana moved from Coenties Slip to a five-story building at Spring Street and the Bowery.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/06/garden/at-home-with-robert-indiana-mr-love-finds-an-island-if-not-entirely-to-himself.html |series=At Home With |title=Robert Indiana – Mr. Love finds an island, if not entirely to himself |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=May 21, 2018 |date=February 6, 2003}} In the summer of 1969, he visited Life magazine photographer Elliot Elisofon on the Island of Vinalhaven and began renting the upstairs of the 100 year old Victorian-style Odd Fellows Hall named "The Star of Hope" in the island town of Vinalhaven, Maine. Indiana was drawn to the Odd Fellows insignia which consists of three interlocking links.

The three links of course are truth and friendship, and the important link in the middle just happens to be love. So I think I was fated to end my life in an Odd Fellows Lodge — Robert IndianaIndiana, Robert. Lecture in conjunction with the exhibition Wood Works: Constructions by Robert Indiana. Washington, D.C. May 3, 1984. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.

Half a century earlier, Marsden Hartley had made his escape to the same island. Indiana discovered a great affinity to Marsden Hartley to whom he pays homage in a series of work in the late 1980s.{{Cite book |last=Lin-Hill |first=Joe |title=Robert Indiana: A Sculpture Retrospective |publisher=Kerber Verlag |year=2019 |isbn=978-3735604415 |location=Bielefeld, Germany |page=37 |language=English}} When Elisofon died in 1973, Indiana bought the lodge for $10,000 from his estate. He moved in full-time when he lost his lease on the Bowery in 1978.{{cite news |first=David |last=Colman |date=February 6, 2003 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/06/garden/at-home-with-robert-indiana-mr-love-finds-an-island-if-not-entirely-to-himself.html |title=Mr. Love finds an island, if not entirely to himself |newspaper=New York Times}}

During this same year, Indiana created his most famous piece of art, LOVE, which was created in response to his breakup with Kelly, although this was not disclosed until several years later. This specific piece incorporated three colours, red, green, and blue, the most prominent colours in Kelly's work. However, this piece brought Indiana a lot of unwanted attention. Eventually, Indiana started to fade out of the public spotlight. It is speculated that the attention from LOVE became too much.

Indiana grew reclusive in his final years. He died on May 19, 2018, at his home in Vinalhaven, Maine, of respiratory failure at the age of 89.{{cite web |url=http://www.phillyvoice.com/robert-indiana-artist-behind-phillys-iconic-love-sculpture-dies-89/ |newspaper=Philly Voice |department=Obituary |title=Robert Indiana, artist behind Philly's iconic LOVE sculpture, dies at 89 |first=Michael |last=Tanenbaum |date=May 21, 2018 |publisher=WWB Holdings, LLC.}} One day before his death, a lawsuit was filed over claims that his caretaker had isolated him from family and friends, and was marketing unauthorized reproductions of his works.{{cite web |title=Pop Art hero and artist of 'LOVE' Robert Indiana dies at 89 |url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/pop-art-hero-robert-indiana-dies-at-89-1289993 |website=ArtNet News |access-date=May 22, 2018 |date=May 21, 2018}}

Work

Indiana's complex and multilayered work explores the power of language, American identity, and personal history, and often consists of striking, simple and direct words. Drawing on the vocabulary of vernacular highway signs and roadside entertainments, Indiana created a body of work that appears bold and energetic.{{Cite book |last=Haskell |first=Barbara |title=Robert Indiana: Beyond LOVE |publisher=Whitney Museum of American Art |year=2013 |isbn=978-0300196863 |location=New York |page=11 |language=English}} His best known examples include short words like EAT, DIE, HUG, ERR, and LOVE.

In his EAT series, the word blares in paint or light bulbs against a neutral background.{{cite magazine |author=Ariella Budick |date=September 28, 2012 |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/c8a02db4-0585-11e2-bce8-00144feabdc0.html#axzz27yDCf3gk |title=Locating love in a chilly climate |magazine=Financial Times}} In a major career milestone, the architect Philip Johnson commissioned an EAT sign for the New York State Pavilion at the 1964 New York World's Fair.{{cite news |author=Jesse McKinley |date=September 19, 2013 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/22/arts/design/robert-indiana-assumes-one-work-has-swamped-his-career.html |title=An Artist's LOVE-Hate Relationship - Robert Indiana Assumes One Work Has Swamped His Career |newspaper=New York Times}} The sign was turned off one day after the opening of the fair because visitors believed it to mark a restaurant. Andy Warhol's contribution to the fair was also removed that day.{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-jun-26-et-eat-sign26-story.html |title=Artist Robert Indiana is on the menu in Maine |date=June 26, 2009 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times}}{{cite magazine |url=http://observer.com/2014/04/13-most-wanted-men-andy-warhol-and-the-1964-worlds-fair-at-the-queens-museum/ |title=13 Most Wanted Men: Andy Warhol and the 1964 World's Fair at the Queens Museum |magazine=Observer |publisher=Observer Media |location=New York, NY |date=April 13, 2014}}

Indiana's series of monumental sculptures can be seen across the globe, including LOVE, Imperial LOVE, LOVE Wall, AHAVA, AMOR, and ONE Through ZERO (The Ten Numbers). Indiana's own hard-edged painterly aesthetic paved the way for the later sculptural editions which would translate this into three dimensions. In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, attacks, Indiana created his series of Peace Paintings which were exhibited at the Paul Kasmin Gallery in New York in 2004.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/21/arts/art-in-review-robert-indiana-peace-paintings.html |series=Art in Review |title=Robert Indiana – 'Peace Paintings' |first=Ken |last=Johnson |date=May 21, 2004 |newspaper=New York Times |location=New York, NY}}

Between 1989 and 1994, Indiana painted a series of 18 canvases inspired by the shapes and numbers in the War Motif paintings that Marsden Hartley did in Berlin between 1913 and 1915.{{cite web |first=Grace |last=Glueck |author-link= Grace Glueck |date=August 27, 1999 |newspaper=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/27/arts/art-review-robert-indiana-s-career-love-and-american-style.html |title=Robert Indiana's Career: Love and American Style |quote=Between 1989 and 1994, Mr. Indiana painted a series of 18 canvases inspired by the shapes and numbers in the war motifs paintings that Hartley – who once worked in Vinalhaven – did in Berlin between 1913–1915. They commemorate a slain German officer the artist had befriended. |access-date=September 12, 2014}}

Indiana was also a theatrical set and costume designer; he designed Santa Fe Opera's 1976 production of Virgil Thomson's The Mother of Us All, based on the life of suffragist Susan B. Anthony.{{cite web |url=https://www.artsy.net/artwork/robert-indiana-the-mother-of-us-all-tyrone-guthrie-theatre-hand-signed-and-inscribed-to-photographer-jack-mitchell |title=Robert Indiana: The Mother of Us All |publisher=Artsy |access-date=May 21, 2018}} He was the star of Andy Warhol's film Eat (1964), which is a 45-minute film of Indiana eating a mushroom.{{cite book |last1=Rubin |first1=Joan S. |last2=Boyer |first2=Paul S. |author-link2=Paul Boyer (historian) |last3=Casper |first3=Scott E. |year=2013 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Cultural and Intellectual History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_-lMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA728 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=728 |isbn=9780199764358}} Warhol also made the brief silent film Bob Indiana Etc. (4 minutes, 1963), a portrait of the artist with appearances by Wynn Chamberlain and John Giorno.{{cite web |url=http://bam150years.blogspot.com/2014/11/whos-who-of-warhols-unseen-films.html |title=Who's-who of Warhol's unseen films |date=November 4, 2014 |publisher=Brooklyn Academy of Music |work=BAM150years.blogspot.com |access-date=November 19, 2016 }}

Indiana's series of monumental sculptures of the digits zero through to nine, ONE Through ZERO (The Ten Numbers) has been displayed in several cities since its 1980 creation.{{cite web|title=Numbers One Through Zero, 1980-2001|url=http://robertindiana.com/works/numbers-one-through-zero/|publisher=Robert Indiana|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811041410/http://robertindiana.com/works/numbers-one-through-zero/|accessdate=19 April 2021|archive-date=August 11, 2016}}

=LOVE=

Image:Lovestamp.png

Although most famously known for his hard edge artworks, Indiana's work originally focused less on hard edge until he was introduced to Ellsworth Kelly in 1956. Kelly quickly convinced Indiana to move into 25 Coenties Slip, better known as The Slip, where several other artists would later follow including Kelly himself. Other artists like Agnes Martin, Lenore Tawney, Ann Wilson, and Jack Youngerman soon followed. Living at the slip largely influenced Indiana's art, although it would be Ellsworth Kelly who suggested later on to Indiana to make the large shift into hard edge.{{Cite web |title=25 Coenties Slip, 20 July 1957 - 1957 - Artworks-Items - Robert Indiana |url=https://www.robertindiana.com/artworks/artworks-items/25-coenties-slip-20-july-1957#:~:text=Indiana%20moved%20into%20the%20area,at%20E.%20H.%20&%20A.%20C.%20Friedrichs%20Company. |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=www.robertindiana.com |language=en}}

Although known for several art pieces, Indiana's best known image is the word love in upper-case letters, arranged in a square with its trademarked tilted letter "O".{{cite web|url=http://www.scottsdalepublicart.org/collection/love.php|title=LOVE|publisher=Scottsdale Public Art|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906075400/http://www.scottsdalepublicart.org/collection/love.php|archive-date=September 6, 2011}} The iconography first appeared in a series of poems originally written in 1958, in which Indiana stacked LO and VE on top of one another. The first paintings addressing the subject of love were 4-Star Love (1961) and Love Is God (1964).{{Cite web|url=http://robertindiana.com/work/|title=Selected Works {{!}} Robert Indiana|website=robertindiana.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-06}}

What many are unaware of is that Indiana's famous LOVE had evolved from a romantic relationship with his inspiration, Kelly. According to art historian Susan Elizabeth Ryan wrote that in 1964 LOVE had been a "more explicit four-letter word — beginning with F, and with a second letter, a U, intriguingly tilted to the right." Indiana and Kelly had been in a rocky relationship and Indiana had been working on word paintings. She adds "The two men were in the habit of exchanging postcard-size sketches, with Mr. Kelly laying down fields of color and Mr. Indiana adding large words atop the abstractions."{{Cite book|last=Ryan|first=Elizabeth|title=Robert Indiana: Figures of Speech|year=2000}}{{Cite news|last=Sokol|first=Brett|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/23/arts/design/robert-indiana-love-and-other-four-letter-words.html|title='LOVE' and Other Four-Letter Words|date=2018-05-23|work=The New York Times|access-date=2020-04-06|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}} The 1950's were a critical time for Indiana and his art. Not only did he change his name to avoid confusion with other artists, but Indiana also fell in love with Kelly. This whirlwind romance resulted in Indiana moving into The Slip, as mentioned previously. Not only that, but Indiana's style drastically changed. Indiana claimed that Kelly introduced him to hard edge saying, "This was my first head-on contact with painting of any geometric, or clean hard-edge style." However, after the two artists broke up in 1964 the cruder original artwork was changed by Indiana to the famous stacked LOVE.

Indiana's red, blue, and green LOVE painting was then selected to appear on the Museum of Modern Art’s annual Christmas card in 1965. In an interview Robert Indiana said "It was the most profitable Christmas card the museum ever published."{{Cite web|url=http://www.artspace.com/magazine/interviews_features/robert_indiana_interview|title=Robert Indiana on 50 Years of Art, and the Fraught Life of "LOVE"|website=Artspace|language=en|access-date=2020-04-06}}

Indiana said he was inspired to use these colors because his father used to work at a Phillips 66 gas station whose colors were green and red. Robert Indiana described the original colors as "the red and green of that sign against the blue Hoosier sky". Still it is believed the colors were inspired also by the painting Red Blue Green (1963) of Ellsworth Kelly, his former partner.{{Cite web|url=https://www.wikiart.org/en/ellsworth-kelly/red-blue-green-1963|title=Red Blue Green, 1963 - Ellsworth Kelly - WikiArt.org|website=www.wikiart.org|access-date=2020-04-06}}

The colours that dominate Indiana's love painting (red, blue, and green) are also the most prominent colours featured in Kelly's work. In this case, Indiana's work became more than just an art piece, but rather an ode to his former lover as well. As said by journalist Jonathon Jones, [LOVE] "is a sad love poem, perhaps even an angry one. Yet it instantly became a beacon of idealism, optimism, youth and revolt," although information regarding Indiana and Kelly's relationship was not publicly announced until 2013.{{Cite news |last=Jones |first=Jonathan |date=2018-05-22 |title=For Robert Indiana, there was always power in LOVE |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/may/22/for-robert-indiana-there-was-always-power-in-love |access-date=2024-10-11 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}

Indiana said, "Ellsworth Kelly introduced me to Hard-Edge and was a great influence on my work, and is responsible for my being here".

The first serigraph/silk screen of LOVE was printed as part of an exhibition poster for Stable Gallery in 1966 on the occasion of Indiana's show dedicated to his LOVE series .{{cite book |title=Love and the American Dream: the art of Robert Indiana |page=87}}

In 1973, the United States Postal Service commissioned a stamp design by Indiana and released the eight-cent LOVE stamp in advance of Valentine's Day. Unveiled in a ceremony at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the stamp became so popular that 425 million were printed over the next two years.Belmont Faries, “LOVE back for Valentine’s Day,” Boston Globe, January 27, 1974, p. A76Image:Ahava.jpg (Ahava אהבה) with two people, at The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, taken in 2008]]

==Hebrew version==

In 1977, he created a Hebrew LOVE with the four-letter word Ahava (אהבה "love" in Hebrew) using Cor-Ten steel, for the Israel Museum Art Garden in Jerusalem.{{cite web |url=http://robertindiana.com/works/ahava/ |title=AHAVA: Robert Indiana |publisher=Robert Indiana |access-date=May 21, 2018}}

==Variation for Google==

For Valentine's Day 2011, Google paid homage to Indiana's LOVE, which was displayed in place of the search engine site's normal logo.{{cite web |url=http://english.samaylive.com/lifestyle/676482433/.html |title=Robert Indiana & Google wishes Happy Valentine's Day |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217122234/http://english.samaylive.com/lifestyle/676482433/.html |archive-date=February 17, 2011 |website=English.samaylive.com |access-date=February 14, 2011}}

Exhibitions

In 1962, Eleanor Ward's Stable Gallery hosted Robert Indiana's first New York solo exhibition.{{cite web |url=http://www.hopeday.org/robert-indiana/|title=Robert Indiana, Love Sculptor New York |publisher=Hopeday |access-date=May 21, 2018}} Indiana's work has been represented by Paul Kasmin Gallery in New York City, Waddington Custot in London and Galerie Gmurzynska in Europe.{{cite web |url=https://www.paulkasmingallery.com/exhibition/robert-indiana |title=Robert Indiana |publisher=Paul Kasmin Gallery |access-date=May 21, 2018}}

From July 4 – September 14, 2008, Indiana's work was the subject of the grand multiple-location exhibition Robert Indiana a Milano; the main exhibition took place at the Padiglione d’Arte Contemporanea (Pavilion of Contemporary Art), and other works were displayed in public piazzas in Milan.{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.com/Robert-Indiana-Milano/dp/B005NTSJB0|title = Robert Indiana: A Milano|date = January 2008|publisher = Silvana Editoriale}}{{cite web|title=Tra pop e tipografia, Robert Indiana a Milano|url=http://www.artsblog.it/post/2022/tra-pop-e-tipografia-robert-indiana-a-milano|website=Artsblog|language=it|date=July 4, 2008|access-date=May 23, 2018|archive-date=May 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523173203/http://www.artsblog.it/post/2022/tra-pop-e-tipografia-robert-indiana-a-milano|url-status=dead}}

In 2013, the Whitney Museum of American Art mounted a retrospective of his work entitled Robert Indiana: Beyond LOVE, this exhibition traveled to the McNay Art Museum in San Antonio, Texas.{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/27/arts/design/robert-indiana-and-beyond-love-at-the-whitney.html |title=Robert Indiana and 'Beyond Love' at the Whitney |first=Ken |last=Johnson |date=September 26, 2013 |newspaper=New York Times |location=New York, NY}}

The first retrospective of Indiana's sculptures in the United Kingdom, spanning 60 years of the artist's career, opened at the Yorkshire Sculpture Park on March 12, 2022, and ran until January 2023.{{Cite web |last=Solomon |first=Tessa |date=2021-12-08 |title=Major Retrospective of Robert Indiana's Sculptures to Open in England Next Spring |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/robert-indiana-yorkshire-england-1234612755/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=ARTnews.com |language=en-US}}

Appearances of his work in popular culture

Millions of television viewers saw an orange, brown, and white version of Five, one of Indiana's 1965 Numbers series, featured in an episode of The Mary Tyler Moore Show during the 1971–1972 season, in which Rhoda Morgenstern redecorates Lou Grant's dated living room. Lou, evidently not a fan of pop art, complains to Mary, "I bet she went through four other paintings before choosing this one!"{{cite episode |title=The Square-Shaped Room |series=The Mary Tyler Moore Show |year=1971}}

In 2014, ESPN released MECCA: The Floor That Made Milwaukee Famous, a short film in its 30 for 30 series of sports documentaries. It chronicles how Indiana's floor at the MECCA was saved from being sold for scrap.{{cite web |date=July 11, 2014 |title=Mecca: The Floor that made Milwaukee famous |url=http://grantland.com/features/30-for-30-shorts-mecca-the-floor-that-made-milwaukee-famous/ |access-date=July 13, 2014 |publisher=Grantland}}

Collections

Today, Indiana's artworks are featured in the collections of numerous museums globally, including Museum of Modern Art, New York; Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.; Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, D.C.; Smithsonian Museum of American Art, Washington, D.C. Farnsworth Art Museum, Rockland, Maine; Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; McNay Art Museum, San Antonio, Texas; Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh; Allentown Art Museum of the Lehigh Valley, Allentown, Pennsylvania; Williams College Museum of Art or WCMA, in Williamstown, Massachusetts; Delaware Art Museum, Wilmington; Detroit Institute of Art, Michigan; Baltimore Museum of Art, Maryland; Brandeis Museum, Waltham, Massachusetts; Walker Art Center, Minneapolis; Albright-Knox Gallery, Buffalo, New York; San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, California; the Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indiana; and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, California; Menil Collection, Houston; Tate Modern, London; Museum Ludwig, Cologne, Germany; Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Nationalgalerie, Berlin; MUMOK (Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig Wien), Vienna; Art Museum of Ontario, Toronto; and Israel Museum, Jerusalem. among many others.{{cite web |url=http://www.spaightwoodgalleries.com/Pages/Indiana.html |title=Robert Indiana |website=www.spaightwoodgalleries.com}}

Art market

In May 2011, a 12-foot LOVE sculpture – one in an edition of three identical pieces – sold for $4.1 million.

References

External links

[http://robertindiana.com RobertIndiana.com]
{{MoMA artist|2812}}
[http://americanart.si.edu/search/search_artworks1.cfm?StartRow=1&LastName=indiana&FirstName=robert&Title=&Keyword=&Accession=&query=artworks&dosearch=Go&db=all&format=short Smithsonian Museum of American Art] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305073213/http://americanart.si.edu/search/search_artworks1.cfm?StartRow=1&LastName=indiana&FirstName=robert&Title=&Keyword=&Accession=&query=artworks&dosearch=Go&db=all&format=short |date=March 5, 2021 }}
[http://www.arti-fact.com/sculptor/map/30/Robert-Indiana Robert Indiana Sculptures on Google Maps]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20161017182345/http://desarthe.com/exhibitions/robert-indiana-decade-%e2%98%85-auto-portrait/ Robert Indiana, Decade Autoportrait, exhibition, 17 September - 26 October 2013, de Sarthe Gallery, Hong Kong]
[https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/27/arts/design/robert-indiana-and-beyond-love-at-the-whitney.html?_r=0 'It wasn't all he needed, or all he did: Robert Indiana and "Beyond Love" at the Whitney' New York Times, 10/09/2013]

Category:Robert Indiana

Category:1928 births

Category:2018 deaths

Category:American pop artists

Category:20th-century American painters

Category:American male painters

Category:Artists from Indianapolis

Category:American LGBTQ painters

Category:American LGBTQ sculptors

Category:American modern painters

Category:People from New Castle, Indiana

Category:People from Vinalhaven, Maine