Robot Scientist#Adam and Eve
{{Short description|Laboratory robot}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox project
| name = Robot Scientist
| logo =
| website =
| commercial =
| type = Scientific Research
| location = {{Plainlist|
- University of Manchester
- Aberystwyth University
- Imperial College London
- University of Cambridge
- Robert Gordon University}}
| owner = Ross King
| founderimage =
| founder =
| missionstatement =
| date_of_establishment = 2004
| funding = EPSRC
BBSRC{{cite web |url=http://www.bbsrc.ac.uk/news/archive/2009/090402-pr-robot-scientist.aspx |title=2 April 2009 – Robot scientist becomes first machine to discover new scientific knowledge – Media release – BBSRC |archivedate=14 May 2013|url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514063142/http://www.bbsrc.ac.uk/news/archive/2009/090402-pr-robot-scientist.aspx}}[http://gtr.rcuk.ac.uk/project/2FC77EA2-3AFE-43A1-95DB-B07F7DA4CC2F BBSRC grant A robot scientist for drug design and chemical genetics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224052852/http://gtr.rcuk.ac.uk/project/2FC77EA2-3AFE-43A1-95DB-B07F7DA4CC2F |date=24 February 2018 }}, via Research Councils UK[http://gtr.rcuk.ac.uk/project/D31F0498-1B91-441A-8FED-0151CA42E9F1 BBSRC grant: A robot scientist for yeast systems biology], via Research Councils UK
}}Robot Scientist (also known as Adam) is a laboratory robot created and developed by a group of scientists including Ross King, Kenneth Whelan, Ffion Jones, Philip Reiser, Christopher Bryant, Stephen Muggleton, Douglas Kell, Emma Byrne and Steve Oliver.{{cite web |url=http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/cs/research/cb/projects/robotscientist/ |title=Robot Scientist at Aberystwyth University |archivedate=12 June 2011 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110612012731/http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/cs/research/cb/projects/robotscientist| url-status= live}}{{Cite journal
| last1 = Sparkes | first1 = A.
| last2 = Aubrey | first2 = W.
| last3 = Byrne | first3 = E.
| authorlink3 = Emma Byrne (author)
| last4 = Clare | first4 = A.
| last5 = Khan | first5 = M. N.
| last6 = Liakata | first6 = M.
| last7 = Markham | first7 = M.
| last8 = Rowland | first8 = J.
| last9 = Soldatova | first9 = L. N.
| last10 = Whelan | first10 = K. E.
| last11 = Young | first11 = M.
| last12 = King | first12 = R. D.
| title = Towards Robot Scientists for autonomous scientific discovery
| doi = 10.1186/1759-4499-2-1
| journal = Automated Experimentation
| volume = 2
| pages = 1
| year = 2010
| pmid = 20119518
| pmc =2813846
| doi-access = free
| last1 = King | first1 = R. D.
| authorlink1 = Ross D. King
| last2 = Rowland | first2 = J.
| last3 = Oliver | first3 = S. G.
| authorlink3 = Stephen Oliver (scientist)
| last4 = Young | first4 = M.
| last5 = Aubrey | first5 = W.
| last6 = Byrne | first6 = E.
| authorlink6 = Emma Byrne (author)
| last7 = Liakata | first7 = M.
| last8 = Markham | first8 = M.
| last9 = Pir | first9 = P.
| last10 = Soldatova
| doi = 10.1126/science.325_945a | first10 = L. N.
| last11 = Sparkes | first11 = A.
| last12 = Whelan | first12 = K. E.
| last13 = Clare | first13 = A.
| title = Make Way for Robot Scientists
| journal = Science
| volume = 325
| issue = 5943
| pages = 945
| year = 2009
| pmid = 19696334
|bibcode = 2009Sci...325R.945K }}{{Cite journal
| last1 = Anderson | first1 = Philip W.
| authorlink1 = Philip Warren Anderson
| last2 = Abrahams | first2 = Elihu
| doi = 10.1126/science.324_1515c
| title = Machines Fall Short of Revolutionary Science
| journal = Science
| volume = 324
| issue = 5934
| pages = 1515–1516
| year = 2009
| pmid = 19541975
|bibcode = 2009Sci...324.1515A }}{{Cite journal | last1 = King | first1 = R. D. | authorlink1 = Ross D. King| doi = 10.1038/scientificamerican0111-72 | pmid = 21265330 | title = Rise of the Robo Scientists | journal = Scientific American | volume = 304 | issue = 1 | pages = 72–76 | year = 2011 | bibcode = 2011SciAm.304a..72K }}
Prototype
As a prototype for a "robot scientist", Adam is able to perform independent experiments to test hypotheses and interpret findings without human guidance, removing some of the drudgery of laboratory experimentation.{{cite magazine | last = Mosher | first = Dave | title = Developer of Robot Scientist Wants to Standardize Science | magazine = Wired | url = https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/04/robot-scientist-language | date=13 April 2011}}{{cite magazine | last = Buchen | first = Lizzie | title =Robot Makes Scientific Discovery All by Itself | magazine = Wired | url = https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2009/04/robotscientist | date=2 April 2009}} Adam is capable of:
- hypothesizing to explain observations
- devising experiments to test these hypotheses
- physically running the experiments using laboratory robotics
- interpreting the results from the experiments
- repeating the cycle as required{{Cite journal | last1 = Wilson | first1 = N. | title = Technology: A robot scientist | doi = 10.1038/nrg1300 | journal = Nature Reviews Genetics | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | pages = 164 | year = 2004 | s2cid = 5633301 | doi-access = free }}{{cite magazine | last = Greenemeier | first = Larry | title = Meet Adam and Eve: AI Lab-Bots That Can Take On Reams of Data |magazine=Scientific American | year = 2009 | url = http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=robots-adam-and-eve-ai | access-date = 2 April 2009}}{{cite news | last = Kleiner | first = Kurt | title = Robot scientist makes discoveries without human help | work = New Scientist | year = 2009 | url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16890-robot-scientist-makes-discoveries-without-human-help-.html}}{{cite news | last = Gill | first = Victoria | title = Robo-scientist's first findings | work = BBC News | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7979113.stm | date=2 April 2009}}
While researching yeast-based functional genomics, Adam became the first machine in history to have discovered new scientific knowledge independently of its human creators.{{Cite journal |last1 = King|last2= Rowland | first2 = J. |last3 = Aubrey | first3 = W.|last4 = Liakata | first4 = M.|last5= Markham | first5 = M.|last6 = Soldatova |first6 = L. N.|last7 = Whelan | first7 = K. E. |last8 = Clare | first8 = A. |last9 = Young | first9= M. |last10 = Sparkes | first10 = A. |last11 = Oliver | first11 = S. G. |last12 = Pir | first12 = P.| title = The Robot Scientist Adam| year = 2009| journal = Computer |volume = 42 |issue = 7| pages = 46–54 | doi = 10.1109/MC.2009.270 | first1 = P. |s2cid= 13920692 }}{{Cite journal
| last1 = King | first1 = R. D.
| authorlink1 = Ross D. King
| last2 = Rowland | first2 = J.
| last3 = Oliver | first3 = S. G.
| authorlink3 = Stephen Oliver (scientist)
| last4 = Young | first4 = M.
| last5 = Aubrey | first5 = W.
| last6 = Byrne | first6 = E.
| authorlink6 = Emma Byrne (author)
| last7 = Liakata | first7 = M.
| last8 = Markham | first8 = M.
| last9 = Pir | first9 = P.
| last10 = Soldatova
| doi = 10.1126/science.1165620 | first10 = L. N.
| last11 = Sparkes | first11 = A.
| last12 = Whelan | first12 = K. E.
| last13 = Clare | first13 = A.
| title = The Automation of Science
| journal = Science
| volume = 324
| issue = 5923
| pages = 85–89
| year = 2009
| pmid = 19342587
|bibcode = 2009Sci...324...85K | s2cid = 14948753
}}{{cite news | last = Cookson | first = Clive | title = Robot achieves scientific first | work = Financial Times | year = 2009 | url = http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/f2b97d9a-1f96-11de-a7a5-00144feabdc0.html}}
Adam and Eve
Adam's research studied baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae){{Cite journal | last1 = King | first1 = R. D. | authorlink1 = Ross D. King| last2 = Whelan | first2 = K. E. | last3 = Jones | first3 = F. M. | last4 = Reiser | first4 = P. G. K. | last5 = Bryant | first5 = C. H. | last6 = Muggleton | first6 = S. H. | authorlink6 = Stephen Muggleton| last7 = Kell | first7 = D. B. | authorlink7 = Douglas Kell| last8 = Oliver | first8 = S. G.| authorlink8 = Stephen Oliver (scientist) | doi = 10.1038/nature02236 | title = Functional genomic hypothesis generation and experimentation by a robot scientist | journal = Nature | volume = 427 | issue = 6971 | pages = 247–252 | year = 2004 | pmid = 14724639 | bibcode = 2004Natur.427..247K | s2cid = 4428725 | url = http://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/1759/ }} and is one of two robot scientists along with "Eve"{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1098/rsif.2014.1289| pmid = 25652463| pmc = 4345494| title = Cheaper faster drug development validated by the repositioning of drugs against neglected tropical diseases| journal = Journal of the Royal Society Interface| volume = 12| issue = 104| pages = 20141289| year = 2015| last1 = Williams | first1 = K.| last2 = Bilsland | first2 = E.| last3 = Sparkes | first3 = A.| last4 = Aubrey | first4 = W.| last5 = Young | first5 = M.| last6 = Soldatova | first6 = L. N.| last7 = De Grave | first7 = K.| last8 = Ramon | first8 = J.| last9 = De Clare | first9 = M.| last10 = Sirawaraporn | first10 = W.| last11 = Oliver | first11 = S. G.| last12 = King | first12 = R. D.}} (named after Adam and Eve), a robot currently doing research on drug screening.[https://www.voanews.com/a/robot-scientist-helps-design-new-drugs/2629358.html Robot Scientist Helps Design New Drugs], Voice of America[http://www.kurzweilai.net/robot-scientist-eve-could-speed-up-search-for-new-drugs Robot scientist’ Eve could speed up search for new drugs], kurzweilai.net[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-31124843 'Robot scientist' holds key to new drugs], BBC News[http://news.sky.com/story/1420793/robot-scientist-could-speed-up-drug-discovery 'Robot Scientist' Could Speed Up Drug Discovery], Sky News[https://uk.news.yahoo.com/robot-could-speed-discovery-drugs-024014876.html 'Robot Scientist' Could Speed Up Drug Discovery], Yahoo News
Eve has been used for semi-automated testing for reproducibility of experimental cancer research.{{cite news |title='Robot scientist' Eve finds that less than one-third of scientific results are reproducible |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2022-04-robot-scientist-eve-one-third-scientific.html |access-date=15 May 2022 |work=University of Cambridge |language=en}}{{cite journal |last1=Roper |first1=Katherine |last2=Abdel-Rehim |first2=A. |last3=Hubbard |first3=Sonya |last4=Carpenter |first4=Martin |last5=Rzhetsky |first5=Andrey |last6=Soldatova |first6=Larisa |last7=King |first7=Ross D. |title=Testing the reproducibility and robustness of the cancer biology literature by robot |journal=Journal of the Royal Society Interface |year=2022 |volume=19 |issue=189 |pages=20210821 |doi=10.1098/rsif.2021.0821|pmid=35382578 |pmc=8984295 }}
References
{{reflist}}
See also
{{Wikinews|Welsh University announces intelligent robot conducting biology experiments}}
Category:Aberystwyth University
Category:College and university associations and consortia in the United Kingdom
Category:Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
Category:Robots of the United Kingdom
Category:Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester