Rolls-Royce Gnome
{{short description|1950s British turboshaft aircraft engine}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2017}}
| {{Infobox aircraft begin
|name= Gnome |image= File:RRGnome.JPG |caption= Rolls-Royce Gnome at the Imperial War Museum Duxford }} {{Infobox Aircraft Engine |type= Turboshaft |manufacturer= de Havilland Engine Company |first run= 5 June 1959 |major applications= Westland Sea King |number built = |program cost = |unit cost = |developed from = General Electric T58 |variants with their own articles = |developed into = }} |
The Rolls-Royce Gnome is a British turboshaft engine originally developed by the de Havilland Engine Company as a licence-built General Electric T58, an American mid-1950s design.Gunston 1989, p.155. The Gnome came to Rolls-Royce after their takeover of Bristol Siddeley in 1966, Bristol having absorbed de Havilland Engines Limited in 1961.
A licence to manufacture the T58 was purchased in 1958. The T58 had begun bench testing in 1955{{cite magazine |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1960/1960%20-%200383.html |magazine=Flight |title=Aeroengines 1960 |date=18 March 1960 |page=383 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306215929/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1960/1960%20-%200383.html |archive-date=6 March 2016}} and by 1958 had already been used in helicopters and de Havilland were able to test their first engines in a Westland Whirlwind and Wasp helicopters in August 1959 and March 1960 respectively.{{cite magazine |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1960/1960%20-%200370.html |magazine=Flight |title=Aeroengines 1960 |date=18 March 1960 |page=370 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327101541/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1960/1960%20-%200370.html |archive-date= 27 March 2019 }}
A free-turbine turboshaft, it was used in helicopters such as the Westland Sea King and Westland Whirlwind. The design was sub-licensed to Alfa-Romeo.{{cite magazine |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1973/1973%20-%200046.html |magazine=Flight |date=4 January 1973 |title=Turbine Engines of the World |page=36 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160305024854/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1973/1973%20-%200046.html |archive-date=5 March 2016}}
There were two series produced: the "H" turboshaft for helicopter use, and the "P" turboprop for fixed-wing aircraft.
Design and development
A two-stage turbine drives the 10 stage all-axial compressor, whilst a single-stage free power turbine drives the load.
Taylor 1982, p. 764. The combustor is annular. The Gnome differed from the T-58 in having a British developed fuel control system (Lucas).
Because an all-axial design is employed, the final stage compressor rotor blades are amongst the smallest ever manufactured. Normally, a small engine such as this would feature an axial/centrifugal or even a double centrifugal compressor.
The engine was the first developed with a full authority analogue computer, de Havilland Propellers' own, as part of the fuel control system, specifically to anticipate helicopter power demand from pilot control inputs and to limit fuel flow during acceleration to prevent engine surge from occurring.
The system developed relieved the helicopter pilot of the need to control rotor speed directly; it delivered constant rotor speed under varying rotor load.{{citation |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1960/1960%20-%200587.html |magazine=Flight |title=Gnome |date=29 April 1960 |page=587 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160305030819/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1960/1960%20-%200587.html |archive-date=5 March 2016 }} and in this way was the analogue forerunner of all subsequent full authority digital engine control (FADEC) systems worldwide.
Variants
;H.1000: (Mk.101) {{cvt|1,050|shp|kW}}, first production version for use on later marks of Westland Whirlwind
;H.1200: {{cvt|1,250|shp|kW}}, the Westland Wessex uses two H.1200, as the Coupled Gnome, with a coupled gearbox with a power limited to {{cvt|1,550|shp|kW}} at the rotor.
;H.1400: {{cvt|1,400|shp|kW}} for the Westland Sea King HAS.1
;H.1400-1: {{cvt|1,535|shp|kW}}, uprated from the 1400 by increasing the gas-generator speed and using improved blades that can operate at higher temperatures for the Westland Sea King HAS.2.
;H.1400-1T:For the Westland Commando HC.4 troop carrier variant of the Westland Sea King
;H.1400-2: {{cvt|1,660|shp|kW}} for the Westland Sea King HAS.5.
;H.1400-3: {{cvt|1,720|shp|kW}} with new two-stage power turbine.
;H.1600: 11-stage compressor with 2-stage free power turbine {{cvt|1600|hp}}
;P.1000:Turboprop version of the H.1000
;P.1200:Turboprop version of the H.1200
;P.1400-3: Turboprop version of the H.1400-3 rated at {{cvt|1,700|shp|kW}}.
;Gnome Mk.101:
;Gnome Mk.110: Handed H.1200 engines for Coupled Gnome units used in Westland Wessex helicopters.
;Gnome Mk.111: Handed H.1200 engines for Coupled Gnome units used in Westland Wessex helicopters.
;Gnome Mk.112: Handed H.1200 engines for Coupled Gnome units used in Westland Wessex HU.5 helicopters.
;Gnome Mk.113: Handed H.1200 engines for Coupled Gnome units used in Westland Wessex HU.5 helicopters.
;Gnome Mk.501:Civilianised H.1000.
;Gnome Mk.510:Civilianised H.1000.
;Gnome Mk.610:Civilianised H.1200.
;Gnome Mk.640:Civilianised H.1200.
;Gnome Mk.640A:Civilianised H.1200.
;Gnome Mk 660: Used in the civilian Westland Wessex 60 helicopter variant of Wessex HC.2
;Coupled Gnome:Twin engines driving through a common gearbox to a single output.
Applications
- Agusta A.101
- AgustaBell AB204B
- Agusta-Bell 205BG
- Kawasaki KV-107 (Swedish Navy only)
- Saunders-Roe SR.N5 hovercraft
- Saunders-Roe SR.N6 hovercraft
- Vertol 107
- Westland Sea King and Commando
- Westland Wessex
- Westland Whirlwind
Engines on display
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2023}}
Rolls-Royce Gnome engines are on display at the following museums:
- Caernarfon Airworld Aviation Museum
- City of Norwich Aviation Museum in Horsham St Faith, Norfolk.{{cite web |title=Engines List |url=http://www.cnam.org.uk/engines-list |website=City of Norwich Aviation Museum |access-date=27 August 2023}}
- de Havilland Aircraft Museum
- The Helicopter Museum (Weston)
- Imperial War Museum Duxford
- London Science Museum
- South Yorkshire Aircraft Museum
University of Aberdeen
Specifications (Gnome H1400-1)
{{jetspecs|
|type=Turboshaft
|ref=Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1982-83
|length={{convert|1392|mm|abbr=on}}
|diameter={{convert|549|mm|in|abbr=on}}
|weight={{convert|148|kg|abbr=on}} (ungeared)
|compressor=Ten-stage axial flow, variable incidence inlet guide vanes and first three stages of stator
|combustion=Annular
|turbine=Two-stage compressor turbine, single-stage free power turbine
|fueltype=
|oilsystem=
|power={{convert|1238|kW|shp|abbr=on}} max contingency
|thrust=
|compression=8.4:1
|aircon={{convert|6.26|kg|abbr=on}} per second
|turbinetemp=
|fuelcon=
|specfuelcon=
|power/weight=5.1 shp/lb
|thrust/weight=
}}
See also
{{aircontent
|see also=
|related=
|similar engines=
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References
=Notes=
{{reflist}}
=Bibliography=
{{refbegin}}
- Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines. Cambridge, England. Patrick Stephens Limited, 1989. {{ISBN|1-85260-163-9}}
- Taylor, John W.R. Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1982-83., London, Jane's Publishing Company Ltd, 1982. {{ISBN|0 7106-0748-2}}.
{{refend}}
External links
{{commons category}}
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20060622004957/http://www.aoxj32.dsl.pipex.com/NewFiles/deHavData.html de Havilland engines]
{{De Havilland aeroengines}}
{{Rolls-Royce aeroengines}}