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Rolls-Royce PWR#PWR1

{{short description|Pressurised water reactor series}}

{{for|the Rolls-Royce small modular reactor design|Rolls-Royce SMR}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}

{{Use British English|date=August 2017}}

The Rolls-Royce pressurised water reactor (PWR) series has powered the Royal Navy's nuclear submarines since the {{Sclass|Valiant|submarine|4}}, commissioned in 1966.{{cite web |author1=Asst Chief Engineer - Astute Christopher Palmer |title=Management of Key Technologies in the UK Naval Nuclear Propulsion Programme |url=https://fissilematerials.org/library/uk11.pdf |publisher=Rolls-Royce Submarines |access-date=29 September 2021}}

Background

Nuclear reactor designs, operating methods and performance standards are highly classified.{{sfn|Ritchie|2015|p=3}}

The United Kingdom's first nuclear-powered submarine {{HMS|Dreadnought|S101|6}}, commissioned in 1963, was powered by an American Westinghouse S5W reactor, provided to Britain under the 1958 US-UK Mutual Defence Agreement.{{cite report |url=https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/84697/1/2015_FAS_UK_NNPP_HEU_final2.pdf |title=The UK Naval Nuclear Propulsion Programme and Highly Enriched Uranium |last1=Ritchie |first1=Nick |date=February 2015 |location=Federation of American Scientists, Washington, D.C. |page=3 |access-date=19 September 2021 |institution=University of York, UK}}Vanguard to Trident; British Naval Policy since World War II, Eric J. Grove, The Bodley Head, 1987, {{ISBN|0-370-31021-7}}

PWR1

File:HMS Valiant S102 01.jpg

The first British naval reactor was the PWR1. It was based on a core and reactor assembly of purely British design. The reactor first went critical in 1965, four years later than planned.{{cite book |pages=135–136, 153 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDeBCVj_PJQC |title=The End Of An Era: The Memoirs Of a Naval Constructor |first=R.J |last=Daniels |publisher=Periscope Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=1-904381-18-9 |accessdate=25 April 2017}} Technology transfers under the US-UK Mutual Defence Agreement eventually made Rolls-Royce entirely self-sufficient in reactor design in exchange for a "considerable amount" of information regarding submarine design and quietening techniques being passed on to the United States.{{cite book |last1=Gardiner |first1=Robert |last2=Chumbley |first2=Stephen |last3=Budzbon |first3= Przemysław |title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947-1995 |date=1995 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Md |isbn=1557501327|page=529}}{{cite book |last=Daniels |first=R.J |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDeBCVj_PJQC |title=The End Of An Era: The Memoirs Of a Naval Constructor |publisher=Periscope Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=1-904381-18-9 |pages=134 |access-date=25 April 2017}}{{cite book |author1=James Jinks |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=miP3BgAAQBAJ |title=The Silent Deep: The Royal Navy Submarine Service Since 1945 |author2=Peter Hennessy |date=29 October 2015 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-0-14-197370-8 |pages=195}}{{Cite web |date=November 2021 |title=Nuclear-Powered Submarines |url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2021/november/australia-and-nuclear-powered-submarines |website=US Naval Institute |quote=the British made important contributions to U.S. submarine design, such as the concept of rafting for silencing and initial types of pump-jets}}

The reactor fuel was highly enriched uranium (HEU) enriched to between 93% and 97%. Each nuclear core had a life of about 10 years, so had to be refueled about twice during the lifetime of a submarine.{{sfn|Ritchie|2015|pp=3-6}}{{cite book |last1=King |first1=S J |last2=Putte |first2=D Vande |title=Identification and Description of UK Radioactive Wastes and Materials Potentially Requiring Long-term Management |date=July 2003 |publisher=Didcot |location=UK Nirex Ltd |isbn=1840293306 |series=Nirex Report N/085 |url=https://tools.nda.gov.uk/publication/015-identification-and-description-of-uk-radioactive-waste-and-materials-potentially-requiring-long-term-management-2003/|pages=17–19 |access-date=21 September 2021}}

Rolls-Royce Marine Power Operations at Derby was the centre for design and manufacture of the UK's submarine reactors, and remains so today. The Ministry of Defence's Vulcan Naval Reactor Test Establishment (NRTE), at Dounreay, tested each reactor core design prior to its installation in nuclear submarines.

;Submarines

PWR2

The PWR2 was developed for the {{Sclass|Vanguard|submarine|0}} Trident missile submarines and is a development of the PWR1. The first PWR2 reactor was completed in 1985 with testing beginning in August 1987 at the Vulcan Naval Reactor Test Establishment.

The reactor fuel is highly enriched uranium (HEU) enriched to between 93% and 97%. The latest PWR2 reactor core design is "Core H", which has a life of about 30 years removing the need for refueling, allowing a submarine to avoid two reactor refits in its service life.{{sfn|Ritchie|2015|pp=3-6}} HMS Vanguard was fitted with the new core during its refit, followed by her three sister boats. The {{Sclass|Astute|submarine|2}}s have this full-life core installed. As they were developed for SSBNs, the reactors are considerably larger than those of then-current British fleet submarines. The diameter of then-forthcoming Astute-class hulls was therefore increased to accommodate the PWR2.

A safety assessment of the PWR2 design by the Defence Nuclear Safety Regulator in November 2009 was released under a Freedom of Information request in March 2011.{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/10/royal-navy-nuclear-submarine-reactor-flaws |title=Flaws in nuclear submarine reactors could be fatal, secret report warns |author=Rob Edwards |date=10 March 2011 |work=The Guardian |accessdate=28 March 2011}}{{cite book |last=McFarlane |first=Head of the Defence Nuclear Safety Regulator Cdre Andrew |year=2009|title=Successor Submarine Project (Note by the Assistant Secretary)| publisher=Defence Board |series=(09)62 |chapter=Annex B: Successor SSBN - Safety Regulator's advice on the selection of the propulsion plant in support of the future deterrent (4 November 2009) DNSR/22/11/2|url=http://robedwards.typepad.com/files/declassified-report-to-mod-defence-board.pdf |id=Released under FOI|access-date=29 September 2021}} The regulator identified two major areas where UK practice fell significantly short of comparable good practice: loss-of-coolant accident and control of submarine depth following emergency reactor shutdown.{{Cite news |url=http://www.thisisderbyshire.co.uk/news/Expert-warned-MoD-safety-Rolls-Royce-nuclear-sub-reactors/article-3319943-detail/article.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120918111356/http://www.thisisderbyshire.co.uk/news/Expert-warned-MoD-safety-Rolls-Royce-nuclear-sub-reactors/article-3319943-detail/article.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 September 2012 |title=Expert warned MoD on safety of Rolls-Royce nuclear sub reactors |author=Joseph Watts |publisher=Derby Telegraph |date=11 March 2011 |accessdate=28 March 2011 }} The regulator concluded that PWR2 was "potentially vulnerable to a structural failure of the primary circuit", which was a failure mode with significant safety hazards to crew and the public.

In January 2012 radiation was detected in the PWR2 test reactor's coolant water, caused by a microscopic breach in fuel cladding. This discovery led to {{HMS|Vanguard|S28|6}} being refueled early and contingency measures being applied to other Vanguard and Astute-class submarines, at a cost of £270 million. This was not revealed to the public until 2014.{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-26463923 |title=Nuclear submarine to get new core after test reactor problem |publisher=BBC |date=6 March 2014 |accessdate=8 March 2014}}{{cite news |url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/environment/mod-accused-of-dounreay-radiation-leak-cover-up-1-3331140 |title=MoD accused of Dounreay radiation leak cover-up |author=David Maddox |newspaper=The Scotsman |date=8 March 2014 |accessdate=8 March 2014}}

In February 2013, the Ministry of Defence (MoD) awarded Rolls-Royce a £800 million ten year "foundation" contract to "deliver and maintain" the reactors of the Astute-class and the Vanguard-class replacement the Successor.{{cite press release |title=MOD awards £800 million submarine propulsion contract |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/mod-awards-800-million-submarine-propulsion-contract |website=Ministry of Defence |access-date=30 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910193551/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/mod-awards-800-million-submarine-propulsion-contract |archive-date=10 September 2015 |date=13 February 2013 |url-status=dead}}{{cite web |author1=Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Defence Philip Dunne |title=Rolls-Royce Submarines (Foundation Contract) |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2013-02-13/debates/13021362000010/Rolls-RoyceSubmarines(FoundationContract) |website=UK Parliament |publisher=House of Commons |access-date=30 September 2021 |date=13 February 2013}} In February 2019, the MoD awarded Rolls-Royce a £235 million three year contract for Nuclear Propulsion Lifetime Management for the Trafalgar, Vanguard and Astute classes.{{cite press release |title=Defence Secretary Announces £235 Million Submarine Nuclear Propulsion Deal |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/defence-secretary-announces-235-million-submarine-nuclear-propulsion-deal |website=Ministry of Defence |access-date=30 September 2021 |date=25 February 2019}}

;Submarines

  • Core H
  • Vanguard-class ballistic missile submarine
  • {{HMS|Vanguard|S28|2}}
  • {{HMS|Victorious|S29|2}}
  • {{HMS|Vigilant|S30|2}}
  • {{HMS|Vengeance|S31|2}}
  • Astute-class fleet submarine
  • {{HMS|Astute|S119|2}}
  • {{HMS|Ambush|S120|2}}
  • {{HMS|Artful|S121|2}}
  • {{HMS|Audacious|S122|2}}
  • {{HMS|Anson|S123|2}}
  • {{HMS|Agamemnon|S124|2}} (under construction)
  • {{HMS|Achilles|S125|2}} (under construction)

PWR3

Three propulsion options were considered for the replacement of the Vanguard-class, the Successor: PWR2, PWR2b (derivative with improved performance) and PWR3.{{Cite report | url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/27399/submarine_initial_gate.pdf | page=5 | title=The United Kingdom's Future Nuclear Deterrent: The Submarine Initial Gate Parliamentary Report | publisher=Ministry of Defence| date=May 2011 | accessdate=2013-10-12}} PWR3 was a new system "based on a US design but using UK reactor technology".{{cite book |last1=Hollinshead |first1=Dr P |last2=MacKinder |first2=A P |year=2009|title=Successor Submarine Project (Note by the Assistant Secretary)| publisher=Defence Board |series=(09)62 |chapter=Annex A: Successor Submarine Project Review Note (24 November 2009)|url=http://robedwards.typepad.com/files/declassified-report-to-mod-defence-board.pdf |id=Released under FOI|access-date=29 September 2021}}{{cite journal |title=Safety paramount for RN nuclear submarine reactors |journal=Defence Codex: The Magazine for Defence Engineering and Science |date=Autumn 2011 |issue=9 |page=15 |url=http://www.science.mod.uk//codex//documents/codex_issue_9.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Defence|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013011032/http://www.science.mod.uk//codex//documents/codex_issue_9.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2011|url-status=dead}} The Royal Institution of Naval Architects reported that it was likely that the UK was given access to the US Navy S9G reactor design used in their Virginia-class submarines.{{cite news |last1=Turner |first1=Julian |title=Deep impact: inside the UK's new Successor-Class nuclear submarine |url=https://www.naval-technology.com/features/feature-nuclear-submarine-successor-uk-royal-navy/ |access-date=29 September 2021 |work=Naval Technology |date=29 July 2013}} The PWR3 was a simpler and safer design with a longer life and lower maintenance requirements than the PWR2 variants and cost roughly the same as the PWR2b. The PWR3 has 30% fewer parts compared to the PWR2.{{cite web |title=Nuclear – Engineering Excellence |url=https://www.rolls-royce.com/~/media/Files/R/Rolls-Royce/documents/investors/capital-markets-day/nuclear-excellence.pdf |website=Rolls-Royce |access-date=1 October 2021 |date=2016}}

In March 2011, Defence Secretary Liam Fox said the PWR3 was the preferred option "because those reactors give us a better safety outlook".{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/mar/23/navy-submarines-nuclear-reactors |title=Navy to axe 'Fukushima type' nuclear reactors from submarines |author=Severin Carrell |work=The Guardian |date=23 March 2011 |accessdate=28 March 2011}}{{cite web |title=Trident Replacement Programme |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2011-03-14/debates/11031411000021/TridentReplacementProgramme |website=UK Parliament |publisher=House of Commons |access-date=29 September 2021 |date=14 March 2011}} In May 2011, the Ministry of Defence announced that PWR3 had been selected for the Successor (later named the Dreadnought-class in 2016).{{Cite news |url=http://www.defencemanagement.com/news_story.asp?id=16337 |title=PWR3 Reactor chosen for Trident |publisher=defencemanagement.com |date=18 May 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722100732/http://www.defencemanagement.com/news_story.asp?id=16337 |archivedate=22 July 2011}} The PWR3 cost about £50 million more per boat to purchase and operate compared to PWR2 designs. This is offset by the PWR3's longer life over the 25-year life PWR2 designs. The PWR3 does not require reactor core prototype tests; instead computational modelling is used.{{cite report |last1=Grimes |first1=Professor Robin |last2=Ion |first2=Professor Dame Sue |last3=Sherry |first3=Professor Andrew |title=Royal Navy Nuclear Reactor Test Facility Review |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/658328/2016-03111.pdf |id=Released under FOI|access-date=29 September 2021 |date=28 October 2014}}{{cite journal |title=Submarine reactor testing to end at Vulcan |journal=Desider: The Magazine for Defence Equipment and Support |date=December 2011 |issue=43 |publisher=Ministry of Defence |page=10 |url=http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/BC92C2AF-B013-4BB5-BE18-460DD307238D/0/desider_43_December2011.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206063649/http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/BC92C2AF-B013-4BB5-BE18-460DD307238D/0/desider_43_December2011.pdf |archive-date=6 December 2011|url-status=dead}} Consequently, the Shore Test Facility (STF) reactor located at Vulcan NRTE was shut down in 2015.{{cite press release |author1=Ministry of Defence |title=Shutdown of shore test facility reactor |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/shutdown-of-shore-test-facility-reactor |access-date=29 September 2021 |date=22 July 2015}}

In June 2012, the MoD awarded Rolls-Royce a £600 million contract to produce reactors for the Dreadnought-class and also for the final boat of the Astute-class HMS Achilles.{{cite press release |title=Royal Navy submarine contract awarded |url=http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/EquipmentAndLogistics/RoyalNavySubmarineContractAwarded.htm |website=Ministry of Defence |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619173508/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/DefenceNews/EquipmentAndLogistics/RoyalNavySubmarineContractAwarded.htm |archive-date=19 June 2012 |date=18 June 2012 |url-status=dead}} The MoD also awarded Rolls-Royce a further £500 million to refurbish their Rolls-Royce Marine Power Operations reactor core manufacturing plant at Derby to manufacture the PWR3 and to extend the plant's operational life to 2056.{{cite book |author1=National Audit Office. |title=Ministry of Defence : Managing infrastructure projects on nuclear-regulated sites |url=https://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Managing-infrastructure-projects-on-nuclear-regulated-sites.pdf |series=House of Commons papers, session 2019/20, HC 19 |isbn=9781786042934 |pages=4, 36, 53–54 |access-date=1 October 2021 |date=10 January 2020}} In January 2020, the National Audit Office reported that the construction of the plant was five years behind schedule and was now forecast to be in service in 2026.{{cite news |last1=Chuter |first1=Andrew |title=Three British nuclear programs are $1.67 billion over budget |url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2020/05/12/three-british-nuclear-programs-are-167-billion-over-budget/ |access-date=1 October 2021 |work=DefenseNews |date=13 May 2020}}

In 2025, the MoD awarded Rolls-Royce a £9 billion eight-year contract, named Unity, covering research, design, manufacture, and support for Royal Navy nuclear submarine reactors. Defence Secretary John Healey said "This investment in Britain’s defence will deliver a long-term boost to British business, jobs and national security."{{cite news |url=https://www.neimagazine.com/news/rolls-royce-signs-9bn-uk-mod-deal-for-submarine-reactor/ |title=Rolls-Royce signs £9bn UK MoD deal for submarine reactor support |publisher=Nuclear Engineering International |date=27 January 2025 |access-date=28 January 2025}}

;Submarines

  • Dreadnought-class SSBN
  • HMS Dreadnought (under construction)
  • HMS Valiant (under construction)
  • HMS Warspite (under construction)
  • HMS King George VI (on order)

Future

Rolls Royce is building the reactor for SSN-AUKUS,{{Cite web |last=Allison |first=George |date=2023-06-14 |title=Rolls-Royce Expands for Aussie submarine reactor needs |url=https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/rolls-royce-expands-for-aussie-submarine-reactor-needs/ |access-date=2023-10-23 |language=en-GB}} which may be the PWR3, or a derivative.{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Richard |date=2023-03-14 |title=The evolution of the UK's SSNR into the SSN-AUKUS |url=https://www.naval-technology.com/features/the-evolution-of-the-uks-ssnr-into-the-ssn-aukus/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=Naval Technology |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |title=AUKUS plan details: a triumph of hope over experience |url=https://www.nuclearinfo.org/comment/2023/03/aukus-plan-a-triumph-of-hope-over-experience/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=Nuclear Information Service |language=en-GB}}

See also

References

{{reflist|30em}}

Further reading

{{refbegin}}

  • {{cite thesis |type=PhD|last1=Jones |first1=Gareth |title=The Development of Nuclear Propulsion in the Royal Navy, 1946-1975|url=https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10026.1/15110/2019JONES10476957PhD.pdf |access-date=29 September 2021 |publisher=University of Plymouth|ref={{SfnRef|Gareth|2019}}|date=September 2019}}

{{refend}}

External links

  • [http://www.rolls-royce.com/marine/products/submarine_equipment/nuclear/ Rolls-Royce Marine Products - Nuclear Plant]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rolls-Royce Pwr}}

Category:Nuclear reactors

PWR

Category:Naval reactors

Category:Trident (UK nuclear programme)

Category:Nuclear technology in the United Kingdom