Roman Baths (Bath)#Gallery

{{About|a site in the city of Bath|the museum in Caerleon|Roman Baths Museum|Roman baths in general|Thermae}}

{{Infobox Historic building

| image = File:Roman Baths in Bath Spa, England - July 2006.jpg

| caption = The Roman Baths in the city of Bath, England

| name = The Roman Baths

| location_town = Bath

| location_country = England

| map_type = Somerset

| coordinates = {{coord|51.3809|-2.3595|display=inline,title}}

| architect = John Brydon (museum building){{NHLE |num=1394021 |desc=Roman Baths Museum |access-date=18 December 2018}}

| engineer =

| construction_start_date = Baths – 1st century
Building – 1894

| completion_date = 1897

| size =

}}

The Roman Baths are well-preserved thermae in the city of Bath, Somerset, England. A temple was constructed on the site between 60 and 70 AD in the first few decades of Roman Britain. Its presence led to the development of the small Roman urban settlement known as Aquae Sulis around the site. The Roman baths—designed for public bathing—were used until the end of Roman rule in Britain in the 5th century AD. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the original Roman baths were in ruins a century later. The area around the natural springs was redeveloped several times during the Early and Late Middle Ages.

The Roman Baths are preserved in four main features: the Sacred Spring, the Roman Temple, the Roman Bath House, and a museum which holds artefacts from Aquae Sulis. However, all buildings at street level date from the 19th century. It is a major tourist attraction in the UK, and together with the Grand Pump Room, receives more than 1.3 million visitors annually.{{cite web |title=ALVA - Association of Leading Visitor Attractions |url=http://www.alva.org.uk/details.cfm?p=423 |website=www.alva.org.uk |access-date=27 July 2019}} Visitors can tour the baths and museum but cannot enter the water.

Hot spring

The water is sourced from rainfall on the nearby Mendip Hills, which then percolates down through limestone aquifers to a depth of between {{convert|2700|and|4300|m|ft|-2}}. Geothermal energy raises the water temperature here to between {{convert|69|and|96|°C|°F|1}}. Under pressure, the heated water rises along fissures and faults in the limestone, until it bubbles up from the ground into the baths. This process is similar to an enhanced geothermal system, which also makes use of the high pressures and temperatures below the Earth's crust. Hot water at a temperature of {{convert|46|°C|°F|1}} rises here at the rate of {{convert|1170000|L|impgal|-3}} every day,{{cite web |url=http://www.romanbaths.co.uk/index.cfm?fuseAction=SM.nav&UUID=F9F320C4-1A95-4C04-AC609094E5B5DFD3 |title=Sacred Spring |access-date=31 October 2007 |work=Roman Baths Museum Web Site |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102122621/http://romanbaths.co.uk/index.cfm?fuseAction=SM.nav&UUID=F9F320C4-1A95-4C04-AC609094E5B5DFD3 |archive-date=2 November 2007 |df=dmy-all }} from a geological fault (the Pennyquick fault). In 1982 a new spa water bore-hole was sunk, providing a clean and safe supply of spa water for drinking in the Pump Room.{{cite web |url=http://www.romanbaths.co.uk/index.cfm?fuseAction=SM.nav&UUID=4B6F21CE-7CF4-4283-AF5C03FB05527814 |title=Hot Water |access-date=31 October 2007 |work=Roman Baths Museum Web Site |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204085529/http://www.romanbaths.co.uk/index.cfm?fuseAction=SM.nav&UUID=4B6F21CE-7CF4-4283-AF5C03FB05527814 |archive-date=4 February 2008 |df=dmy-all }}

=Water quality=

Bath was charged with responsibility for the hot springs in a Royal Charter of 1591 granted by Elizabeth I. This duty has now passed to Bath and North East Somerset Council, who monitor pressure, temperature and flow rates. The thermal waters contain sodium, calcium, chloride and sulphate ions in high concentrations.{{cite web |url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/environmentandplanning/hotsprings/ |title=Bath Hot Springs — Protection and Water Monitoring |access-date=1 November 2007 |work=Bath and North East Somerset Council |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071027140014/http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/environmentandplanning/hotsprings/ |archive-date = 27 October 2007}}

The Roman Baths are no longer used for bathing. In October 1978, a young girl swimming in the restored Roman Bath with the Bath Dolphins, a local swimming club, contracted naegleriasis and died,{{cite web|title=History of Bath's Spa|url=http://visitbath.co.uk/spa-and-wellbeing/history-of-baths-spa|publisher=Bath Tourism|access-date=9 January 2013}} leading to the closure of the bath for several years.{{cite book|last=Crowther|first=Nigel B.|title=Sport in Ancient Times|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780275987398|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=whvJtfTSd04C&pg=PA98|access-date=9 January 2013|page=98}} Tests showed Naegleria fowleri, a deadly pathogen, in the water.{{cite journal|last1=Kilvington |first1=Simon |last2=Beeching|first2= John |date=June 1995 |title=Identification and epidemiological typing of Naegleria fowleri with DNA probes |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |volume=61 |issue=6 |pages=2071–2078 |doi=10.1128/AEM.61.6.2071-2078.1995 |url= |pmid=7793928 |pmc=167479|bibcode=1995ApEnM..61.2071K }} The newly constructed Thermae Bath Spa nearby, and the refurbished Cross Bath, allow modern-day bathers to experience the waters via a series of more recently drilled boreholes.

History

File:Bladud Statue at Roman Baths, Bath.jpg overlooking the King's Bath carries the date of 1982, but its inclusion in earlier pictures shows that it is much older than this.{{cite web

| last = Tindall

| first = Laurence

| title = Roman Baths King Bladud 1982

| url = http://www.laurencetindall.co.uk/page98.html

| access-date = 25 October 2008}}

]]

Archaeological evidence indicates that the site of the baths may have been a centre of worship used by Celts;{{cite web |url=http://www.somersettouristguide.com/Bath/The_Roman_Baths_722.asp |title=The Roman Baths |access-date=1 November 2007 |work=Somerset Tourist Guide |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20101205184146/http://www.somersettouristguide.com/Bath/The_Roman_Baths_722.asp |archive-date=5 December 2010 |df=dmy-all }} the springs were dedicated to the goddess Sulis, who was locally identified with Minerva. Geoffrey of Monmouth in his largely fictional {{lang|la|Historia Regum Britanniae}} describes how the spring was discovered by the pre-Roman British king Bladud, who built the baths there.{{cite book|author=Geoffrey of Monmouth|author-link=Geoffrey of Monmouth|translator-last=Thorpe|translator-first=Lewis|translator-link=Lewis Thorpe|title=The History of the Kings of Britain|publisher=Penguin|location=Harmondsworth, England|year=1966|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofkingsof00geof/page/80 80]|isbn=0-14-044170-0|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofkingsof00geof/page/80}} Early in the 18th century Geoffrey's obscure legend was given great prominence as a royal endorsement of the waters' qualities, with the embellishment that the spring had cured Bladud and his herd of pigs of leprosy through wallowing in the warm mud.{{cite book|last=Borsay|first=Peter|title=The Image of Georgian Bath, 1700-2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, England|year=2000|pages=49–55|isbn=0-19-820265-2}}

=Roman Britain=

The name Sulis continued to be used after the Roman invasion, leading to the town's Roman name of Aquae Sulis ("the waters of Sulis"). The temple was constructed in 60–70 AD and the bathing complex was gradually built up over the next 300 years.{{cite web |url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/worldheritage/2.3Des.htm |title=City of Bath World Heritage Site Management Plan |access-date=1 November 2007 |work=Bath and North East Somerset |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070614100836/http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/worldheritage/2.3Des.htm |archive-date = 14 June 2007}} During the Roman occupation of Britain, and possibly on the instructions of Emperor Claudius,{{cite web |url=http://www.plumbingworld.com/historyroman.html |title=The History of Plumbing — Roman and English Legacy |access-date=1 November 2007 |work=Plumbing World |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111205747/http://plumbingworld.com/historyroman.html |archive-date=11 November 2007 |df=dmy-all }} engineers drove oak piles into the mud to provide a stable foundation and surrounded the spring with an irregular stone chamber lined with lead. In the 2nd century it was enclosed within a wooden barrel-vaulted building, and included the caldarium (hot bath), tepidarium (lukewarm bath), and frigidarium (cold bath).{{cite web |url=http://www.timetravel-britain.com/05/April/romanbaths.shtml |title=The Roman Baths |access-date=1 November 2007 |work=TimeTravel Britain }} After the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the first decade of the 5th century, these fell into disrepair and were eventually lost due to silting up,{{cite web |url=http://www.birminghamuk.com/romanbaths.htm |title=The Roman Baths |access-date=1 November 2007 |work=BirminghamUk.com }} and flooding.{{cite book|last=Havinden|first=Michael|title=The Somerset Landscape|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton|location=London|series=The making of the English landscape|page=67|isbn=0-340-20116-9|year=1981}} The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle suggests the original Roman baths were destroyed in the 6th century.{{cite journal |last=Bayley |first=Stephen |date=September 2007 |title=Is Bath Britain's most backward city? |journal=The Observer |url=http://arts.guardian.co.uk/art/architecture/story/0,,2170069,00.html |access-date= 1 November 2007 }}

About 130 curse tablets have been found. Many of the curses are related to thefts of clothes whilst the victim was bathing.Roger Tomlin (1988), Tabellae Sulis: Roman inscribed tablets of tin and lead from the sacred spring at Bath, Oxford.

=Post-Roman use=

File:Baños Romanos, Bath, Inglaterra, 2014-08-12, DD 39-41 HDR.JPG

The baths have been modified on several occasions, including the 12th century, when John of Tours built a curative bath over the King's Spring reservoir, and the 16th century, when the city corporation built a new bath (Queen's Bath) to the south of the spring.{{cite web |url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/worldheritage/3Append.htm |title=City of Bath World Heritage Site Management Plan — Appendix 3 |access-date=1 November 2007 |work=Bath and North East Somerset Council |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070804014112/http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/worldheritage/3Append.htm |archive-date = 4 August 2007}} Anne of Denmark came to Bath twice for her health. The court physician Théodore de Mayerne bathed Anne of Denmark in the King's Bath on 19 May 1613.Joseph Browne,[https://archive.org/details/b30459709/page/20/mode/2up Theo. Turquet Mayernii Opera medica: Formulae Annae & Mariae (London, 1703), p. 20] She returned in August 1615.William Shaw & G. Dyfnallt Owen, HMC 77 Viscount De L'Isle Penshurst, vol. 5 (London, 1961), p. 307. Anne of Denmark was surprised by a flame caused by natural gas in King's Bath, and thereafter used the New Bath or Queen's Bath where a column with a crown and the inscription "Anna Regnum Sacrum" was added in her honour.John Nichols, Progresses of James the First, vol. 2 (London, 1828), pp. 640, 643.

The spring is now housed in 18th-century buildings, designed by architects John Wood, the Elder and John Wood, the Younger, father and son. Visitors drank the waters in the Grand Pump Room, a Neoclassical salon which remains in use, both for taking the waters and for social functions. Victorian expansion of the baths complex followed the Neoclassical tradition established by the Woods. In 1810, the hot springs were thought to have failed and William Smith opened up the Hot Bath Spring to the bottom, where he found that the spring had not failed but had flowed into a new channel. Smith restored the water to its original course.{{cite web |url=http://www.brlsi.org/wsmith.htm |title=William Smith — A brief survey of his work in the Bath |access-date=1 November 2007 |work=Bath Royal Literary and Scientific Institution |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013223811/http://www.brlsi.org/wsmith.htm |archive-date=13 October 2007 }}

The visitor entrance is via an 1897 concert hall by J. M. Brydon. It is an eastward continuation of the Grand Pump Room, with a glass-domed centre and single-storey radiused corner.{{cite web |author=Historic England |author-link=Historic England |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/Details/Default.aspx?id=442115 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205191014/http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=442115 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-02-05 |title=Concert Hall (442115) |work=Images of England }} The Grand Pump Room was begun in 1789 by Thomas Baldwin. He resigned in 1791 and John Palmer continued the scheme through to completion in 1799. The elevation on to Abbey Church Yard has a centre piece of four engaged Corinthian columns with entablatures and pediment. It has been designated by Historic England as a grade I listed building.{{cite web |author=Historic England |author-link=Historic England |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/Details/Default.aspx?id=442115 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205191014/http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=442115 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-02-05 |title=Grand Pump Room (442115) |work=Images of England }} The north colonnade was also designed by Thomas Baldwin.{{cite web |author=Historic England |author-link=Historic England |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/Details/Default.aspx?id=442111 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210065520/http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=442111 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-02-10 |title=North Colonnade at Grand Pump Room (442111) |work=Images of England }} The south colonnade is similar but had an upper floor added in the late 19th century.{{cite web |author=Historic England |author-link=Historic England |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/Details/Default.aspx?id=442112 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207165402/http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=442112 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-02-07 |title=South Colonnade at Grand Pump Room (442112) |work=Images of England }} The museum and Queen's Bath including the "Bridge" spanning York Street to the City Laundry were by Charles Edward Davis in 1889. It comprises a southward extension to the Grand Pump Room, within which some parts of the 17th-century Queen's Bath remain.{{cite web |author=Historic England |author-link=Historic England |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/Details/Default.aspx?id=442116 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210063909/http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=442116 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-02-10 |title=Museum & Queen's Bath including "Bridge" spanning York Street to City Laundry (442116) |work=Images of England }}

Museum

File:Gorgon's Head of the Temple Sulis Minerva at Bath - Roman Baths (Bath).jpg" from the Temple pediment]]

The museum houses artefacts from the Roman period, including objects that were thrown into the Sacred Spring, presumably as offerings to the goddess. These include more than 12,000 Denarii coins, which is the largest collective votive deposit known from Britain.{{cite web |url=http://www.romanbaths.co.uk/index.cfm?fuseAction=SM.nav&UUID=C0E83055-8546-40AF-929D292F81B86E20 |title=Objects from the spring |access-date=31 October 2007 |work=Roman Baths Museum Web Site |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102124629/http://romanbaths.co.uk/index.cfm?fuseAction=SM.nav&UUID=C0E83055-8546-40AF-929D292F81B86E20 |archive-date=2 November 2007 |df=dmy-all }} A gilt bronze head of the goddess Sulis Minerva, which was discovered nearby in 1727, is displayed.{{cite web |url=http://www.romanbaths.co.uk/index.cfm?fuseAction=SM.nav&UUID=80FE53CD-5D86-475E-89B9A476314E8892 |title=Minerva's Head |access-date=31 October 2007 |work=Roman Baths Museum Web Site |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102121127/http://romanbaths.co.uk/index.cfm?fuseAction=SM.nav&UUID=80FE53CD-5D86-475E-89B9A476314E8892 |archive-date=2 November 2007 |df=dmy-all }}

The Bath Roman Temple stood on a podium more than two metres above the surrounding courtyard, approached by a flight of steps. On the approach there were four large, fluted Corinthian columns supporting a frieze and decorated pediment above. The pediment, parts of which are displayed in the museum, is the triangular ornamental section, {{convert|26|ft|m|1}} wide and {{convert|8|ft|m|1}} from the apex to the bottom,{{cite journal|last1=Richmond |first1=I. A. |first2=J. M. C. |last2=Toynbee |year=1955 |title=The Temple of Sulis-Minerva at Bath |journal=The Journal of Roman Studies |volume= 45|doi=10.2307/298749 |publisher=The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 45 |jstor=298749 |pages=97–105|s2cid=162695154 }} above the pillars on the front of the building. It featured the powerful central image of a possible "Gorgon" head glowering down from a height of {{convert|15|m}} on all who approached the temple.

The great head itself has snakes entwined within its beard, wings above its ears, beetling brows and a heavy moustache.{{cite web |url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/media/press+releases/2006/lifeandleisure/New+addition+to+Gorgons+head.htm |title=New addition to Gorgon's head |access-date=1 November 2007 |work=Bath and North East Somerset Council |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071204082519/http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/media/press+releases/2006/lifeandleisure/New+addition+to+Gorgons+head.htm |archive-date = 4 December 2007}} Although there is some disagreement about what this really represents (as Gorgons are usually female),{{cite web |url=http://www.romanbaths.co.uk/index.cfm?fuseAction=SM.nav&UUID=BC2C8F00-61EA-4D00-841E578908654FC5 |title=The Gorgon's head |access-date=31 October 2007 |work=Roman Baths Museum Web Site |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102123834/http://romanbaths.co.uk/index.cfm?fuseAction=SM.nav&UUID=BC2C8F00-61EA-4D00-841E578908654FC5 |archive-date=2 November 2007 |df=dmy-all }} most scholars have converged toward viewing it as a deliberate syncretism of Minerva's Gorgon attribute with the face of a local god who presided over the waters of the nearby sacred spring.{{cite journal | last1 = Cousins | first1 = Eleri H | date = 2016 | title = An Imperial image: the Bath Gorgon in context | url = https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10023/9527/Cousins_2016_Britannia_BathGorgon_AAM.pdf | journal = Britannia | volume = 47 | pages = 99–118 | doi = 10.1017/S0068113X16000131 | s2cid = 191391802 }} The central head has also variously been interpreted as the image of a water god such as Oceanus,{{cite web |url=http://www.romanbaths.co.uk/key-objects-collection |title=Key objects of the collection |access-date=9 July 2015 |work=Roman Baths Museum Web Site |date=24 October 2014 }} or a local Celtic god of the sun. Besides the Gorgon head, the pediment's artistic motif has more recently also been compared to the Jupiter-Ammon clipei found throughout Roman fora and which sometimes depicted local river gods in Celtic provinces.

In early 2010 various stones on the pediment were conserved and rearranged.{{cite web |url=http://www.minervaconservation.com/projects/bath.htm |title=Bath Roman Baths repairs by Minerva |publisher=Minerva Stone Conservation |access-date=19 January 2010}} In 2016, planning permission was received for a new learning centre aimed at schoolchildren and linked to the baths by a tunnel. Funding is being sought from the Heritage Lottery Fund and, if successful, it is hoped the centre will open in 2019.{{cite web|title=Planning permission granted for Archway Project at the Roman Baths|date=14 September 2016|url=http://www.romanbaths.co.uk/news/planning-permission-granted-archway-project-roman-baths|publisher=The Roman Baths|access-date=18 September 2016|archive-date=18 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918233252/http://www.romanbaths.co.uk/news/planning-permission-granted-archway-project-roman-baths|url-status=dead}}{{cite news|title=Roman Baths learning centre planning permission granted|work=BBC News |date=17 September 2016 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-somerset-37395508|access-date=18 September 2016}}

Preservation

File:Romanbathsstatues.JPG

The late 19th century carvings of Roman Emperors and Governors of Roman Britain on the terrace overlooking the Great Bath are particularly susceptible to the effect of acid rain and are protected with a wash of a sacrificial shelter coat every few years.{{cite web |url=http://www.romanbaths.co.uk/index.cfm?fuseAction=SM.nav&UUID=3F37CDAD-E666-49BD-9AA8FC1D739985F8 |title=Conserving the monument |access-date=31 October 2007 |work=Roman Baths Museum Web Site |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007023438/http://www.romanbaths.co.uk/index.cfm?fuseAction=SM.nav&UUID=3F37CDAD-E666-49BD-9AA8FC1D739985F8 |archive-date=7 October 2006 |df=dmy-all }} Exhibits within the temple precincts are susceptible to warm air which had the effect of drawing corrosive salts out of the Roman stonework. To help reduce this, a new ventilation system was installed in 2006.{{cite web |url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/media/press+releases/2006/lifeandleisure/Temple+precinct+work+complete.htm |title=Temple precinct work complete |access-date=1 November 2007 |work=Bath and North East Somerset Council |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071203202022/http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/media/press+releases/2006/lifeandleisure/Temple+precinct+work+complete.htm |archive-date = 3 December 2007}}

In 2009 a grant of £90,000 was made to Bath and North East Somerset Council to contribute towards the cost of re-developing displays and improving access to the Roman Baths,{{cite news|last=Morris|first=Steven|title=Bath cleansing brings Romans back to life|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2010/sep/09/bath-roman-baths-overhaul|access-date=10 September 2010|newspaper=Guardian|date=10 September 2010}} by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport/Wolfson Fund, which was established to promote improvements in Museums and Galleries in England.{{cite web|title=DCMS Wolfson Museums and Galleries Improvement Fund A Public Private Partnership (2002 to 2010)|publisher=The Wolfson Foundation|access-date=30 November 2017|url=http://www.wolfson.org.uk/media/2314/dcms-wolfson-aw2-lr1.pdf|archive-date=11 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911221319/http://www.wolfson.org.uk/media/2314/dcms-wolfson-aw2-lr1.pdf|url-status=dead}} Subsequent grants have funded further work on the exhibition design and layout by London-based specialist firm, Event Communications.{{cite web|url=https://www.eventcomm.com/work/roman-baths-bath1#.XZ9oakZKiMo|title=High Life and Low Life in Roman Britain|website=Event Communications|date=2012|access-date=10 October 2019|archive-date=5 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105011554/https://eventcomm.com/work/roman-baths-bath1#.XZ9oakZKiMo|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=https://www.romanbaths.co.uk/news/interview-event-communications-%E2%80%93-east-baths-project|title=Interview with Event Communications – East Baths Project.|website=TheRomanBaths|date=2017|access-date=10 October 2019|archive-date=4 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104132816/https://www.romanbaths.co.uk/news/interview-event-communications-%E2%80%93-east-baths-project|url-status=dead}}

Gallery

File:Roman Baths, Bath - Spring Overflow.jpg|Spring overflow

File:Roman carvings at Minera temple (24483072297).jpg|Gorgon head

File:, Roman Baths, Bath, South West England, England, Britain, UK, United Kingdom, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (40324624295).jpg|Frigidarium (cold pool)

File:Roman baths hypocaust.JPG|Caldarium. The room uses Roman hypocausts; a floor would have been supported by these structures, where hot air would circulate beneath and heat the room.

File:Romanbathsmodel.JPG|Model of Roman Bath and Roman Temple of Sulis Minerva as they would have looked at their greatest extent in 4th century AD

File:Roman Baths, Bath - Sea Horse Mosaic.jpg|Hippocamp mosaic

File:Roman Baths, Bath - Sacred Spring.jpg|The 'Sacred Pool'

References

External links

[http://www.romanbaths.co.uk/ Official website]
[http://www.minervaconservation.com/projects/bath.htm Conservation work within the baths.]
[http://www.bbc.co.uk/somerset/content/panoramas/bath_roman_baths_2_360.shtml BBC 360 degree panorama]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20110512011600/http://www.romanbaths.co.uk/Tours/Panomorphic_Museum_Tour/reception%20hall.html 360 degree virtual Panomorphic Tour of the museum.]
[http://visitbath.co.uk/spa-and-wellbeing/history-of-baths-spa History of Bath's Spa.]

Category:Ancient Roman baths in England

Category:Grade I listed buildings in Bath, Somerset

Category:Grade I listed museum buildings

Category:Holy wells in England

Category:Museums in Bath, Somerset

Category:Museums of ancient Rome in the United Kingdom

Baths

Category:Roman religious sites in England

Category:Scheduled monuments in Bath and North East Somerset

Bath

Category:Temples of Minerva