Mendip Hills

There has been a great deal of debate, over the course of decades if not centuries, about the provenance and meaning of the toponym 'Mendip', and as late as 2000, two leading place-name scholars felt able to remark that "Mendip is probably best regarded as unsolved".{{Cite book |last=Gelling |first=Margaret |title=The Landscape of Place-Names |last2=Cole |first2=Ann |publisher=Shaun Tyas |year=2000 |isbn=1900289253 |edition=2nd |pages=196}} However, an idea put forward in a 1986 paper, by one of the UK's leading academic place-name researchers, seems to have regrettably fallen beneath the radar, and has not had the widespread currency that it deserves. The author of the article was Richard Coates, now Emeritus Professor of Linguistics at the University of the West of England. Following a review of earlier evidence, Prof. Coates suggested that Mendip is a hybrid name, part British and part Old English. He posits a first element mönïð, from Primitive Welsh, meaning 'a hill', and Old English yppe, 'a hunting dais'. The strong sense of the word in its entirety is 'an upland area used for hunting'.{{Cite journal |last=Coates |first=Richard |date=1986 |title=Mendip |journal=Nomina |volume=10 |pages=5-9}} The logic and elegance of this explanation is extremely clear - the Mendip plateau had been used explicitly as a hunting ground by the Anglo-Saxon kings, something strikingly reinforced by the (possibly apocryphal) story of King Edmund, in the middle of the 10th century, escaping death by a whisker as the stag he was chasing plunged to its death over Cheddar Gorge, his own horse only pulling up short at the last minute on the very lip of the cliff. The Normans placed Mendip under Forest Law for the same reason.

The rock strata known as the Carboniferous Limestone were laid down during the early Carboniferous Period, about 320–350 million years ago.{{cite journal|last=Faulkner|first=T. J.|year=1989|title=The early Carboniferous (Courceyan) Middle Hope volcanics of Weston-super-Mare: development and demise of an offshore volcanic high |journal=Proceedings of the Geologists' Association|publisher=The Geologists' Association Published by Elsevier Ltd|volume=100|issue=1|pages=93–106|doi=10.1016/S0016-7878(89)80068-9|bibcode=1989PrGA..100...93F }} Subsequently, much of northwestern Europe underwent continental collision throughout the late Paleozoic Era, culminating in the final phases of the Variscan orogeny near the end of the Carboniferous, 300 million years ago. This tectonic activity produced a complex suite of mountain and hill ranges across what is now southern Ireland, south-western England, Brittany, and elsewhere in western Europe.{{cite web|url=http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=4175&block=102 |title=GCR block — Variscan Structures of South-West England |publisher=Joint Nature Conservation Committee |access-date=3 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712130503/http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=4175&block=102 |archive-date=12 July 2016 }}

File:Mendip Hills Map.png

File:JurRockgd01.jpg (some with boring bivalves in place) and Trypanites; Mendip Hills; scale bar = 1 cm]]

As a result of the Variscan mountain-building, the Mendip area now comprises at least four anticlinal fold structures, with an east–west trend, each with a core of older Devonian sandstone and Silurian volcanic rocks.{{cite book |year=1948 |last1= Kellaway |first1= G. A. |last2=Welch |first2=F. B. A. |title=Bristol and Gloucester District |series=British Regional Geology |location=London |publisher=HMSO for Natural Environment Research Council, Institute of Geological Sciences, Geographical Survey and Museum |edition=Second |isbn=978-0-11-880064-8 |pages=7, 10–11, 16 & 34–38}}{{cite book|last=Haslett|first=Simon K.|title=Somerset Landscapes: Geology and landforms|year=2010|publisher=Blackbarn Books|location=Usk|isbn=978-1-4564-1631-7|pages=25–28}} The latter are quarried for use in road construction and as a concrete aggregate.{{cite web |date=January 1998 |title=Mendip Hills Natural Area profile |url=http://www.naturalareas.naturalengland.org.uk/Science/natural/profiles/naProfile84.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314034109/http://www.naturalareas.naturalengland.org.uk/Science/natural/profiles/naProfile84.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2013 |access-date=30 November 2011 |publisher=English Nature |page=20}} The Mendips were considerably higher and steeper 200 to 300 million years ago,{{cite book |last1=Barrington |first1=Nicholas |last2=Stanton|first2= William |title=Mendip: The Complete Caves and a View of the Hills |year=1977 |publisher=Cheddar Valley Press|page=215 |location= Cheddar |isbn=978-0-9501459-2-1}} and subsequent erosion has resulted in varying geological features including gorges, dry valleys, screes, swallets and others typical of karst landscapes. Beneath the southern escarpment and plateau are caves. There are also areas of limestone pavement and other karst features. Dissolution of the limestone produced many of the gorges including Cheddar Gorge and Burrington Combe. Springs are a common feature of the eastern part of the hills, a number of which have associated tufa deposits.

Black Down is a moorland area, with its steeper slopes covered in bracken (Pteridium) and its flatter summit in heather (Calluna) and grasses rather than the pasture which covers much of the plateau.{{cite book |last=Atthill |first=Robin |title=Mendip: A new study |year=1976 |publisher=David & Charles |location=Newton Abbot|page=42 |isbn= 978-0-7153-7297-5 }} The main body of the range is an extended plateau, {{convert|6|–|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide and generally about {{convert|240|m|ft}} above sea level.{{cite web|url=http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/file/5754064333701120|title=NCA Profile:141. Mendip Hills (NE416)|work=Character Area Appraisal|publisher=Natural England|pages=122–128|access-date=3 May 2015}}

In some places lead and zinc ores have mineralised the limestone and the dolomitic conglomerate. From the time of Roman Britain until 1908, the hills were an important source of lead.{{cite book |last=Toulson |first=Shirley |title=The Mendip Hills: A Threatened Landscape |year=1984 |publisher=Victor Gollancz |location=London|pages=22–27 |isbn=978-0-575-03453-2 }} These areas were the centre of a major mining industry in the past and this is reflected in areas of contaminated rough ground known locally as "gruffy". The word "gruffy" is thought to derive from the grooves that were formed where the lead ore was extracted from veins near the surface.{{cite book |last1=Coysh |first1=A.W. |last2= Mason|first2= E.J.|last3= Waite|first3= V. |title=The Mendips |year=1977|pages=47–48 |publisher=Robert Hale Ltd |location=London |isbn=978-0-7091-6426-5 }} Other commodities obtained included calamine (zinc ore), manganese, iron, copper and baryte.{{cite book |last=Gough |first=J.W. |title=The Mines of Mendip|pages=3–7 |year=1967|isbn=978-0-7153-4152-0 |publisher=David & Charles |location=Newton Abbot}} The eastern area reaches into parts of the Somerset Coalfield.{{cite web|url=http://www.highlittletonhistory.org.uk/transcriptions0905/Mining/ProceedingsofRoyalSociety.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Royal Society- The Somerset Coalfield, as observed 300 years ago |year=1681–1725 |publisher=High Littleton & Hallatrow History and Parish Records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121200226/http://www.highlittletonhistory.org.uk/transcriptions0905/Mining/ProceedingsofRoyalSociety.pdf |archive-date=21 November 2008 }}

North and east of the Mendips the Carboniferous Limestone layers are found in the subsurface and are exposed in Avon Gorge, and are overlain by younger strata in Dundry Hill and the Cotswolds,{{cite web|url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/environmentandplanning/naturalenvironment/Landscape/Pages/RLphysicalinfluences.aspx|title=Physical influences|work=Rural Landscapes|publisher=Bath and North East Somerset Council|access-date=30 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616201325/http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/environmentandplanning/naturalenvironment/Landscape/Pages/RLphysicalinfluences.aspx|archive-date=16 June 2012}}{{cite web|url=http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/geodiversity/englands/counties/area_ID31.aspx|title=North Somerset (South Gloucestershire, Bath and North East Somerset and City of Bristol)|work=Englands Geology|publisher=Natural England|access-date=1 April 2010|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140605090108/http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/geodiversity/englands/counties/area_ID31.aspx|archive-date=5 June 2014}} where oolitic limestone of Jurassic age is found at the surface. West of the main Mendip plateau the Carboniferous Limestone continues in Bleadon Hill and Brean Down, and on the islands of Steep Holm and Flat Holm in the Bristol Channel.{{cite book |last1=Coysh |first1=A.W. |last2= Mason|first2= E.J. |last3=Waite|first3= V. |title=The Mendips |year=1977|page=67 |publisher=Robert Hale Ltd |location=London |isbn=978-0-7091-6426-5 }}

The hills gave their name to the rare mineral mendipite, an oxohalide of lead with chlorine with formula Pb₃Cl₂O₂ which was first described in the area. A sample of mendipite was found at the head of Ebbor Gorge.{{cite book|last=Toulson|first=Shirley|title=The Mendip Hills: A Threatened Landscape|date=1984|publisher=Victor Gollanz Ltd|isbn=978-0-575-03453-2|page=32}}

Along with the rest of South West England, the Mendip Hills have a temperate climate that is generally wetter and milder than the rest of England. The annual mean temperature is about {{convert|10|°C|°F|abbr=on}} with seasonal and diurnal variations, but the modifying effect of the sea restricts the range to less than that in most other parts of the United Kingdom. January is the coldest month, with mean minimum temperatures between {{convert|1|and|2|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. July and August are the warmest, with mean daily maxima around {{convert|21|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. In general, December is the dullest month and June the sunniest. The south-west of England enjoys a favoured location, particularly in summer, when the Azores High extends its influence north-eastwards towards the UK.{{cite web|url=http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/wxfacts/The-Azores-High.htm |title=The Azores High |access-date=19 November 2006 |work=WeatherOnline Weather facts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103001937/http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/wxfacts/The-Azores-High.htm |archive-date= 3 November 2007 }}

Cumulus cloud often forms inland, especially near hills, and reduces exposure to sunshine. The average annual sunshine is about 1,600 hours. Rainfall tends to be associated with Atlantic depressions or with convection. In summer, convection caused by solar surface heating sometimes forms shower clouds, and a large proportion of the annual precipitation falls from showers and thunderstorms at this time of year. Average rainfall is around {{convert|800|–|900|mm|in|abbr=on}}. About 8–15 days of snowfall is typical. November to March have the highest mean wind speeds, with June to August having the lightest; the prevailing wind direction is from the south-west.{{cite web|title=South West England: climate |publisher=Met Office |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/regional-climates/sw |access-date=3 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060225164404/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/location/southwestengland/index.html |archive-date=25 February 2006 }}

A combination of the rainfall and geology leads to an estimated average daily runoff from springs and boreholes of some 330,000 m³ (72 million imperial gallons). Bristol Waterworks Company (now Bristol Water) recognised the value of this resource and between 1846 and 1853 created a series of tunnels, pipes, and aqueducts called the "Line of Works", which still carry approximately 18,200 m³ (4 million imperial gallons) of water a day to Barrow Gurney Reservoirs for filtration and then on to Bristol and the surrounding areas. This collection and conveyance of water from the Chewton Mendip and East and West Harptree areas is accomplished by the effect of gravity on the runoff. Water from the Mendips is also collected in Cheddar Reservoir, which was constructed in the 1930s and takes water from the springs in Cheddar Gorge.{{cite web|url=http://www.bristolwater.co.uk/leisure/cheddar-reservoir/ |publisher=Bristol Water | title=Cheddar Reservoir |access-date=3 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415045227/http://www.bristolwater.co.uk/leisure/cheddar-reservoir/ |archive-date=15 April 2015 }}

File:Dartford Warbler - Arenzano - Italy 322 (26073040874).jpg

File:Four-spotted Chaser. Libellula quadrimaculata.Male. form praenubila - Flickr - gailhampshire.jpg

File:Kleine Hufeisennase cropped.jpg

The area hosts three semi-natural habitats of national importance: ash–maple woodland (Fraxinus spp. and Acer spp.) often with abundant small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata), calcareous grassland and mesotrophic grassland.

Much of the Mendips is open calcareous grassland, supporting a wide variety of flowering plants and insects. Some parts are deciduous ancient woodland, and some have been used intensively for arable agriculture, particularly since World War I. As the demand for arable land in Britain declined, some areas were returned to grassland, but the use of fertilisers and herbicides has reduced biodiversity. Grazing by rabbits, sheep and cattle maintains the grassland habitat.

Of the many bird species found in the Mendips, the peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), which has gradually recolonised the area since the 1980s, is particularly significant. It breeds on sea and inland cliffs and on the faces of active and disused quarries. The upland heaths of the west Mendips have recently increased in ornithological importance due to colonisation by the Dartford warbler (Sylvia undata), which can be found at Black Down and Crook Peak. In Britain, this species is usually associated with lowland heath. The woodlands at Stock Hill are a breeding site for nightjars (Caprimulgus europaeus) and long-eared owls (Asio otus). The Waldegrave Pool, part of Priddy Mineries, is an important site for dragonflies, including downy emerald (Cordulia aenea) and four-spotted chaser (Libellula quadrimaculata). Waldegrave Pool is the only Mendip breeding site for downy emerald dragonflies. In 2007 the first confirmed sighting of a red kite (Milvus milvus) on the Mendips was made at Charterhouse.{{cite web|title=The Mendips, Somerset |url=http://www.information-britain.co.uk/naturaldetail.php?id=65 |publisher=Information Britain |access-date=2 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319141922/http://information-britain.co.uk/naturaldetail.php?id=65 |archive-date=19 March 2015 }}

A range of important small mammals are found in the area, including the hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius) and bats. The hazel dormouse is restricted largely to coppice woodland and scrub, while the bats, including the nationally rare lesser (Rhinolophus hipposideros) and greater horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum), have a number of colonies in buildings, caves, and mines. A rare and endangered species, the greater horseshoe bat is protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 and is listed in Annex II of the 1992 European Community Habitats Directive.{{cite web|title=Compton Martin Ochre Mine |publisher=English Nature |url=http://www.english-nature.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1004205.pdf |date=14 October 1996 |access-date=9 May 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060724174654/http://www.english-nature.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1004205.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2006 }} Amphibians such as the great crested newt (Triturus cristatus) have a wide distribution across the Mendips and are often found in flooded disused quarries.

Several rare butterflies are indigenous to the area, including the nationally scarce pearl-bordered fritillary (Boloria euphrosyne), Duke of Burgundy (Hamearis lucina), and white-letter hairstreak (Satyrium w-album). The large blue butterfly (Maculinea arion) became extinct in the hills in the late 1970s. The white-clawed crayfish is also nationally rare and is a declining species with small populations in a tributary of the Mells River and the River Chew.{{cite web | title=Award for bridge restoration team | publisher=BANES | url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/news/latestnews/2006/November/Pages/bridgeawardstory.aspx | date = 23 November 2006 | access-date=30 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616201335/http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/news/latestnews/2006/November/Pages/bridgeawardstory.aspx|archive-date=16 June 2012}}

The dry stone walls that divide the pasture into fields are a well-known feature of the Mendips. Constructed from local limestone in an "A frame" design, the walls are strong yet contain no mortar; many have been neglected and allowed to disintegrate, or have been replaced or contained by a mix of barbed wire and sheep fencing. These dry-stone walls are of botanical importance as they support important populations of the nationally scarce wall whitlowgrass (Draba muralis).{{cite web|url=http://www.dry-stone-wall-flora.co.uk/mendip-survey.htm |title=Ecological report – Lifelines dry stone wall survey |work=Mendip Hills AONB |access-date=11 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003185330/http://www.dry-stone-wall-flora.co.uk/mendip-survey.htm |archive-date= 3 October 2011 }} Amongst the plants which occur in the area are the Cheddar pink (Dianthus gratianopolitanus), purple gromwell (Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum), white rock-rose (Helianthemum apenninum), Somerset hair-grass (Koeleria vallesiana), and starved wood-sedge (Carex depauperata).

{{See also|Mining in Roman Britain}}

File:Charterhouseleadmines.jpg]]

Twenty Palaeolithic sites have been identified in the Mendips, of which eleven represent faunal remains and lithic artefacts recovered from caves. The remaining eight sites refer to surface lithic discoveries, and the artefacts found include points, scrapers, and handaxes. Twenty-seven Mesolithic finds are represented by flint and chert lithics.{{cite web|url=http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/resources.html?somersetaggs_eh_2007 |title=The Aggregate Landscape of Somerset: Predicting the Archaeological Resource |year=2008 |work=Somerset County Council |publisher=English Heritage | page=27 |access-date=17 September 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418190712/http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/resources.html?somersetaggs_eh_2007 |archive-date=18 April 2012 }} Large numbers of artefacts have been found near Neolithic, Iron Age, and Bronze Age features, such as the barrows and forts around Priddy and at Dolebury Warren.{{cite book |last=Adkins |first=Lesley and Roy |title=A field guide to Somerset Archeology |year=1992 |publisher=Dovecote press |location=Wimbourne|pages=96–98 |isbn=978-0-946159-94-9}} The caves of Cheddar Gorge have yielded many archaeological remains, as flood waters have washed artefacts and bones into the caves and preserved them in silt. The Cheddar Man, Britain's oldest complete skeleton, was found in Gough's Cave, part of the Cheddar Complex.{{cite book | last = Keith | first = Arthur | author-link = Arthur Keith | title = The Antiquity of Man | publisher = Anmol Publications PVT. Ltd | location = New Delhi, India | year = 1995 | page = 411 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=A3NanQAACAAJ | isbn = 978-81-7041-977-8 }}

Within the Mendip Hills AONB, good evidence exists for 286 definite examples of round barrows,{{cite web|url=http://www.simonthurgoodimages.co.uk/outandabout/somerset.asp |title=Out and About — Somerset |publisher=Simon Thurgood |access-date=13 March 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603112955/http://www.simonthurgoodimages.co.uk/outandabout/somerset.asp |archive-date= 3 June 2009 }} including the Priddy Nine Barrows and Ashen Hill Barrow Cemeteries.{{NHLE|desc=Group of seven round barrows 380 m east of East Water Drove (Part of Priddy Nine Barrows Cemetery) |num=1010506 |access-date=3 May 2015 }}{{NHLE|desc=Ashen Hill barrow cemetery: a group of eight round barrows 500 m southeast of Harptree Lodge|num=1010513|access-date=3 May 2015}}{{NHLE|desc=Pair of bowl barrows 405 m east of East Water Drove (Part of Priddy Nine Barrows Cemetery)|num=1010503|access-date=3 May 2015}} The Historic England Archive holds over 1,200 entries for the area, and there are over 600 listed buildings,{{cite web | title=Project proposal: the historic environment of the Mendip Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty | publisher = English Heritage Research Department | url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/professional/research/landscapes-and-areas/national-mapping-programme/mendip-hills-aonb-nmp/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111015016/http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/professional/research/landscapes-and-areas/national-mapping-programme/mendip-hills-aonb-nmp|archive-date=11 January 2014 |date=June 2006 | access-date=11 November 2010}} in addition to over 200 scheduled ancient monuments.{{cite web | title= A Strategy for the Historic Environment | publisher= Mendip Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) | url= http://www.mendiphillsaonb.org.uk/publications/up_132339_s4he_strategy.pdf |date=June 2001 | access-date=17 February 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061209101541/http://www.mendiphillsaonb.org.uk/publications/up_132339_s4he_strategy.pdf |archive-date = 9 December 2006}} These protected monuments range from prehistoric barrows and hillforts to the Black Down bombing decoy from the Second World War.

Settlement on the Mendip Hills appears to fall into two types. The first, apparent in the Neolithic and Bronze Age Britain periods, and repeated on a small scale in the Middle Ages and post-medieval era, comprised occupation by self-sufficient groups in small communities or isolated farms. The second was represented in the Iron Age Britain and Roman periods by large sites with specialist functions, existing by virtue of their ability to exert power over lowland producers. From the Iron Age onward the ownership of land took on increasing importance, with large landholdings based on the mines or on stock grazing, denying settlers access to the plateau or forcing them off the hills.{{cite book |last=Atthill |first=Robin |title=Mendip: A new study |year=1976 |publisher=David & Charles |location=Newton Abbott|pages=75–101 |isbn=978-0-7153-7297-5 }}

There is evidence of mining dating back to the late Bronze Age, when there were technological changes in metal-working indicating the use of lead. The Roman invasion, and possibly the preceding period of involvement in the internal affairs of the south of England, was inspired, in part, by the mineral wealth of the Mendips.{{cite journal |last=Todd |first=Malcolm |year=1996 |title=Ancient mining on Mendip Somerset |journal=Bulletin of the Peak District Mines Historical Society |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=47–51 |url=http://www.pdmhs.com/PDFs/ScannedBulletinArticles/Bulletin%2013-2%20-%20Ancient%20Mining%20on%20Mendip,%20Somerset%20-%20A%20Prel.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715060645/http://www.pdmhs.com/PDFs/ScannedBulletinArticles/Bulletin%2013-2%20-%20Ancient%20Mining%20on%20Mendip%2C%20Somerset%20-%20A%20Prel.pdf |archive-date=15 July 2011 }}

William Wilberforce's visit to Cheddar in 1789, during which he saw the poor circumstances of the locals, inspired Hannah More to begin her work improving the conditions of the Mendip miners and agricultural workers.{{cite book |last1=Coysh |first1=A. W. |last2= Mason|first2= E.J.|last3= Waite|first3= V. |title=The Mendips |year=1977|page=95 |publisher=Robert Hale Ltd |location=London |isbn=978-0-7091-6426-5 }} Under her influence, schools were built and children were formally instructed in reading and Christian doctrine. Between 1770 and 1813 some {{convert|7300|ha|acre|-2|abbr=on}} of land on the hills were enclosed, mainly with dry stone walls that today form a key part of the landscape. In 2006 funding was obtained to maintain and improve the walls, which had steadily deteriorated over the years.{{cite web | title=Lifelines – Mendip Hills AONB Dry Stone Wall Survey and Celebration | publisher=Mendip AONB | url=http://www.mendiphillsaonb.org.uk/publications/up_175815_lifelines-post_submission.doc |date=October 2005 | access-date=17 February 2007|format=DOC |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061209101941/http://www.mendiphillsaonb.org.uk/publications/up_175815_lifelines-post_submission.doc |archive-date = 9 December 2006}}

File:beacon batch lowres.jpg, highest point in Mendip]]

In World War II, a bombing decoy was constructed on top of Black Down at Beacon Batch in an attempt to confuse bombers aiming to damage the city of Bristol, and piles of stones (known as cairns) were created to prevent enemy aircraft using the hilltop as a landing site.{{cite web | title = Military remains in the Mendip Hills | publisher = English Heritage | url = http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/professional/research/landscapes-and-areas/national-mapping-programme/mendip-hills-aonb-nmp/military-remains-in-the-mendip-hills/ | access-date =30 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213051303/http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/professional/research/landscapes-and-areas/national-mapping-programme/mendip-hills-aonb-nmp/military-remains-in-the-mendip-hills/|archive-date=13 December 2013}}

In the 1960s, the tallest mast in the region at {{convert|293|m|ft}} above ground level, the Mendip UHF television transmitter, was installed on Pen Hill near Wells, one of the highest points of the Mendips.{{cite web|title=Mendip |url=http://www.thebigtower.com/live/Mendip/Index.htm |publisher=The Big Tower |access-date=3 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512221257/http://www.thebigtower.com/live/Mendip/Index.htm |archive-date=12 May 2015 }} The transmitter's antenna rises to almost {{convert|589|m|ft|0}} above sea level.

Since 2003, arguments have raged over plans to erect a wind turbine near Chewton Mendip. The proposal was initially rejected by Mendip District Council, with the support of a range of local groups and organisations, on the grounds that the environmental impact on the edge of the AONB outweighed the amount of electricity which would be generated. In April 2006, however, a planning enquiry gave Ecotricity permission to build a {{convert|102|m|ft|abbr=on}} turbine during the following year.{{cite web|title=Planning Inspector allows Wind Turbine on Land at Shooters Bottom, Townsend Lane, Chewton Mendip|url=http://www.24housing.co.uk/news/planning-inspector-allows-wind-turbine-on-land-at-shooters-bottom-townsend-lane-chewton-mendip/|publisher=24 Housing|access-date=6 October 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.ecotricity.co.uk/our-green-energy/our-green-electricity/from-the-wind/wind-parks-gallery/shooters-bottom-somerset |title=Shooters Bottom, Somerset |publisher=Ecotricity |access-date=31 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221102121/http://www.ecotricity.co.uk/our-green-energy/our-green-electricity/from-the-wind/wind-parks-gallery/shooters-bottom-somerset |archive-date=21 December 2011 }}

File:Mendiphillsaonb3.JPG]]

The western end of the Mendip Hills has, since 1972, been designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) under the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949.{{cite web |title=About the AONB |url=http://www.mendiphillsaonb.org.uk/about-the-aonb/ |publisher=Mendip Hills AONB |access-date=3 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220035953/http://www.mendiphillsaonb.org.uk/about-the-aonb/ |archive-date=20 February 2015 }}{{cite web |title=Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) |url=http://www.somerset.gov.uk/environment-and-planning/countryside/areas-of-natural-beauty-aonb/ |publisher=Somerset County Council |access-date=3 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161230012554/http://www.somerset.gov.uk/environment-and-planning/countryside/areas-of-natural-beauty-aonb/ |archive-date=30 December 2016 }} The Mendip Society, which was formed in 1965, helps to raise awareness of this designation and protect the area.{{cite web|url=http://mendipsociety.org.uk//index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=21&Itemid=41 |title=A Brief History of the Mendip Society |publisher=Mendip Society |access-date=5 April 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821190910/http://mendipsociety.org.uk//index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=21&Itemid=41 |archive-date=21 August 2011 }} The society runs a programme of guided walks and educational presentations. The society also has a small grants fund to assist communities with the conservation and enhancement of the landscape and to encourage its enjoyment and celebration.{{Cite web|title=Mendip Society|url=http://www.mendipsociety.org.uk/|access-date=2021-07-19|archive-date=5 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205045607/http://www.mendipsociety.org.uk/|url-status=dead}}

As their landscapes have similar scenic qualities, AONBs may be compared to the national parks of England and Wales. In contrast to national parks, which have their own authorities and legal power to prevent unsympathetic development, very few statutory duties are imposed on the local authorities within an AONB. However, further regulation and protection of AONBs was added by the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000.{{cite web

|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/387705/aonb-state-aid-technical-support-scheme.pdf

|title=Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty: Technical Support Scheme (England) 2015 – 2017

|publisher=DEFRA

|access-date=4 March 2010

|url-status=live

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308005704/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/387705/aonb-state-aid-technical-support-scheme.pdf

|archive-date= 8 March 2016

}}

The Mendip Hills Partnership, which performs an administrative role, includes the five local authorities that cover the AONB, statutory bodies such as Natural England, together with parish councils and other organisations and groups that have an interest in the conservation and care of the area. The Mendip Hills AONB staff unit of the partnership is based at the Charterhouse Centre in the heart of the AONB. The AONB Unit consists of four staff: a manager, project officer, support officer and part-time planning officer and fixed term project officers. They are supported by volunteer rangers.{{Cite web|title=Volunteering|url=https://www.mendiphillsaonb.org.uk/caring-about-the-aonb/volunteering/|access-date=2021-07-19|website=Mendip Hills AONB|language=en-GB}} In 2005 a proposal was submitted to the Countryside Agency to extend the Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty to Steep Holm and Brean Down in the west and towards Frome in the east.{{cite web | title=The Case for Extending the Mendip Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty | url= http://www.mendipsociety.org.uk/Issues/AONB_extension_case_Mar_2005.pdf | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071203200247/http://www.mendipsociety.org.uk/Issues/AONB_extension_case_Mar_2005.pdf | archive-date= 3 December 2007 | publisher = The Mendip Society |date=March 2005 | access-date=17 February 2007}}

Many of the villages on the Mendips have their own parish councils, which have some responsibility for local issues. Local people also elect councillors to district councils or to unitary authorities. The {{convert|198|km²|sqmi|abbr=on|0}} of the AONB are split across four districts: Mendip District Council {{convert|87.67|km²|sqmi|abbr=on|1}},

Sedgemoor District Council {{convert|34.03|km²|sqmi|abbr=on|1}},

Bath and North East Somerset Council {{convert|36.95|km²|sqmi|abbr=on|1}}, and

North Somerset Council {{convert|39.35|km²|sqmi|abbr=on|1}}.

The population on the higher plateau is widely dispersed in small farms and hamlets, although rather than working in agriculture or forestry, most people now commute to employment in surrounding cities and towns. The largest village on the plateau on the western Mendips is Priddy, which had a population of 624 at the 2011 census{{cite web|title=Priddy Parish |url=http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=11127717&c=Priddy&d=16&e=61&g=6461356&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1388576839748&enc=1&dsFamilyId=2491 |work=Neighbourhood Statistics |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192135/http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=11127717&c=Priddy&d=16&e=61&g=6461356&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1388576839748&enc=1&dsFamilyId=2491 |archive-date= 2 January 2014 }} along with the smaller hamlet of Charterhouse. The larger villages and towns are on the lower slopes of the western hills, often in river valleys. Axbridge, with a population of 2,057,{{cite web |title=Statistics for Wards, LSOAs and Parishes — Summary Profiles |url=http://www.somersetintelligence.org.uk/files/Somerset%20Census%20Key%20Statistics%20-%20Summary%20Profiles.xls |publisher=Somerset Intelligence |access-date=4 January 2014 |format=Excel |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104204152/http://www.somersetintelligence.org.uk/files/Somerset%20Census%20Key%20Statistics%20-%20Summary%20Profiles.xls |archive-date=4 January 2014 }} and Cheddar (5,755), both within the Sedgemoor district, together with the Mendip town of Shepton Mallet (10,369){{cite web|title=Shepton Mallet Parish|url=http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=11128402&c=Shepton+Mallet&d=16&e=61&g=6461369&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1388577201310&enc=1&dsFamilyId=2491|work=Neighbourhood Statistics|publisher=Office for National Statistics|access-date=1 January 2014|archive-date=2 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102200101/http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=11128402&c=Shepton+Mallet&d=16&e=61&g=6461369&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1388577201310&enc=1&dsFamilyId=2491|url-status=dead}} and the city of Wells (10,636){{cite web|title=Wells CP — Usual Resident Population, 2011 |url=http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=11130266&c=Wells&d=16&e=62&g=6461445&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&o=362&m=0&r=1&s=1419423547127&enc=1&dsFamilyId=2473 |work=Neighbourhood Statistics |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=24 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224140307/http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=11130266&c=Wells&d=16&e=62&g=6461445&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&o=362&m=0&r=1&s=1419423547127&enc=1&dsFamilyId=2473 |archive-date=24 December 2014 }} are along the southern border of the hills. The North Somerset parishes of Blagdon (1,116),{{cite web|title=2011 Census Profile |url=http://www.n-somerset.gov.uk/Environment/Planning_policy_and-research/researchandmonitoring/Documents/North%20Somerset%20Small%20area%20geography%20profiles%20tool.xls |publisher=North Somerset Council |access-date=4 January 2014 |format=Excel |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104204530/http://www.n-somerset.gov.uk/Environment/Planning_policy_and-research/researchandmonitoring/Documents/North%20Somerset%20Small%20area%20geography%20profiles%20tool.xls |archive-date= 4 January 2014 }} and the parishes of Compton Martin (508),{{cite web|title=Compton Martin Parish|url=http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=11122256&c=Compton+Martin&d=16&e=61&g=6387708&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1388522388970&enc=1&dsFamilyId=2491|work=Neighbourhood Statistics|publisher=Office for National Statistics|access-date=31 December 2013|archive-date=1 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101132541/http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=11122256&c=Compton+Martin&d=16&e=61&g=6387708&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1388522388970&enc=1&dsFamilyId=2491|url-status=dead}} East Harptree (644){{cite web|title=East Harptree Parish|url=http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=11122978&c=East+Harptree&d=16&e=61&g=6387893&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1388523050668&enc=1&dsFamilyId=2491|work=Neighbourhood Statistics|publisher=Office for National Statistics|access-date=31 December 2013|archive-date=1 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101134705/http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=11122978&c=East+Harptree&d=16&e=61&g=6387893&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1388523050668&enc=1&dsFamilyId=2491|url-status=dead}} and West Harptree (439),{{cite web|title=West Harptree Parish|url=http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=11130361&c=West+Harptree&d=16&e=61&g=6387896&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1388525962252&enc=1&dsFamilyId=2491|work=Neighbourhood Statistics|publisher=Office for National Statistics|access-date=31 December 2013|archive-date=1 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101135744/http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=11130361&c=West+Harptree&d=16&e=61&g=6387896&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1388525962252&enc=1&dsFamilyId=2491|url-status=dead}} lie along the northern edge.

Further east are the towns of Midsomer Norton and Radstock and the village of Paulton (population 5,302){{cite web|title=Paulton Parish |url=http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=11127429&c=Paulton&d=16&e=61&g=6387983&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1388524395090&enc=1&dsFamilyId=2491 |work=Neighbourhood Statistics |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=31 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101134848/http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=11127429&c=Paulton&d=16&e=61&g=6387983&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1388524395090&enc=1&dsFamilyId=2491 |archive-date= 1 January 2014 }} within the unitary authority of Bath and North East Somerset.

File:Pensfordviaduct.JPG (disused)]]

In the middle of the 1st century, ancient tracks across the hills were superseded by the Roman Fosse Way, from Bath to Ilchester, a branch of which served the Charterhouse lead mines.{{cite web|url=http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mendips/Minerals/Mins_Mines_2.htm |title=History of lead mining |publisher=British Geological Survey |access-date=4 March 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225031833/http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mendips/minerals/Mins_Mines_2.htm |archive-date=25 February 2011 }} Stratton-on-the-Fosse and Lydford-on-Fosse, two villages of the Mendips, reflect the arrival of this new road. Much of the high plateau, however, remained uncultivated and unenclosed until the 18th century, resulting in many roads remaining as narrow winding lanes between high banks and hedges or stone walls. Where the tracks had their origins as drovers roads, they typically become open roads with wide verges.{{cite book |last=Atthill |first=Robin |title=Mendip: A new study |year=1976 |publisher=David & Charles |location=Newton Abbott|page=126 |isbn= 978-0-7153-7297-5 }} The roads tend to follow the line of gorges and valleys, as at Cheddar Gorge.

The more major of the current roads often started as turnpikes in the 16th century. These avoid the highest areas of the hills. To the north of the western part of the Mendips, the A368 separates the hills from the Chew Valley,{{cite web|url=http://www.sabre-roads.org.uk/wiki/index.php?title=A368 |title=A368 |publisher=The Society for All British and Irish Road Enthusiasts |access-date=5 March 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115102313/http://www.sabre-roads.org.uk/wiki/index.php?title=A368 |archive-date=15 January 2010 }} while on the southern edge the A371 similarly runs along the bottom of the scarp slope between the hills and the Somerset Levels.{{cite web|url=http://www.sabre-roads.org.uk/wiki/index.php?title=A371 |title=A371 |publisher=The Society for All British and Irish Road Enthusiasts |access-date=5 March 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115091859/http://www.sabre-roads.org.uk/wiki/index.php?title=A371 |archive-date=15 January 2010 }} The western end of the hills is crossed by the M5 motorway with access at junctions 21 and 22, along with the A38. Further east, and running almost north to south, are the A37, A39, A36 and the A361.

During the late 19th and early 20th century, the Bristol and North Somerset Railway ran roughly parallel to the A37. Further south and west, the Cheddar Valley Line and Wrington Vale Light Railway, branches of the Bristol and Exeter Railway, served towns and villages from Cheddar to Wells.{{cite web|url=http://www.railbrit.co.uk/Cheddar_Valley_and_Yatton_Railway/index.php |title=Cheddar Valley and Yatton Railway |work=A History of Britain's Railways |publisher=Railscot |access-date=3 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406232938/http://www.railbrit.co.uk/Cheddar_Valley_and_Yatton_Railway/index.php |archive-date= 6 April 2015 }}{{cite book|last=Maggs|first=Colin G|title=The Wrington Vale Light Railway|publisher=Oakwood Press|location=Usk|year=2004|isbn=978-0-85361-620-7|url=http://www.transportdiversions.com/publicationshow.asp?pubid=4532|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212200717/http://www.transportdiversions.com/publicationshow.asp?pubid=4532|archive-date=12 December 2013}} In the east, the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway ran south from Bath into Dorset, and also served Wells. These have all now closed, but Mendip Rail has freight lines to carry limestone from the quarries of the Mendip Hills. There is also the East Somerset Railway which is an operational heritage railway. The Somerset Coal Canal reached some of the pits of the Somerset Coalfield in the eastern end of the Mendips.{{cite web|title=The Somerset Coal Canal |publisher=Bath Royal Literary and Scientific Institution |year=2002 |url=http://www.brlsi.org/events-proceedings/proceedings/17997 |access-date=6 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317000751/http://www.brlsi.org/events-proceedings/proceedings/17997 |archive-date=17 March 2013 }}{{cite book |last=Allsop |first=Niall |title=The Somersetshire Coal Canal Rediscovered: A Walker's Guide |year=1993 |publisher=Millstream Books | location=Bath |isbn=978-0-948975-35-6 }}{{cite book |last=Clew |first=Kenneth R |title=The Somersetshire Coal Canal and Railways |year=1970 |publisher=Bran's Head Books |isbn=978-0-905220-67-3 }}{{cite book |last=Cornwell |first=John |title=Collieries of Somerset and Bristol |year=2005 |publisher=Landmark Publishing Ltd |isbn=978-1-84306-170-0 }}{{cite book |last1=Halse |first1=Roger |last2=Castens|first2= Simon | title=The Somersetshire Coal Canal: A Pictorial Journey | year=2000 | publisher=Millstream Books | location=Bath |isbn=978-1-84306-170-0 }}

{{Main|Quarries of the Mendip Hills}}

File:Whatleyquarry.jpg]]

In recent centuries the Mendips, like the Cotswolds to the north, have been quarried for stone to build the cities of Bath and Bristol, as well as smaller towns in Somerset. The quarries are now major suppliers of road stone to southern England,{{cite web | title=Mendip Quarry Producers | url=http://www.mendipquarries.co.uk/index.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802230042/http://www.mendipquarries.co.uk/index.html | archive-date=2 August 2008 | access-date=2 February 2007}} among them producing around twelve million tonnes of limestone every year, employing over two thousand people, and turning over approximately £150 million per annum.{{cite web |url=http://www.rtpi.org.uk/media/10076/Case-study-Mendip-Quarrying.pdf |title=Case Study 1: Stone quarrying in the Mendip Hills, Somerset |last=University of the West of England, Faculty of the Built Environment and Cheltenham and Gloucester College of Higher Education |publisher=Royal Town Planning Institute |page=8 |access-date=3 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316195115/http://www.rtpi.org.uk/media/10076/Case-study-Mendip-Quarrying.pdf |archive-date=16 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}

File:cheddar gorge from aircraft arp.jpg, seen from the air]]

There are two main rock types on the Mendips: the Devonian sandstones visible around Blackdown and Downhead and the Carboniferous Limestones, which dominate the hills and surround the older rock formations. There are nine active quarries and a host of disused sites, several of which have been designated as geological Sites of Special Scientific Interest by English Nature. Because of the effect quarrying has on the environment and local communities, a campaign has been started to halt the creation of any new quarries and to restrict the activities and expansion of the existing ones.{{cite web|title=Quarrying Issues from the Mendip Society |url=http://www.mendipsociety.org.uk/Issues/body_issues.html#Quarrying |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416060948/http://www.mendipsociety.org.uk/Issues/body_issues.html |archive-date=16 April 2008 |access-date=17 February 2007 |url-status=dead }}

The Mendips are home to a wide range of outdoor sports and leisure activities, including hunting, caving, climbing, and abseiling. The rich variety of fauna and flora also makes it attractive for hillwalking and those interested in natural history.{{cite web |url=http://www.somersetguide.co.uk/Somerset/mendip_hills.html |title=The Mendip Hills |publisher=Somerset Guide |access-date=9 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823094308/http://www.somersetguide.co.uk/Somerset/mendip_hills.html |archive-date=23 August 2010 |df=dmy-all }}{{cite web|url=https://www.bgs.ac.uk/mendips/ |title=Welcome to 'Foundations of the Mendips' website |publisher=British Geological Society |access-date=3 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912000451/http://www.bgs.ac.uk/mendips/ |archive-date=12 September 2015 }}

Mendip Activity Centre is set in the Mendip Hills and is one of the largest outdoor activity centres in the South West. It is a key part of the local tourism community bringing significant revenue and visitor numbers each year, welcoming 10,000s of visitors. They have a thriving outdoor education program with schools, delivering school residentials. Families and individuals take part in activities including skiing and snowboarding, climbing and abseiling, kayaking and paddle boarding, caving, archery, air rifle, tobogganing and disc golf.{{cite web | url=https://www.mendip.co.uk/about-mendip | title=About | Mendip Activity Centre }} Their pop-up campsite, Mendip Basecamp, opened to the public in 2020 and in 2023 was named Gold Campsite at the Bristol, Bath and Somerset Tourism Awards.{{cite web | url=https://www.mendip.co.uk/post/mendip-activity-centre-are-gold-winners-at-the-bristol-bath-somerset-awards | title=Mendip Activity Centre are Gold winners at the Bristol, Bath & Somerset Awards | date=December 2023 }}

{{Main|Caves of the Mendip Hills}}

File:Goughscave.jpg]]

Large areas of limestone on the Mendips have been worn away by water, making the hills a national centre for caving. Some of the caves have been known about since the establishment of the Mendip lead mining industry in Roman times. However, many have been discovered or explored only in the 20th century.{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Peter |title=The History of Mendip Caving |year=1967 |publisher=David & Charles |location=Newton Abbot|pages=36–47 }} Specialist equipment and knowledge is required to visit the vast majority of the caves, but Cheddar Gorge and Wookey Hole Caves are two show caves which are easily accessible to the public. The active Mendip Caving Group and other local caving organisations organise trips and continue to discover new caverns.

The Hills conceal the largest underground river system in Britain;{{cite web|url=http://somersetrivers.org/PDF/MendipUndergroundRivers.pdf |title=Rivers |year=2001 |work=Cheddar Caves & Gorge Discovery Pack |publisher=Cheddar Caves & Gorge |access-date=8 March 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728040728/http://somersetrivers.org/PDF/MendipUndergroundRivers.pdf |archive-date=28 July 2011 }} attempts to move from one cave to another through the underground rivers led to the development of cave diving in Britain. The first cave dive was attempted at Swildon's Hole in 1934, and the first successful dive was achieved the following year at Wookey Hole Caves, which has the deepest sump in Britain at {{convert|76|m|ft|abbr=on}}.{{cite web|title=UK Caves Database |url=http://www.ukcaves.co.uk/cave-wookey |access-date=5 March 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813185317/http://www.ukcaves.co.uk/cave-wookey |archive-date=13 August 2009 }} The cave complexes at St. Dunstan's Well Catchment,{{cite web|url=http://www.english-nature.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1000377.pdf |title=St Dunstan's Well Catchment SSSI citation sheet |publisher=English Nature |access-date=5 March 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319223422/http://www.english-nature.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1000377.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2009 }} Lamb Leer,{{cite web|url=http://www.english-nature.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1000245.pdf |title=Lamb Leer SSSI citation Sheet |publisher=English Nature |access-date=5 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319223315/http://www.english-nature.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1000245.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2009 }} and Priddy Caves{{cite web|url=http://www.english-nature.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1001073.pdf |title=Priddy Caves SSSI citation sheet |publisher=English Nature |access-date=5 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319223456/http://www.english-nature.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1001073.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2009 }} have been identified as Sites of Special Scientific Interest.

The deepest cave in the Mendip Hills is Charterhouse Cave with a vertical range of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.{{cite web|title=UK Caves Database |url=http://www.ukcaves.co.uk/region-mendip-deepest |access-date=5 March 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090808193145/http://www.ukcaves.co.uk/region-mendip-deepest |archive-date= 8 August 2009 }}

Many caves in the Mendip area were excavated for archaeological and natural history studies by pioneer explorer Herbert E. Balch and were photographed by the early caver Harry Savory at the start of the 20th century using cameras, glass plates and flash powder.Savory, H. and Savory, J. (1990) A Man Deep in Mendip: The Caving Diaries of Harry Savory, 1910–1921, Southern Illinois University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8093-1623-6}}

File:Mendip Pub Trail.jpg

Several sites on the Mendips are designated as open access land, and there are many footpaths and bridleways that are generally clearly marked.

The Limestone Link is a {{convert|36|mi|km|0|order=flip|adj=on}} long-distance footpath from the Mendips to the Cotswolds, and the Mendip Way covers {{convert|80|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Weston-super-Mare to Frome. The western section runs from the Bristol Channel at Uphill Cliff, affording views over the Somerset Levels, crosses the central Mendip plateau leading down to Cheddar Gorge, and then continues to Wells and Frome.{{cite web|title=Mendip Ways|url=http://www.ldwa.org.uk/ldp/members/show_path.php?path_name=Mendip+Ways|publisher=Long Distance Walking Association|access-date=1 May 2015}} The much longer Monarch's Way runs for {{convert|990|km|mi|abbr=on}}, from Worcester to Shoreham-by-Sea in West Sussex. It closely follows the route taken by Charles II after his defeat at the Battle of Worcester in 1651. The route enters Somerset near Chewton Mendip and crosses the Mendip Hills heading for Wells.{{cite news

|url=http://www.monarchsway.50megs.com/

|publisher=The Monarch's Way Association

|title=The Monarch's Way

|date=2 February 2006

|url-status=live

|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120130151502/http://www.monarchsway.50megs.com/

|archive-date=30 January 2012

}} A shorter local path, the {{convert|45|mi|km|0|order=flip|adj=on}} long Mendip Pub Trail, connects six pubs owned by Butcombe Brewery. The trail runs from Hinton Blewett through Priddy, Axbridge, Bleadon, Rowberrow, and Compton Martin.{{cite web|url=http://www.butcombe.com/mendip_trail.shtml |title=Butcombe Mendip Pub Trail |work=Butcombe Brewery |access-date=30 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103201839/http://www.butcombe.com/mendip_trail.shtml |archive-date=3 November 2011 }}

Various forms of oval short-track racing, including F1 and F2 stock cars,{{cite news|title=Drivers take to Mendips Raceway|url=http://www.thewestonmercury.co.uk/news/drivers-take-to-mendips-raceway-1-323712|access-date=13 June 2017|work=Weston, Worle & Somerset Mercury|date=8 September 2008}} have taken place at Mendips Raceway since 1969.{{cite web|title=Introducing the Mendips Raceway |url=http://www.mendipsraceway.com/aboutus.html |publisher=Mendips Raceway |access-date=3 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215233034/http://mendipsraceway.com/aboutus.html |archive-date=15 February 2015 }} The track is located on Warrens Hill Road, on the rim of Batts Combe quarry between Shipham and Charterhouse.

Thomas Hardy described the Mendips as "a range of limestone rocks stretching from the shores of the Bristol Channel into the middle of Somersetshire", and several of his books refer to the Mendips or sites on the hills.{{cite book|last=Hunt|first=Peter|title=Children's literature: an anthology, 1801–1902|publisher=WileyBlackwell|year=2001|page=398|isbn=978-0-631-21049-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ULS1tnwtWJ8C&pg=RA1-PA398}} According to legend, Augustus Montague Toplady was inspired to write the words of the hymn "Rock of Ages" while sheltering under a rock in Burrington Combe during a thunderstorm in 1763; there is a metal plaque marking the site.{{cite ODNB |last=Pollard |first=Arthur |title=Toplady, Augustus Montague (1740–1778) |year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/27555 |access-date=3 May 2015 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/27555|url-access=subscription }}{{cite news

|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2009/jun/07/rock-ages-walking-guides

|title=The original Rock of Ages, Burrington Combe, Somerset

|work=Guardian News and Media

|date=7 June 2009

|location=London

|access-date=3 May 2015

|last=Staff writer

|url-status=live

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611090630/http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2009/jun/07/rock-ages-walking-guides

|archive-date=11 June 2015

}}

{{Portal|Somerset}}

• {{section link|Geography of the United Kingdom|Geology}}
• Geology of Somerset
• List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Somerset

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{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{Cite book|last=Atthill|first=Robin|title=Old Mendip|publisher=David & Charles|location=Newton Abbot|year=1971|edition=2nd|isbn=978-0-7153-7297-5}}
• {{Cite book|last1=Hardcastle|first1=Jim|first2=Merryn |last2=Nisbet |title=Lifelines: The Vital Dry Stone Walls of the Mendip Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty |publisher=Mendip Hills AONB Service|year=2008|isbn=978-0-9559110-0-2}}

{{Commons category}}

{{EB1911 poster|Mendip Hills}}

• [https://national-landscapes.org.uk/national-landscapes/mendip-hills/ Mendip Hills National Landscape website]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070205045607/http://www.mendipsociety.org.uk/ The Mendip Society website]
• {{Wikivoyage inline|Mendips}}
• {{cite book|author=Baker, Ernest Albert |author2=Balch, Herbert E. |title=The Netherworld of Mendip |location=Clifton |publisher=J. Baker & son |year=1907 |url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007696157 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202022732/http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007696157 |archive-date= 2 February 2016 }}

{{Mendip Hills}}

{{AONBs in England}}

{{Somerset}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Environment of Somerset

Category:Hills of Somerset

Category:Mountains and hills of England

Category:History of Somerset

Category:Tourist attractions in Somerset

Category:Volcanism of England

Category:Silurian volcanism

Category:Protected areas of Somerset

Category:Natural regions of England

Category:Ridges of England