Roman candle (firework)
{{Short description|Firework that ejects stars or exploding shells}}
A Roman candle is a traditional type of firework that ejects one or more stars or exploding shells. Roman candles come in a variety of sizes, from {{cvt|6|mm}} diameter for consumers, up to {{cvt|8|cm}} diameter in professional fireworks displays.
Roman candles are banned in some countries as they have a tendency to malfunction.{{Cite journal |last=Kosanke |first=K. L. |last2=Kosanke |first2=B. J. |last3=Downs |first3=Geoff |last4=Harradine |first4=John |date=2003 |title=“Impossible” and Horrific Roman Candle Accident |url=https://www.jpyro.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/K06_095_xoft.pdf |journal=Selected Pyrotechnic Publication of K.L. and B.J Kosanke |series=Part 6, (2001-2002) |pages=95–99 |isbn=9781889526256 |via=Journal of Pyrotechnics Archive}} They are banned in Finland{{Cite web |title=Finland |url=http://www.gov.scot/publications/impact-fireworks-regulations-case-studies/pages/8/ |access-date=2022-10-31 |website=www.gov.scot |language=en}} and the Netherlands,{{Cite web |last=Zaken |first=Ministerie van Algemene |date=2020-07-08 |title=Verboden vuurwerk vanaf 2020 - Vuurwerk - Rijksoverheid.nl |url=https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/vuurwerk/verboden-vuurwerk-vanaf-2020 |access-date=2022-10-31 |website=www.rijksoverheid.nl |language=nl-NL}} and illegal to possess or set off in the U.S. states of California,{{cite news |title=Person Cited After Roman Candle Starts Small Fire In Woodland |url=https://sacramento.cbslocal.com/2022/06/28/woodland-illegal-fireworks-roman-candle-fire/ |publisher=KOVR |date=June 28, 2022 |quote=Aerial fireworks, like roman candles, are illegal in California unless used under a special display license.}} Delaware,{{cite news |last1=Griffin |first1=Krys'tal |title=Check out Delaware's fireworks laws before you light up your July 4th celebration |url=https://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/2022/06/24/fireworks-legal-buy-use-delaware-fourth-july-independence-day-sparklers/7704124001/ |work=Delaware News Journal |date=June 24, 2022 |quote=Illegal fireworks for civilians to possess and use include bottle rockets, firecrackers or fire balloons, aerials like Roman candles and any other device that explodes or shoots into the air, according to the fireworks chapter of Delaware’s health and safety code.}} Florida,{{cite news|last1=Hernández|first1=Arelis R.|title=Officials urge caution when fireworks are part of the celebration|url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2013/07/01/officials-urge-caution-when-fireworks-are-part-of-the-celebration/|access-date=6 August 2015|newspaper=Orlando Sentinel|date=2013-07-01|quote=Florida law prohibits any fireworks that fly through the air or explode—such as Roman candles, bottle rockets and mortars—for recreational use.}} Maryland,{{Cite web|date=Sep 2016|title=Law Enforcement Guide to Fireworks Identification|url=https://mdsp.maryland.gov/firemarshal/Documents/Law%20Enforcment%20Guide%20to%20Fireworks%20ID.pdf|access-date=Nov 16, 2021}} Massachusetts,{{cite news |last1=Sobey |first1=Rick |title=Massachusetts State Police seize more fireworks, charge 4 people ahead of Fourth of July |url=https://www.bostonherald.com/2022/07/03/massachusetts-state-police-seize-more-fireworks-charge-4-people-ahead-of-fourth-of-july/ |work=Boston Herald |date=July 3, 2022 |quote=Ahead of the Fourth of July, Mass State Police keep seizing fireworks at the state border and charging people who bring illegal bottle rockets, Roman candles, sparklers and more into the Bay State.}} Minnesota,{{cite news |last1=Stroozas |first1=Sam |title=For those who don't enjoy fireworks, some tips for this holiday weekend |url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2022/07/02/fireworks-tips-for-veterans-and-pets |agency=MPR News |date=July 2, 2022 |quote=Sparklers, snakes and tubes that emit sparks are legal in Minnesota but firecrackers and rockets — any fireworks that are aerial or explosive — remain illegal in our state.}} New Jersey,{{cite news |last1=Brodesser-Akner |first1=Claude |title=Christie legalizes some fireworks in time for your 4th of July celebration |url=http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2017/06/breaking_christie_legalizes_non-explosive_firework.html |accessdate=14 June 2018 |newspaper=NJ Star-Ledger |date=Jun 29, 2017}} New York,{{cite news |last1=Brown |first1=Raven |title=Fireworks in NYS: What's allowed and what's not? |url=https://www.whec.com/news/fireworks-in-nys-whats-allowed-and-whats-not/6514087/ |agency=WHEC |date=June 29, 2022 |quote=According to the New York State Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Services’ Office of Fire Prevention and Control, consumer fireworks including firecrackers, bottle rockets, roman candles, spinners, and aerial devices, remain illegal statewide.}} North Carolina,{{cite news |last1=Rivera |first1=Tanya |title=Fireworks: What's legal & illegal in NC |url=https://www.wfmynews2.com/article/news/local/2-wants-to-know/fireworks-whats-legal-illegal-in-nc-sparklers-glow-worms-smoke-bombs-anything-airborne-explodes-state-statute-danger-emergency-room-have-a-bucket/83-57ac9724-cd58-4611-892c-beb3cecc0b45 |agency=WFMY |quote='In North Carolina, the only fireworks that are legal are the ones that emit sparks. They can make noise but cannot propel into the air and they cannot explode,' said Lt. Chris Davenport, Forsyth County Sheriff's Office.}} Oregon,{{cite news |last1=Howard |first1=Jerry |title=Fire Marshal about Oregon fireworks: "Keep it legal, keep it safe." |url=https://www.kdrv.com/news/fire-marshal-about-oregon-fireworks-keep-it-legal-keep-it-safe/article_d731c028-f65b-11ec-9f1d-dfd077204651.html |agency=KDRV |date=June 27, 2022 |quote=Fireworks, commonly called bottle rockets, Roman candles, and are illegal in Oregon without a permit.}} and Rhode Island.{{cite web |title=Fireworks Laws |url=http://www.pyrouniverse.com/statelaws.htm |website=Pyro Universe |accessdate=2013-03-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514010617/http://www.pyrouniverse.com/statelaws.htm |archivedate=2013-05-14}}
Construction and ignition
File:Roman Candle Jakarta NYE2020.webm 2020 in Merdeka Square, Jakarta, Indonesia]]
Roman candles are fireworks constructed with bentonite, lifting charge, pyrotechnic star, black powder, and delay charge. The device is ignited from the top, which should be pointed into the sky, away from people. The delay powder is packed tightly in the tube, so that the flame cannot reach around the sides of the plug of delay composition. It therefore burns slowly; as it is consumed, the flame moves down through the tube. When the flame reaches the topmost pyrotechnic star, the star is ignited. Because the star fits loosely in the tube, the fire spreads around it and ignites the lift charge. The lift charge burns quickly, propelling the star out of the tube. In doing so it also ignites the layer of delay powder beneath it, and the process repeats.
There are several variations on this:
- Many Chinese Roman candles use clay instead of delay powder and run a length of fuse down the inside of the candle to time the lifts.
- Larger Roman candles (three-inch diameter or more) usually add more lift to the highest layers and less to the lower layers in order to cause the stars to lift to the same altitude. This is due to the shorter length of tube available for accelerating the higher stars (see firearms internal ballistics).
- Some very large Roman candles load comet shells instead of stars.
Star colors and chemistry
The stars of Roman candles can be found in a variety of colors. Colors are manipulated by adding compounds which, when ignited, release visible light and other radiation. For example, when potassium perchlorate (KClO4) is used as an oxidizer, chemical reactions involving the dissociated elements of the perchlorate—potassium and chlorine ions—create barium compounds which emit green light (especially BaCl2). The potassium compounds formed by this reaction emit mostly near-infrared light, and so they do not affect the color of the star in a significant way. This reaction occurs at temperatures exceeding 2500 °C (4500 °F), at which the ions in KCl dissociate into free K+ and Cl−. Alternatively, SrCO3 can be added to the candle to produce a red or pink star, but, because it does not oxidize, more oxidizers and fuels must be added to sustain combustion. During combustion, various strontium compounds (especially Sr(OH)2) emit red light, most of which is between 506 and 722 nm in wavelength.{{cite book|last1=Russell|first1=Michael S.|title=The chemistry of fireworks|date=2000|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-85404-598-3|pages=70−73|edition=Repr.|url=https://archive.org/details/The_Chemistry_of_Fireworks_Russell|quote=roman candle.|accessdate=6 August 2015}}
See also
References
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