Romans 16#Controversy

This chapter is divided into 27 verses. The original text was written in Koine Greek: some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:

• Papyrus 46 (175-225; complete with minor lacunae at bottom of leaves)
• Papyrus 118 (3rd century; extant verses 1, 4–7, 11–12)
• Codex Vaticanus (325–350)
• Codex Sinaiticus (330–360)
• Codex Alexandrinus (400–440)
• Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (~450; complete)
• Papyrus 61 (7th century; extant verses 23–27)

{{main|Phoebe (biblical figure)}}

{{blockquote|{{sup|1}}I commend to you our sister Phoebe, who is a servant of the church at Cenchrea, {{sup|2}}that you welcome her in the Lord in a manner worthy of the saints, and that you assist her in whatever matter she may have need of you, for she has been a helper of many and of myself as well.|Romans 16:1–2, Modern English Version{{bibleverse|Romans|16:1–2|MEV}} MEV}}

"Phoebe" is described as a "servant" ({{langx|grc|διακονον|diakonon|label=none}}) of the church in the New King James Version, as a "deacon" in the New International Version and the New Revised Standard Version, a "deaconess" in the Revised Standard Version and the Jerusalem Bible, and a "leader" in the Contemporary English Version. According to the contemporary idiom in The Message, she was "a key representative of the church at Cenchreae" (or Cenchrea).[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans%2016:1-3&version=MSG Romans 16:1-3 The Message] The Jerusalem Bible suggests she was "probably the bearer of the letter" Footnote in Jerusalem Bible at Romans 16:1, Darton, Longman & Todd, 1966 and verse 2 suggests she also had other "business"[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans%2016:1-3&version=GNV Romans 16:1-3 Geneva Bible] to deal with in Rome.

{{main|Priscilla and Aquila}}

{{blockquote|{{sup|3}}Greet Priscilla and Aquila, my fellow workers in Christ Jesus, {{sup|4}}who risked their own necks for my life, to whom not only I give thanks, but also all the churches of the Gentiles.|Romans 16:3–4, New King James Version{{bibleverse|Romans|16:3–4|NKJV}} NKJV}}

"Priscilla" is a diminutive and affectionate name for 'Prisca'. She and her husband, Aquila, were expelled from Rome as Jews under Claudius, and had been converted at Corinth by Paul (Acts 18:1).Meyer, Heinrich August Wilhelm (1880). [http://biblehub.com/commentaries/meyer/romans/16.htm Commentary on the New Testament. Romans 16]. Translation by Peter Christie from Meyer's sixth edition. Accessed February 14, 2019. Priscilla was remarkably mentioned first, perhaps inferring that she was "the more active and conspicuous of the two" as also in Acts 18:18 and 2 Timothy 4:19; except in 1 Corinthians 16:19, where they send greetings, her husband takes precedence.[http://biblehub.com/commentaries/egt/romans/16.htm Expositor's Greek Testament. Romans 16]. Accessed 24 April 2019.

Afterwards this married couple appear in Paul's company at Ephesus (Acts 18:18; Acts 18:26; 1 Corinthians 16:19). When this Epistle was written they were at Rome, but later they seem to have returned to Ephesus (2 Timothy 4:19).

"Aquila" was a Jew of Pontus. There is another Jew named Aquila from Pontus (Sinope), living more than a century later, who made a translation of the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) into Greek, critically compared with the Septuagint in the Hexapla of Origen.Ellicott, C. J. (Ed.) 1905). [http://biblehub.com/commentaries/ellicott/romans/16.htm Ellicott's Bible Commentary for English Readers. Romans 16.] London : Cassell and Company, Limited, [1905-1906] Online version: (OCoLC) 929526708. Accessed 28 April 2019.

{{main|Andronicus of Pannonia|Junia (New Testament person)}}

{{blockquote|Salute Andronicus and Junia, my kinsmen, and my fellow-prisoners, who are of note among the apostles, who also were in Christ before me.|Romans 16:7, King James Version{{bibleverse|Romans|16:7|KJV}} KJV}}

• "Andronicus" was a kinsman of Paul and a fellow prisoner at some time, particularly well known among the apostles, who had become a follower of Jesus Christ before Paul's conversion on the road to Damascus, and whom Paul commended together with Junia as being remarkable Christian workers and "apostles" alongside Silas, Timothy, and others given that title in the early Church.Stagg, Evelyn and Frank Stagg. Woman in the World of Jesus. Westminster Press, 1978. {{ISBN|0-664-24195-6}}
• "Junia": Despite the existence of a view in the past that this was a man named Junias ({{lang|grc|Ἰουνιᾶς}} or {{lang|grc|Ἰουνίας}}, the latter being the Hebrew name Yĕḥunnī), the consensus among most modern New Testament scholars is that this person was a woman named Junia ({{lang|grc|Ἰουνία}}),Al Wolters, "[http://www.michaelsheiser.com/TheNakedBible/Iounian%20as%20a%20mans%20name%20in%20Rom%20167.pdf ΙΟΥΝΙΑΝ (Romans 16:7) and the Hebrew name Yĕḥunnī]," JBL 127 (2008), 397. whom Paul the Apostle may have considered as an apostle.Epp, Eldon. Junia, the First Woman Apostle. Augsburg Fortress, 2005. {{ISBN|0-8006-3771-2}} Craig Hill states that no example has been found for the masculine form 'Junias', while the feminine form of 'Junia' is "very well attested", so the rendering to 'Junias' in some Bible versions is a "scandalous mistranslation".{{sfn|Hill|2007|p=1107}}

{{main|Tertius of Iconium}}

{{blockquote|I Tertius, who wrote this epistle, salute you in the Lord.|Romans 16:22, King James Version{{bibleverse|Romans|16:22|KJV}}: KJV}}

"Tertius" was an amanuensis of the apostle, who wrote this letter, either from the apostle's notes, or from dictation. His name is a Latin one, and perhaps the person might be a Roman, for the names Secundus, Tertius, Quartus, Quintus, etc. were common with the Romans, although it could be argued that this man was the same with Silas, which Hebrew word is the same as Tertius. Silas is known as a companion of apostle Paul, also is numbered among the seventy disciples, and said to be bishop of Iconium (see Luke 10:1). The phrase "in the Lord" could be connected with "wrote this epistle" and make the sense that Tertius wrote this epistle for the Lord's sake (not by inspiration, but being only scribe to the apostle). However, that phrase is better connected with the word "salute" and the sense is that his salutation was meant to wish the people well in the Lord, so that "they might have much communion with him".Gill, John. [http://www.biblestudytools.com/commentaries/gills-exposition-of-the-bible/romans-16-22.html Exposition of the Entire Bible – Romans 16:22]

{{main|Gaius (biblical figure)|Erastus of Corinth|Quartus}}

{{blockquote|Gaius, my host and the host of the whole church, greets you. Erastus, the treasurer of the city, greets you, and Quartus, a brother.|Romans 16:23, New King James Version{{bibleverse|Romans|16:23|NKJV}}: NKJV}}

• "Erastus" (Greek: {{langx|grc|Ἔραστος|Erastos|label=none}}): also known as "Erastus of Paneas", was a steward ({{langx|grc|οἰκονόμος|oikonomos|label=none}}) in Corinth, a political office of high civic status. The word is defined as "the manager of household or of household affairs" or, in this context, "treasurer";{{cite web|title=οἰκονόμος|url=http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G3623|work=Blue Letter Bible -Lexicon|access-date=18 May 2012|trans-title=Steward}} the King James Version uses the translation "chamberlain", while the New International Version uses "director of public works". An inscription mentioning an Erastus was found in 1929 near a paved area northeast of the theater of Corinth, dated to the mid-first century and reads "Erastus in return for his aedileship paved it at his own expense."{{cite web|title=PH209961|url=http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/main?url=oi%3Fikey%3D209961%26bookid%3D223%26region%3D2%26subregion%3D1|work=Searchable Greek Inscriptions|publisher=The Packard Humanities Institute|access-date=18 May 2012}} Inscription: {{langx|la|ERASTVS. PRO. AED. S. P. STRAVIT}}, abbreviated for ERASTUS PRO AEDILITATE SUA PECUNIA STRAVIT. Some New Testament scholars have identified this aedile Erastus with the Erastus mentioned in the Epistle to the Romans but this is disputed by others.{{Cite journal|last=GILL|first=David|date=1989|title=David W.J. Gill, “Erastus The Aedile.” Tyndale Bulletin 40.2 (1989): 298.|journal=Tyndale Bulletin 40.2|pages=298}}
• "Quartus": the description "a brother" is interpreted by most scholars as "a fellow believer", rather than 'a brother of Erastus'.John Murray, Epistle to the Romans, Volume II, p. 239. According to church tradition, he is known as "Quartus of Berytus", a bishop of Beirut (around AD 50) and one of the seventy disciples.{{citation|last=Smith |first=William |title=Smith's Bible Dictionary |year=1967 | publisher=Revell |location=Westwood |oclc=6053170|contribution= Quartus |contribution-url= http://www.christnotes.org/dictionary.php?dict=sbd&id=3545}}Goodrich, J. (2011). Erastus of Corinth (Romans 16.23): Responding to Recent Proposals on his Rank, Status, and Faith. New Testament Studies, 57(4), 583-593. doi:10.1017/S0028688511000063

{{blockquote|To God only wise, be glory through Jesus Christ for ever. Amen.|Romans 16:27, King James Version{{bibleverse|Romans|16:27|KJV}} KJV}}

Paul's doxology in the conclusion of the epistle, aside from effectively summing up some of the key themes, gives a high note of ascription of glory to "the only wise God".{{sfn|Moo|1994|p=1160}}

There are many scholars who argue that the original letter ended with Romans 14:23 because they believe that this doxology (along with much of chapters 15 and 16) were added later to summarize the contents of the letter and to provide a less abrupt ending.{{Cite web |last=SW-Admin |title=Romans 16:25-27 |url=https://sermonwriter.com/biblical-commentary-old/romans-1625-27/ |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=Sermon Writer |language=en-US}} Some have said that the end of the original is in chapter 15.{{Cite web |title=Chapter 16 in Paul’s Letter to the Romans: Dispensable Tagalong or Valuable Envelope? |url=https://www.cbeinternational.org/resource/chapter-16-pauls-letter-romans/ |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=CBE International |language=en-US}} There are Romans manuscripts which end in chapter 15 and other manuscripts place chapter 16 between chapters 14 and 15.{{Cite web |date=2011-04-28 |title=Q&A 1151 — Romans 16 original? |url=https://www.douglasjacoby.com/q-a-1151-romans-16-original/ |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=Douglas Jacoby |language=en-US}}

Many translations exclude this verse altogether, skipping from verse 23 to verse 25, because most of the older manuscripts, discovered some time after chapter and verse numbers were applied to Romans, do not have them, it is generally omitted from the final translation.{{Cite web |title=What does Romans 16:24 mean? |url=https://www.bibleref.com/Romans/16/Romans-16-24.html |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=BibleRef.com |language=en}} Protestants usually omit verse 16:24 but the Anglican Church accepts it as canonical.{{Cite web |last=Wayne |first=Luke |date=2018-10-31 |title=Was Romans 16:24 removed from modern Bibles? |url=https://carm.org/king-james-onlyism/was-romans-1624-removed-from-modern-bibles/ |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=Christian Apologetics & Research Ministry |language=en-US}}

Arland J. Hultgren said:

{{blockquote|They are missing altogether in some Greek witnesses; alternatively, they appear at the end of chapter 14 in some Greek texts; and they appear after chapter 15 in others. (There are even more variations than these!) So many textual variations makes these verses highly suspect, causing one to question whether they were part of the version that came from the hand of Tertius, Paul’s amanuensis (Romans 16:22).{{Cite web |date=2014-12-21 |title=Commentary on Romans 16:25-27 |url=https://www.workingpreacher.org/commentaries/revised-common-lectionary/fourth-sunday-of-advent-2/commentary-on-romans-1625-27-3 |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=Working Preacher from Luther Seminary |language=en-US}}}}

• Cenchrea
• Herodion of Patras
• Rufus
• Related Bible parts: Mark 15, Acts 18

{{reflist}}

• {{cite book |last= Coogan|first = Michael David| author-link= Michael D. Coogan |title = The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48 |editor-last1=Coogan |editor-first1=Michael David |editor-first2=Marc Zvi |editor-last2= Brettler |editor-first3=Carol Ann |editor-last3= Newsom |editor-first4= Pheme |editor-last4= Perkins

|edition=Augmented 3rd |publisher = Oxford University Press |year =2007 |isbn = 9780195288810 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HmpMPgAACAAJ }}

• {{cite book|last=Hill | first= Craig C. |chapter = 64. Romans | title=The Oxford Bible Commentary | editor-first1=John| editor-last1=Barton | editor-first2=John| editor-last2= Muddiman | publisher = Oxford University Press |edition= first (paperback) | date = 2007 | pages = 1083–1108 | isbn = 978-0199277186 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ| access-date=February 6, 2019}}
• {{cite book|last=Moo |first= Douglas J. | author-link= Douglas J. Moo | chapter= Romans |editor-last=Carson |editor-first=D. A. |title=New Bible Commentary: 21st Century Edition|editor-link= D. A. Carson| editor-last2= France |editor-first2= R. T. | editor2-link= R. T. France |editor-first3=J. A. |editor-last3= Motyer | editor3-link = J. Alec Motyer| editor-first4= G. J. |editor-last4= Wenham | editor4-link = Gordon Wenham| edition=4, illustrated, reprint, revised| publisher= Inter-Varsity Press | date= 1994| isbn = 9780851106489 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=uveHQgAACAAJ |pages = 1115–1160}}

• {{bibleverse|Romans|16|KJV}} King James Bible - Wikisource
• [http://www.latinvulgate.com/lv/verse.aspx?t=1&b=6&c=16 English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate]
• [http://www.gospelhall.org/bible/bible.php?passage=Romans+16 Online Bible at GospelHall.org] (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
• [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=52&chapter=16 Multiple bible versions at Bible Gateway] (NKJV, NIV, NRSV etc.)

{{Epistle to the Romans}}

16