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Ronga language

{{Short description|Bantu language spoken in southern Africa}}

{{distinguish|text = the Rongga language of central Flores, Indonesia}}

{{Infobox language

|name=Ronga

|states=Mozambique, South Africa

|speakers={{sigfig|722,000|2}}

|date=2006

|ref=e18

|familycolor=Niger-Congo

|fam2=Atlantic–Congo

|fam3=Volta-Congo

|fam4=Benue–Congo

|fam5=Bantoid

|fam6=Southern Bantoid

|fam7=Bantu

|fam8=Southern Bantu

|fam9=Tswa–Ronga

|iso3=rng

|glotto=rong1268

|glottorefname=Ronga

|guthrie=S.54

|lingua=[http://linguasphere.info/?page=linguascale&linguacode=99-AUT-dd 99-AUT-dd]
incl. varieties
99-AUT-dda...-dde

|notice=IPA

}}

Ronga (XiRonga; sometimes ShiRonga or GiRonga) is a Bantu language of the Tswa–Ronga branch spoken just south of Maputo in Mozambique. It extends a little into South Africa. It has about 650,000 speakers in Mozambique and a further 90,000 in South Africa, with dialects including Konde, Putru and Kalanga.

The Swiss philologist Henri-Alexandre Junod seems to have been the first linguist to have studied it, in the late 19th century.

Phonology<ref>{{Cite web |title=PHOIBLE 2.0 - |url=https://phoible.org/inventories/view/1546 |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=phoible.org}}</ref>

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

!

!Front

!Central

!Back

style="text-align:center;"

!Close

|{{IPAlink|i}}

|

|{{IPAlink|u}}

Mid

|{{IPAlink|e}}

|

|{{IPAlink|o}}

style="text-align:center;"

!Open

|

|{{IPAlink|a}}

|

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |

! colspan="2" |Labio-(dental)

! colspan="2" |Alveolar

! colspan="2" |Lateral

! colspan="2" |Post-alveolar

! colspan="2" |Retroflex

! colspan="2" |Velar/

Glottal

plain

!lab.

!plain

!lab.

!plain

!lab.

!plain

!lab.

!plain

!lab.

!plain

!lab.

rowspan="2" |Nasal

!voiced

|{{IPAlink|m}}

|

|{{IPAlink|n}}

|{{IPAlink|nʷ}}

|

|

|{{IPAlink|ɲ}}

|{{IPAlink|ɲʷ}}

|

|

|

|{{IPAlink|ŋʷ}}

breathy

|{{IPAlink|mʱ}}

|

|{{IPAlink|nʱ}}

|{{IPAlink|nʷʱ}}

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

rowspan="5" |Stop

!voiceless

|{{IPAlink|p}}

|

|{{IPAlink|t}}

|{{IPAlink|tʷ}}

|

|

|

|

|

|

|{{IPAlink|k}}

|{{IPAlink|kʷ}}

aspirated

|{{IPAlink|pʰ}}

|

|{{IPAlink|tʰ}}

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|{{IPAlink|kʰ}}

|{{IPAlink|kʷʰ}}

voiced

|{{IPAlink|b}}

|

|{{IPAlink|d}}

|

|

|{{IPAlink|dˡʷ}}

|

|

|

|

|{{IPAlink|ɡ}}

|{{IPAlink|ɡʷ}}

breathy

|{{IPAlink|bʱ}}

|

|{{IPAlink|dʱ}}

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|{{IPAlink|ɡʱ}}

|{{IPAlink|ɡʷʱ}}

non-pulmonic

|{{IPAlink|ɓ}}

|

|{{IPAlink|ɗ}}

|

|

|

|{{IPAlink|ɡǂ}}

|

|

|

|

|

rowspan="4" |Affricate

!voiceless

|{{IPAlink|p̪f}}

|{{IPAlink|psʷ}}

|{{IPAlink|ts}}

|

|

|

|{{IPAlink|tʃ}}

|

|{{IPAlink|tʂ}}

|{{IPAlink|tʂʷ}}

|

|

aspirated

|{{IPAlink|p̪fʰ}}

|{{IPAlink|psʷʰ}}

|{{IPAlink|tsʰ}}

|

|

|

|{{IPAlink|tʃʰ}}

|

|{{IPAlink|tʂʰ}}

|

|

|

voiced

|{{IPAlink|b̪v}}

|{{IPAlink|bzʷ}}

|{{IPAlink|dz}}

|

|

|

|{{IPAlink|dʒ}}

|

|{{IPAlink|dʐ}}

|{{IPAlink|dʐʷ}}

|

|

breathy

|

|

|

|

|

|

|{{IPAlink|dʒʱ}}

|

|

|

|

|

rowspan="3" |Fricative

!voiceless

|{{IPAlink|f}}

|

|{{IPAlink|s}}

|{{IPAlink|sʷ}}

|{{IPAlink|ɬ}}

|{{IPAlink|ɬʷ}}

|{{IPAlink|ʃ}}

|{{IPAlink|ʃʷ}}

|

|

|

|

voiced

|{{IPAlink|v}}

|

|{{IPAlink|z}}

|

|

|

|{{IPAlink|ʒ}}

|

|{{IPAlink|ʐ}}

|{{IPAlink|ʐʷ}}

|

|

breathy

|{{IPAlink|vʱ}}

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|{{IPAlink|ɦ}}

rowspan="2" |Sonorant

!voiced

|

|

|{{IPAlink|r}}

|

|{{IPAlink|l}}

|{{IPAlink|lʷ}}

|{{IPAlink|j}}

|

|

|

|

|{{IPAlink|w}}

breathy

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|{{IPAlink|wʱ}}

Alphabet

Its alphabet is similar to that of Tsonga as provided by Methodist missionaries and Portuguese settlers.

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|+ Methodist alphabet

Letter

| A || B || C || D || E || G || H || I || J || K || L || M || N || Ṅ || O || P || R || S || Ŝ || T || U || V || W || X || Y || Z || Ẑ

Value

| {{IPA|a}} || {{IPA|b}}~{{IPA|β}} || {{IPA|tʃ}} || {{IPA|d}} || {{IPA|e}}~{{IPA|ɛ}} || {{IPA|ɡ}} || {{IPA|h}} || {{IPA|i}} || {{IPA|dʒ}} || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|l}} || {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || {{IPA|ŋ}} || {{IPA|ɔ}}~{{IPA|o}} || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|r}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|ʂ}} || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|u}} || {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|w}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|j}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʐ}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|+ 1989 alphabet{{cite web|url=http://www.bisharat.net/A12N/MozaSource.htm|title=Table from 'I Seminario sobre a Padronizacão da Ortografia de Línguas Moçambicanas' |website=www.bisharat.net}}

Letter

| A || B || By || Ch || D || E || G || H || Hl || I || J || K || L || Lh || M || N || Nʼ || O || P || Ps || R || S || Sv || Sw || T || U || V || Vh || W || X || Xj || Y || Z || Zv || Zw

Value

| {{IPA|a}} || {{IPA|b}}~{{IPA|β}} || {{IPA|b͡ʐ}} || {{IPA|tʃ}} || {{IPA|d}} || {{IPA|e}}~{{IPA|ɛ}} || {{IPA|ɡ}} || {{IPA|h}} || {{IPA|ɸ}} || {{IPA|i}} || {{IPA|dʒ}} || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|l}} || {{IPA|ʎ}} || {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|n}} || {{IPA|ŋ}} || {{IPA|ɔ}}~{{IPA|o}} || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|p͡ʂ}} || {{IPA|r}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|ʂ}} || {{IPA|sʷ}} || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|u}} || {{IPA|ʋ}} || {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|w}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ʒ}} || {{IPA|j}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʐ}} || {{IPA|zʷ}}

Grammar

Ronga is grammatically so close to Tsonga in many ways that census officials have often considered it a dialect; its noun class system is very similar and its verbal forms are almost identical. Its most immediately noticeable difference is a much greater influence from Portuguese, due to being centred near the capital Maputo (formerly Lourenço Marques).

Literature

The first book to be published in Ronga was the Gospel of John translated mainly by Henri Berthoud from the {{ill|Swiss Romande Mission|de|Mission Romande}}. It was published by the British and Foreign Bible Society in 1896. Further translation was done by Pierre Loze from Mission Romande (Swiss Romande Mission) and H.L. Bishop (Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society), assisted by Jeremia Caetano and Efraim Hely. The New Testament was published in 1903, and the whole Bible was published by the British and Foreign Bible Society in 1923.

References

{{incubator|code=rng}}

{{Reflist}}

{{Languages of Mozambique}}

{{Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Languages of Mozambique

Category:Tswa-Ronga languages

Category:Click languages

{{Bantu-lang-stub}}

{{Mozambique-stub}}