Rosalie Mackenzie Poe
{{Short description|Poet, sister of Edgar Allan Poe}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rosalie Mackenzie Poe
| image = Rosalie Poe.png
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Poe {{circa}} 1872
| birth_name = Rosalie Poe
| birth_date = December 1810
| birth_place = Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1874|7|21|1810|12|}}
| death_place = Washington, D.C., US
| resting_place = Rock Creek Cemetery
Washington, D.C.
| occupation =
| years_active =
| spouse =
| children =
| parents = David Poe Jr. (disputed)
Elizabeth Arnold
| relatives = Edgar Allan Poe (brother)
William Leonard Poe (brother)
}}
Rosalie Mackenzie Poe (December 1810 – July 21, 1874) was an American poet and the sister of Edgar Allan Poe.{{cite journal |last=Weiss |first=Susan Archer |title=The Sister of Edgar A. Poe |journal=Continent |volume=III |number=6 |date=June 27, 1883 |pages=816-819}}{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=Mary Elizabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4IYcEwbZYzkC&dq=Rosalie+Mackenzie+Poe&pg=PA32 |chapter=Ancestry and early childhood |title=Edgard Allen Poe—The Man |date=1926 |publisher=John C. Winston Company |location=Philadelphia |page=32 |language=en}}{{Cite book |last=Danilov |first=Victor J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kWsrAQAAQBAJ |title=Famous Americans: A Directory of Museums, Historic Sites, and Memorials |date=September 26, 2013 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |location=Lanham, Maryland |isbn=978-0-8108-9186-9 |page=58 |language=en}}
Early life and family
Poe was born in December 1810 in Norfolk, Virginia, the daughter of English-born actress Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins Poe and American actor David Poe Jr.{{Cite book |editor-last=Campbell |editor-first=Killis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X6YOAAAAIAAJ&dq=Rosalie+Mackenzie+Poe&pg=PR11 |title=The Poems of Edgar Allan Poe |date=1917 |location=Boston |publisher=Ginn and Company |page=xi |language=en}} The family faced financial hardship and her mother suffered from pneumonia and tuberculosis.{{Cite web |title=Poe: About the Man |url=https://www.virginiamemory.com/exhibitions/poe/man |website=Virginia Memory |publisher=Library of Virginia |location=Richmond, Virginia |date=2009 |access-date=November 16, 2022 |last1=Rowland |first1=T. J. |first2=Jason |last2=Roma |last3=Harper |first3=Les |first4=Christine |last4=Sisic |first5=Amy |last5=Winegardner}}
Because David Poe had abandoned his family during the period before her birth, questions arose about Rosalie's paternity.{{Cite book |editor-last1=Moreno |editor-first1=Beatriz González |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wbaQYOWZlgC&dq=Rosalie+Mackenzie+Poe&pg=PA128 |title=A Descent Into Edgar Allan Poe and His Works: The Bicentennial |editor-last2=Aragón |editor-first2=Margarita Rigal |date=2010 |publisher=Peter Lang |location=Bern |isbn=978-3-0343-0089-6 |page=128 |language=en |quote=Elizabeth...Poe's mother...died...in 1811...leaving a third child, Rosalie, by an unknown father...}}{{Cite book |last=Quinn |first=Arthur Hobson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i3ZfMts9tcsC&dq=Rosalie+Mackenzie+Poe&pg=PR2-IA5 |title=Edgar Allan Poe: A Critical Biography |date=1941 |publisher=Appleton-Century-Crofts Inc. |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4214-0491-2 |language=en |page=89 |quote=...at least [Rosalie] is half [Henry Poe's] sister...}} Such rumors continued when Joseph Gallego, a wealthy resident of Richmond, Virginia, left the young Rosalie $2,000 in his will when he died in 1818.{{Cite web |title=The Other Poe |url=https://poemuseum.org/the-other-poe/ |date=June 14, 2014 |access-date=November 16, 2022 |location=Richmond, Virginia |website=The Poe Museum |archive-date=November 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116152035/https://poemuseum.org/the-other-poe/ |url-status=live }}
In 1811, after the deaths of their parents, Rosalie was adopted by William and Jane Scott Mackenzie in Richmond.{{Cite book |editor-last1=Ostrum |editor-first1=John Ward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PsQLAQAAMAAJ&q=Rosalie+Mackenzie+Poe |title=The Collected Letters of Edgar Allan Poe |volume=I, 1824–1846 |edition=Third |editor-last2=Pollin |editor-first2=Burton Ralph |editor-last3=Savoye |editor-first3=Jeffrey A. |date=2008 |publisher=Gordian Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-87752-247-8 |pages=268 |language=en}} In 1812, she was baptized and christened with the name of Rosalie Mackenzie.{{Cite web |publisher=PBS |website=American Masters |last=Hoehne |first=Kait |date=October 4, 2017 |title=Edgar Allan Poe: Buried Alive |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/edgar-allan-poe-buried-alive-timeline/9436/ |access-date=November 16, 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=November 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116152032/https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/edgar-allan-poe-buried-alive-timeline/9436/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore - Articles - E. A. P.: A Critical Biography (A. H. Quinn, 1941) (Chapter 01) |url=https://www.eapoe.org/papers/misc1921/quinnc02.htm#pg0058 |access-date=November 16, 2022 |website=www.eapoe.org |archive-date=November 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116202219/https://www.eapoe.org/papers/misc1921/quinnc02.htm#pg0058 |url-status=live }} During their childhoods, Edgar sometimes visited Rosalie and her schoolmates, reading his satires and poems to them.{{Cite book |last=Poe |first=Edgar Allan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMpHRRPcyKsC&dq=Rosalie+Mackenzie+Poe&pg=PA521 |title=Complete Poems |date=2000 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-06921-5 |pages=521 |language=en |access-date=February 22, 2023 |archive-date=June 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604151644/https://books.google.com/books?id=YMpHRRPcyKsC&dq=Rosalie+Mackenzie+Poe&pg=PA521 |url-status=live }} During her young adulthood, Rosalie taught penmanship at a girl's finishing school in Richmond.
Despite her frequent letters to him, Poe did not remain in close contact with her brother Edgar, with Nathaniel Parker Willis writing to him, "You seem as neglectful of your sister as I am of mine." She did read and enjoy his poems, counting "The Raven" and "The Bells" among her favorites, and took pleasure in being recognized as his sister among the public. When asked for an autograph, Rosalie would sign, "Rose Poe, Sister of the Poet."{{Cite book |last1=Case |first1=Keshia A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0yxwe1e234C&dq=Rosalie+Mackenzie+Poe&pg=PA64 |title=Edgar Allan Poe in Richmond |last2=Semtner |first2=Christopher P. |date=2009 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |isbn=978-0-7385-6714-3 |pages=64 |language=en}} In 1841, Rosalie visited Edgar while he was living in Philadelphia.{{Cite web |title=Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore - Works - Letters - E. A. Poe to T. Wyatt (April 1, 1841) |url=https://www.eapoe.org/works/letters/p4104011.htm |access-date=November 16, 2022 |website=www.eapoe.org |archive-date=May 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526114227/https://www.eapoe.org/works/letters/p4104011.htm |url-status=live }} In 1849, shortly before his death, Poe traveled to Richmond and visited Rosalie.{{Cite web |title=On his 208th birthday, a look back at Edgar Allen Poe's visit to Norfolk |url=https://www.pilotonline.com/history/article_f4f3a0b8-2194-55a1-9bf4-ddb8c87fe3cf.html |access-date=November 16, 2022 |website=The Virginian-Pilot |archive-date=November 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116152033/https://www.pilotonline.com/history/article_f4f3a0b8-2194-55a1-9bf4-ddb8c87fe3cf.html |url-status=live }}{{Cite book |last=Mcarthur |first=Debra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iAViDwAAQBAJ&dq=Rosalie+Mackenzie+Poe&pg=PA113 |title=Reading and Interpreting the Works of Edgar Allan Poe |date=December 15, 2015 |publisher=Enslow Publishing, LLC |isbn=978-0-7660-7343-2 |pages=113 |language=en |access-date=February 22, 2023 |archive-date=June 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604151638/https://books.google.com/books?id=iAViDwAAQBAJ&dq=Rosalie+Mackenzie+Poe&pg=PA113 |url-status=live }}
After Poe's death in 1849, Rosalie was presumed to be his sole heir, but did not take out the letters of administration required by law in Virginia.
= Health and financial struggles =
Based on contemporary writings regarding Rosalie, it is likely that she suffered from depression and alcoholism later in life.{{Cite web |title=Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore - Rosalie Mackenzie Poe |url=https://www.eapoe.org/papers/misc1851/18830627.htm |access-date=November 16, 2022 |website=www.eapoe.org}}{{Cite book |last=Bloomfield |first=Shelley Costa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d_XrDQAAQBAJ&dq=Rosalie+Mackenzie+Poe&pg=PT78 |title=The Everything Guide to Edgar Allan Poe Book: The life, times, and work of a tormented genius |date=August 1, 2007 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4405-3826-1 |language=en}}
The fortunes of the Mackenzie family were greatly diminished due to the American Civil War. After the war, Rosalie experienced homelessness and was in ill health, and the Mackenzie family was no longer able to care for her.{{Cite web |title=Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore - Articles - Complete Works of E. A. Poe, Vol. 17 - Letters (J. A. Harrison, 1902) (Chapter 01) |url=https://eapoe.org/works/harrison/jah17l01.htm#pg0013 |access-date=November 16, 2022 |website=eapoe.org |archive-date=November 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116152031/https://eapoe.org/works/harrison/jah17l01.htm#pg0013 |url-status=live }} She traveled between Baltimore and Richmond in hopes of finding relatives to take her in.{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=Philip Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXN0DwAAQBAJ&dq=Rosalie+Mackenzie+Poe&pg=PA60 |title=Poe and Place |date=October 23, 2018 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-96788-2 |pages=60 |language=en |access-date=February 22, 2023 |archive-date=June 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604151639/https://books.google.com/books?id=TXN0DwAAQBAJ&dq=Rosalie+Mackenzie+Poe&pg=PA60 |url-status=live }} She also made attempts to gain employment as a housekeeper.{{Cite web |title=Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore - Bookshelf - Building Poe Biography (J. C. Miller, 1977) (Chapter III) |url=https://www.eapoe.org/papers/misc1921/jcmbpbc3.htm |access-date=November 16, 2022 |website=www.eapoe.org}}
At times and out of necessity, Rosalie sold mementos and photographs of her brother Edgar to passersby.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3XgAAAAAYAAJ&dq=Rosalie+Mackenzie+Poe&pg=PA910 |title=The Century: 1903 |date=1904 |publisher=Century Company |pages=910 |language=en |access-date=February 22, 2023 |archive-date=June 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604151640/https://books.google.com/books?id=3XgAAAAAYAAJ&dq=Rosalie+Mackenzie+Poe&pg=PA910 |url-status=live }} Her primary source of financial support was "the kindness of strangers," motivated to assist her out of admiration for her famous brother.
Rosalie was eventually placed in the care of the Epiphany Church Home in Washington, D.C., where she spent her remaining years.{{Cite book |last=Brannan |first=Pauline Mae |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=saxIAAAAMAAJ |title=The Poe Family Line: A History of the Poe Family and Collaterals, Including Short Histories of Collaterals Corley, Hitt, Crim and Spielman, Early Families Found in Fauquier, Warren, and Rappahannock Counties of Virginia |date=1974 |publisher=Brannan |pages=54 |language=en |access-date=November 16, 2022 |archive-date=June 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604151641/https://books.google.com/books?id=saxIAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=July 24, 2017 |title=July 23: Rosalie Mackenzie Poe (1874) |url=http://epiphanydc.org/2017/07/24/july-23-rosalie-mackenzie-poe-1874/ |access-date=November 16, 2022 |website=EpiphanyDC |language=en-US}}
= Death =
Rosalie died at the Epiphany Church Home in 1874 due to inflammation of the stomach.{{Cite book |last=Poe |first=Edgar Allan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KQIyAQAAMAAJ&dq=Rosalie+Mackenzie+Poe&pg=PP9 |title=Poems and miscellanies |date=1850 |publisher=J. S. Redfield |pages=4 |language=en}} Her burial was arranged by Edgar Allan Poe fans who marked her birthyear on the tombstone as 1812, the year of her christening. She wished to be buried near her brother's grave in Baltimore, but was instead buried at Rock Creek Cemetery.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KoYfk0cjOG0C&q=Rosalie+Mackenzie+Poe |title=Tennessee Studies in Literature |date=1956 |publisher=Tennessee Philological Association and University of Tennessee |pages=116 |language=en}}{{Cite book |last=Phillips |first=Mary Elizabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzNbAAAAMAAJ&dq=Rosalie+Mackenzie+Poe&pg=PA1595 |title=Edgar Allan Poe, the Man |date=1926 |publisher=John C. Winston Company |pages=1596 |language=en}}
Writings
According to the Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore, Rosalie wrote several untitled poems that were not published until over 50 years after her death. Selected poems are below.{{poemquote|Fare thee well, may peace attend thee,
Hope each cheering influence lend thee,
May heaven from every ill defend thee
And bless the home that holds my friend.
Though we may never meet again
Thy image I will long retain
And whilst thy goodness I commend
My heart with pride shall call thee Friend.|sign=Rosalie Mackenzie Poe|title=Untitled Poem}}The second poem was published in the Chicago Step Ladder in 1927. {{poemquote|Yon rose that wears the blush of morn
Which glittering drops of dew adorn
Of various hue,
Whilst its chaste beauties I survey
Its fragrance sip as Zephyrs play
I think of you.
Yon violet too, that gives delight
Presenting to the enraptured sight
A matchless blue,
Whilst gazing mute it often brings
Upon my view on fancy's wings
The form of you.
When each fair flower I behold
Which to mine eyes its charms unfold
In shining dew,
Or wafted on the gentle gale
Its odors o'er the air prevail
I think of you.|sign=Rosalie Mackenzie Poe|title=Untitled Poem}}
In popular culture
Her brother William named a character "Rosalie" after her in his 1827 short story, "The Pirate," published in the Weekly Journal of Politics, Science, and Literature. He also mentioned Rosalie in his 1827 poem "Lines on a Pocket Book."{{Cite web |title=Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore - Bookshelf - Israfel: The Life and Times of E. A. Poe (H. Allen and T. O. Mabbott, 1926) (Chapter 01) |url=https://www.eapoe.org/papers/MISC1921/whp26c02.htm |access-date=November 16, 2022 |website=www.eapoe.org}}
Rosalie is a character in the 1909 historical fiction novel, The Dreamer, by Mary Newton Stanard.{{Cite web |title=The dreamer : a romantic rendering of the life-story of Edgar Allan Poe |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/09016976/ |access-date=November 16, 2022 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA |archive-date=November 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116152946/https://www.loc.gov/item/09016976/ |url-status=live }}
Rosalie is portrayed by a child actor in the 1915 silent biographical film, The Raven.
Rosalie was portrayed by Beth Graham in the original cast of the Off-Broadway musical, Nevermore: The Imaginary Life and Mysterious Death of Edgar Allan Poe.{{Cite web |date=July 7, 2011 |title=Nevermore - House Programme |url=http://www.artsclub.com/20092010/plays/house-programme/nevermore.pdf |access-date=November 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707171533/http://www.artsclub.com/20092010/plays/house-programme/nevermore.pdf |archive-date=July 7, 2011}}
Rosalie is a character in the 2003 gothic horror mystery novel The Pale Blue Eye by Louis Bayard,{{Cite web |title=People/Characters: Rosalie Poe {{!}} LibraryThing |url=https://www.librarything.com/ |access-date=November 16, 2022 |website=LibraryThing.com |language=en |archive-date=December 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218090901/https://www.librarything.com/ |url-status=live }} but does not appear in its 2022 film adaptation.
Rosalie is a character in the 2011 romance and ghost novel, The Raven's Bride, by Lenore Hart (St. Martin's Publishing Group).{{Cite book |last=Hart |first=Lenore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JbUKeU0Di68C&dq=Rosalie+Mackenzie+Poe&pg=PA22 |title=The Raven's Bride |date=February 15, 2011 |publisher=St. Martin's Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-4299-9424-8 |language=en |access-date=February 22, 2023 |archive-date=June 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604151646/https://books.google.com/books?id=JbUKeU0Di68C&dq=Rosalie%20Mackenzie%20Poe&pg=PA22 |url-status=live }}
References
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{{Edgar Allan Poe}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Poe, Rosalie Mackenzie}}
Category:Poe family (United States)