Rowland Prothero, 1st Baron Ernle

{{Short description|English author, barrister, cricketer, cricket administrator, journalist, and politician}}

{{Infobox officeholder

| honorific-prefix = The Right Honourable

| name = The Lord Ernle

| honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=UK|size=100%|MVO|PC}}

| image = Rowland Edmund Prothero.jpg

| imagesize =

| caption = Prothero in 1920

| alt = Black and white photo of a face

| order1 = President of the Board of Agriculture

| term_start1 = 10 December 1916

| term_end1 = 15 August 1919

| monarch1 = George V

| primeminister1 = David Lloyd George

| predecessor1 = The Earl of Crawford

| successor1 = The Lord Lee of Fareham

| parliament5 = United Kingdom

| constituency_MP5 = Oxford University

| term_start5 = 30 June 1914

| term_end5 = January 1919

| predecessor5 = Sir William Anson

| successor5 = Charles Oman

| birth_name = Rowland Edmund Prothero

| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1851|09|06}}

| birth_place = Clifton upon Teme, Worcestershire, England

| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1937|07|01|1851|09|06}}

| death_place = West Hendred, Berkshire, England

| resting_place = Wantage, Oxfordshire, England

| resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|51.5887|-1.4285|region:GB_type:landmark|display=inline}}

| nationality = British

| party = Conservative

| spouse = {{plainlist|

{{marriage|Mary Bailward|1891|1899|end=d}}
{{marriage|Barbara Hamley|1902|1930|end=d}}

}}

| children = 2

| relatives = Arthur Prothero (brother)
George Prothero (brother)

| alma_mater = Balliol College, Oxford

| occupation = {{hlist|Administrator|author|barrister|journalist|politician}}

| module =

{{Infobox cricketer | child=yes

| batting = Right-handed

| bowling = Right-arm medium

| club1 = Hampshire

| year1 = {{nowrap|1875–1883}}

| columns = 1

| column1 = First-class

| matches1= 6

| runs1 = 190

| bat avg1= 31.66

| 100s/50s1 = 1/0

| top score1 = 110

| deliveries1 = 416

| wickets1= 10

| bowl avg1 = 18.10

| fivefor1= 1

| tenfor1 = 0

| best bowling1 = 5/34

| catches/stumpings1 = 7/–

| source = {{Cricinfo |id=18633 |name=Rowland Prothero}} }}

}}

Rowland Edmund Prothero, 1st Baron Ernle {{post-nominals|country=UK|MVO|PC}} (6 September 1851 — 1 July 1937) was an English agriculturalist, author, barrister, cricketer, cricket administrator, journalist, and Conservative politician. Following a brief career as a barrister after his graduation from the University of Oxford, Prothero became an author who published several works on agriculture, amongst other publication genres. His literary career largely came to an end in 1898, when he became land agent for the 11th Duke of Bedford. Prothero then moved into politics, where he would represent the Conservative Party. After unsuccessfully contesting Biggleswade in the January 1910 general election, Prothero would successfully enter the House of Commons when he was elected unopposed as the second Member of Parliament for Oxford University in June 1914. His interest and expertise in agriculture led to him being appointed by Prime Minister David Lloyd George as President of the Board of Agriculture in December 1916, and with it a seat in the cabinet. His efforts to introduce a guaranteed price for wheat and the successful implementation of his "plough campaign" during the First World War helped to sustain the United Kingdom for the remainder of the conflict. In 1919 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Ernle, and subsequently resigned his parliamentary seat. Prothero would serve as president of the Marylebone Cricket Club in 1924 and 1925, having previously played first-class cricket in his youth for the Gentlemen of England and Hampshire.

Background and education

Prothero was the son of the Reverend Canon George Prothero, Rector of St. Mildred's Church, Whippingham on the Isle of Wight, and his wife, Emma, only daughter of the Reverend William Money-Kyrle, of Homme House in Herefordshire.{{cite news|url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CS268775651/TTDA?u=wikipedia&sid=bookmark-TTDA&xid=040e5908|title=Lord Ernle|newspaper=The Times|page=19|issue=47727|date=3 July 1937|access-date=31 March 2025|url-access=subscription|via=Gale}} He was born on 6 September 1851 in Clifton upon Teme, Worcestershire. Amongst his four siblings were the historian Sir George Prothero and the Royal Navy admiral Arthur William Edward Prothero. Prothero was first educated at home by his mother, before proceeding at the age of 10 to Temple Grove School.{{cite ODNB|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-35624|title=Prothero, Rowland Edmund, First Baron Ernle (1851–1937)|first=G. E.|last=Mingay|author-link=G. E. Mingay|date=21 May 2009|access-date=1 April 2025|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001|doi-broken-date=17 May 2025 }} However, his education at Temple Grove was interrupted by his affliction with a prolonged illness, and by the time he had fully recovered he was ready to attend Marlborough College.{{sfn|Hart|1905|page=181}} There it was noted by The Times that he distinguished himself more as a cricketer than he did academically, having played for the college in 1870 and 1871.{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/obituaries-in-1937-228185|title=Wisden – Obituaries in 1937|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=5 April 2025|archive-date=29 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229210149/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/obituaries-in-1937-228185|url-status=live}} From Marlborough, he matriculated to Balliol College, Oxford,{{sfn|Foster|1888|page=1157}} where he gained a First–Class Honours degree in Modern History in 1875.{{Who's Who|id=U209129|title=Ernle, 1st Baron}} Shortly after his graduation in 1875, he was elected a Fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford.

Prothero's reputation as a good cricketer followed him to Balliol, with Prothero captaining the college cricket team. Whilst he was not afforded the opportunity to play first-class cricket for Oxford University, he did make his debut in first-class whilst studying at Oxford, when he appeared for the Gentlemen of England against the University at the Magdalen Ground in June 1872.{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/6/6808/First-Class_Matches.html|title=First-Class Matches Played by Rowland Prothero|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=31 March 2025|url-access=subscription}} He met with success in the match, taking five wickets for 34 runs with his medium pace in Oxford's first innings, whilst in their second innings he took 3 for 44, contributing to the Gentlemen of England's victory by nine wickets.{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/1/1743.html|title=Oxford University v Gentlemen of England, University Match 1872|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=31 March 2025|url-access=subscription}} During the year of his graduation, he played a first-class match for Hampshire against Sussex at Winchester.

Academic, legal and literary careers

Following his studies at Oxford, Prothero spent a year in Darmstadt in Germany to better his proficiency in German. A student of the Middle Temple, he was called to the Bar in 1878 and became a member of the Oxford Circuit.{{sfn|Foster|1885|page=379}} After a four year gap, he returned to play first-class cricket in 1879 for the Gentlemen of England against Oxford University; the match would be notable for Prothero, with his scoring his only first-class century with 110 runs in Gentlemen of England second innings.{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/2/2271.html|title=Oxford University v Gentlemen of England, University Match 1879|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=1 April 2025|url-access=subscription}} His brief legal career came to an end in 1881, when poor eyesight necessitated him to give up law. Despite his increasingly poor eyesight, he continued to play first-class cricket for Hampshire between 1881 and 1883, making three appearances. He attempted to improve his eyesight by taking up walking, travelling the length and breadth of France on foot.

Upon his return to England, Prothero was elected Proctor of the University of Oxford in 1883, serving in that capacity under the Vice-Chancellorship of Benjamin Jowett until 1884; the pair would become close friends during this time. With his eyesight having improved, he embarked on a writing career shortly after the end of his proctorship. This pursuit enabled him to control his working hours. Initially he wrote prolifically under a pseudonym, contributing articles to the Quarterly Review and the Edinburgh Review. He had a longstanding interest in agriculture, fostered by knowledge gained from farmland attached to the rectory at Whippingham. He subsequently wrote extensively on the subject, beginning in 1888 when he published The Pioneers and Progress of English Farming. He was appointed assistant editor of the literary magazine The Nineteenth Century in 1889 at the behest of James Knowles, and in 1893 he became editor of the periodical Quarterly Review. He established his literary reputation in 1893, when he published the Life and Correspondence of Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, with Prothero subsequently producing a steady flow of works. In 1896, he published the previously unpublished Letters of Edward Gibbon and between 1898 and 1901 he published six volumes of the Letters and Journals of Lord Byron. He was commissioned by Queen Victoria to produce a private circulation of the Life of Prince Henry of Battenberg.

However, he 1898 Prothero's literary career largely came to an end when he accepted a "handsome offer" by the 11th Duke of Bedford to become chief agent on his estate, though he contiuned to dedicate a few hours each day to reading and writing. In the 1901 Birthday Honours, he was appointed a Member of the Royal Victorian Order (MVO).{{London Gazette|issue=27318|date=28 May 1901|page=3633}} His 1888 work The Pioneers and Progress of English Farming would evolve to become English Farming Past and Present, which was hailed as a "classic" upon its publication in 1912. His autobiography, entitled From Whippingham to Westminster, would be published posthumously by the publishing house John Murray in 1938.{{sfn|Hazlehurst|1996|p=303}}

Political career

Prothero's move into public life began in 1903, when he became chairman of the Higher Education Committee of Bedfordshire County Council, where he helped to enact the Education Act 1902. He unsuccessfully contested Biggleswade for the Liberal Unionist Party in the January 1910 general election, being defeated by the Liberal incumbent Arthur Black.{{cite news|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000320/19100122/109/0004|title=The General Election Results|work=Gloucestershire Echo|location=Gloucester|page=4|date=22 January 1910|access-date=3 April 2025|url-access=subscription|via=British Newspaper Archive}} Following the death of incumbent the death of the incumbent Member of Parliament for Oxford University Sir William Anson in June 1914,{{cite news|url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CS134808276/TTDA?u=wikipedia&sid=bookmark-TTDA&xid=b7f8561c|title=Unionist Candidate For Oxford University|work=The Times|location=London|issue=40555|page=8|date=20 June 1914|access-date=3 April 2025|url-access=subscription|via=Gale}} Prothero was elected unopposed as his replacement in the subsequent by-election.{{cite news|url=https://link.gale.comapps/doc/CS134677217/TTDA?u=wikipedia&sid=bookmark-TTDA&xid=7692d885|title=Oxford University Seat|work=The Times|location=London|issue=40564|page=8|date=1 July 1914|access-date=3 April 2025|url-access=subscription|via=Gale}} His time as an MP coincided with the First World War, which began a month after his election. He on served two agricultural committees during the early years of the war, headed by Viscount Milner and the 2nd Earl of Selborne; his experiences on these committees led to the Prime Minister David Lloyd George appointing him as President of the Board of Agriculture in December 1916, with a seat in the cabinet and thus sworn to the Privy Council.{{London Gazette|issue=29865|date=15 December 1916|page=12225}}

His appointment coincided with the German policy of unrestricted submarine warfare, which placed food supplies under severe threat and necessitated the need to expand agricultural production at home. He began a "plough campaign" to promote the expansion of the production of grain and potatoes on suitable grasslands, but had to overcome several obstacles to realise this, not least convincing the public and farmers of the need for such drastic measures. He was a proponent of introducing a guaranteed price for wheat, which he outlined in a letter to The Times in November 1916.{{cite news|url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CS168363890/TTDA?u=wikipedia&sid=bookmark-TTDA&xid=de9a4057|title=Home-Grown Food|first=Rowland E.|last=Prothero|work=The Times|location=London|issue=41328|page=10|date=18 November 1916|access-date=5 April 2025|url-access=subscription|via=Gale}} He was ultimately successful in bringing about its implementation via the Corn Production Act in 1917, while the "plough campaign" was successful in adding nearly {{convert|3000000|acre|km2}} of arable farmland; both are considered important achievements in helping to sustain the United Kingdom for the remainder of the war. The abandoning of Prothero's policies by the government following the war is considered the primary contributor towards the agricultural problems that would beset the country in the 1920s.

In the December 1918 general election which followed a month after the cessation of hostilities, Prothero retained his Oxford University seat.{{cite news|url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CS84609938/TTDA?u=wikipedia&sid=bookmark-TTDA&xid=f7644244|title=Oxford University Polling|work=The Times|location=London|issue=41976|page=5|date=18 December 1918|access-date=5 April 2025|url-access=subscription|via=Gale}} The following month he was raised to the peerage as Baron Ernle, of Chelsea in the County of London,{{London Gazette|issue=31168|date=7 February 1919|page=1956}}{{cite news|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000347/19190111/047/0002|title=Two New Peers|work=Staffordshire Sentinel|location=Hanley|page=2|date=11 January 1919|access-date=5 April 2025|url-access=subscription|via=British Newspaper Archive}} a title chosen in reflection of his pride in his own matrilineal descent from the Ernle family, one of the historic landed families of Wiltshire. With his elevation to the House of Lords, Prothero resigned his Oxford University seat. He would remain as President of the Board of Agriculture following his elevation to the peerage.{{cite news|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000989/19190117/148/0012|title=Peerage of Mr. Rowland Prothero|work=Oxford Chronicle and Reading Gazette|location=Oxford|page=12|date=17 January 1919|access-date=5 April 2025|url-access=subscription|via=British Newspaper Archive}} During a speech in Maidstone on 29 May 1919, he announced his resignation from the presidency,{{cite news|url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CS118033598/TTDA?u=wikipedia&sid=bookmark-TTDA&xid=dcc483fd|title=Lord Ernle's Policy|work=The Times|location=London|issue=42113|page=7|date=30 May 1919|access-date=5 April 2025|url-access=subscription|via=Gale}} and was subsequently succeeded by The Lord Lee of Fareham.

Later life, death and legacy

After his elevation to the peerage, Prothero served on the 1920–1922 Royal Commission on the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge. In 1921 and 1922, he served as president of the English Association. Prothero was elected president of the Marylebone Cricket Club in 1924, succeeding The Viscount Ullswater.{{cite news|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002947/19240508/159/0010|title=New President of M.C.C.|work=The Westminster Gazette|location=London|page=10|date=8 May 1924|access-date=5 April 2024|url-access=subscription|via=British Newspaper Archive}} His one-year term came to an end in 1925, and he was succeeded by Sir John de Robeck. He additional held the vice-presidencies of both the Royal Literary Fund and the Land Agents' Society. His poor eyesight, which he had battled throughout his life, progressively worsened during the final years. He lived out his final years at Ginge Manor in Berkshire, where he died on 1 July 1937. His funeral took place at the Church of St Peter and St Paul in Wantage. Dame Meriel Talbot, writing in tribute to Prothero in The Times following his death, made note of his "vision and courage" whilst he was president of the Board of Agriculture during the war.{{cite news|url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CS303640808/TTDA?u=wikipedia&sid=bookmark-TTDA&xid=01e77a96|title=Lord Ernle|first=Dame Meriel|last=Talbot|author-link=Meriel Talbot|work=The Times|location=London|page=18|issue=47731|date=8 July 1937|access-date=5 April 2025|url-access=subscription|via=Gale}} Many of the agricultural measures that he introduced during the First World War to meet food demands were reintroduced during the Second World War.

Family

Prothero was twice-married. He married firstly Mary Beatrice, daughter of John Bailward, in 1891. They had one son and one daughter. After her death in May 1899, he married secondly Barbara Jane, daughter of Colonel Charles O. Hamley, in 1902. They had no children; she died in November 1930. His son, who served in the First World War as a lieutenant with the 7th Hussars, was killed in action during the Mesopotamian campaign. Thus, upon his own death, the barony became extinct.

References

Works cited

{{cite wikisource|wslink=Men-at-the-Bar/Prothero, Roland Edmund|title=Men-at-the-bar|first=Joseph|last=Foster|author-link=Joseph Foster (genealogist)|date=1885|publisher=Reeves and Turner|location=London|oclc=652330141|language=en|ref={{sfnref|Foster|1885}}}}
{{cite wikisource|wslink=Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Prothero, Rowland Edmund|title=Alumni Oxonienses: The Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886|first=Joseph|last=Foster|date=1888–1891|publisher=Reeves and Turner|location=London|oclc=1088110|language=en|ref={{sfnref|Foster|1888}}}}
{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/marlboroughcoll00englgoog|title=Marlborough College Register from 1843 to 1904|date=1905|edition=5|publisher=H. Hart|location=Oxford|oclc=18234600|via=Internet Archive|language=en |ref={{sfnref|Hart|1905}} }}
{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/embed/isbn_9780521587433|title=A Guide to the Papers of British Cabinet Ministers, 1900-1964|first=Cameron|last=Hazlehurst|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1996|isbn=9780521587433|via=Internet Archive|language=en}}