Ruth First

{{short description|South African journalist, scholar and anti-apartheid activist (1925–1982)}}

{{infobox person

| name = Ruth First

| image = RuthFirst.jpg

| image_size =

| caption = First c. 1960

| birth_name = Heloise Ruth First

| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1925|5|4|}}

| birth_place = Johannesburg, South Africa

| death_date = {{death date and age|1982|8|17|1925|5|4|df=y}}

| death_place = Maputo, Mozambique

| occupation = Anti-apartheid activist

| spouse = Joe Slovo

| children = Shawn Slovo, Gillian Slovo, Robyn Slovo

}}

Heloise Ruth First OLG (4 May 1925 – 17 August 1982) was a South African anti-apartheid activist and scholar. She was assassinated in Mozambique, where she was working in exile, by a parcel bomb built by South African police.

Family and education

Ruth First was born 4 May 1925 in Johannesburg to her Jewish parents, Julius First and Matilda Leveta. Julius emigrated to South Africa from Latvia when he was 10 years old, and Matilda emigrated from Lithuania when she was four years old. They were both anti-apartheid activists and became founding members of the Communist Party of South Africa (CPSA), the forerunner of the South African Communist Party (SACP). Ruth First was brought up in Kensington where she and her brother, Ronald First, were raised in a highly political household. At age 14, Ruth was a member of the Young Left Wing Book Club.{{cite web |title=Ruth First |url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/first-ruth |website=Jewish Women’s Archive |access-date=29 March 2025}} Like her parents, she joined the Communist Party,{{cite journal|last=Marks|first=Shula|title=Ruth First: A Tribute|journal=Journal of Southern African Studies|date=October 1983|volume=10|issue=1|pages=123–128|doi=10.1080/03057078308708071|jstor=2636820}} which was allied with the African National Congress in its struggle to overthrow the apartheid government of South Africa.

As a teenager, First attended Jeppe High School for Girls and then became the first person in her family to attend university. She received her bachelor's degree in Social Science from the University of the Witwatersrand in 1946, receiving firsts in anthropology, economic history, sociology, and native administration.{{cite web |title=Ruth First |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/ruth-first |website=South African History Online |access-date=29 March 2025}} While she was at university, she found that "on a South African campus, the student issues that matter are national issues". She was involved in the founding of the Federation of Progressive Students, also known as the Progressive Students League, and got to know, among other fellow students, Nelson Mandela, future President of South Africa, and Eduardo Mondlane, the first leader of the Mozambique freedom movement FRELIMO. She was also the secretary of the Young Communist League and for a short time, was active in the Johannesburg CPSA.{{cite web |title=Ruth First |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/ruth-first |website=South African History Online |access-date=29 March 2025}}

After graduating, First worked as a research assistant for the Social Welfare Division of the Johannesburg City Council. In 1946, her position in the Communist Party was boosted significantly after a series of mine strikes during which leading members of the Party were arrested. After this, First requested an interview with the Director of Social Welfare where she announced she would like to leave her department without serving her customary notice first. First then became the editor-in-chief of the radical newspaper The Guardian, which was subsequently banned by the state under the Communism Suppression Act and often changed names due to repressive state actions and media censorship. Through investigative journalism, First exposed the racial segregation policies known as apartheid, targeting black South Africans following the rise of the National Party in 1948.{{Cite web|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/first-ruth|title=Ruth First {{!}} Jewish Women's Archive|first= Milton|last= Shain|author2= Miriam Pimstone|website=jwa.org|access-date=29 April 2020}}

In 1949, she married Joe Slovo, a South African anti-apartheid activist and Communist, with whom she had three daughters, Shawn, Gillian and Robyn. Together, Slovo and First became a leading force in the 1950s protest era in which the government outlawed any movements that opposed their policies.

In addition to her work with The Guardian and its successors, the South African Congress of Democrats (COD), a White-only wing of the Congress Alliance, was founded in 1953 with support from First when the ANC expressed need for a group of White activists to endorse their policies and break through to members of the Nationalist party.{{cite book |last1=First |first1=Ruth |title=117 Days: An Account of Confinement and Interrogation under the South African 90-Day Detention Law |date=2009 |publisher=Penguin Publishing Group |location=New York |isbn=9781101050873 |url=https://archive.org/details/ruth-first-117-days |access-date=29 March 2025}}{{rp|136}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/ruth-heloise-first|title=Ruth Heloise First {{!}} South African History Online|website=sahistory.org.za|access-date=29 April 2020}} In 1955, she assumed the position of editor of a radical political journal called Fighting Talk. First and Slovo were also members of the African National Congress, in addition to the Communist Party. She also played an active role during the extensive riots of the 1950s. Ruth was on the drafting committee of the Freedom Charter, but was unable to attend its presentation on 25 June 1955 at the Congress of the People at Kliptown due to a banning order. Ruth also traveled to the International Union of Students and the founding conferences of the World Federation of Democratic Youth. She visited the Soviet Union, China, Britain, Italy, Yugoslavia, Germany, and France.{{rp|136}}

Treason trial and detention

First was one of the defendants in the Treason Trial of 1956–1961, alongside 155 other leading anti-apartheid activists who were key figures in the Congress Alliance. First's early work and writings were largely used as evidence to prove treason on behalf of the Congress Alliance.{{Cite journal|last=Marks|first=Shula|date=1 October 1983|title=Ruth first: a tribute|journal=Journal of Southern African Studies|volume=10|issue=1|pages=123–128|doi=10.1080/03057078308708071|issn=0305-7070}}

Following four years of harassment by the state, First alongside the 155 other activists were all acquitted of their charges. After the state of emergency that followed the Sharpeville massacre in 1960, she was listed and banned. She could not attend meetings or publish, and she could not be quoted. Her husband was arrested, and she fled to Swaziland with their children in order to avoid arrest. During the second half of the state of emergency, she returned to Johannesburg with her children secretly and lived underground.{{rp|137}} In 1961, Ruth traveled to Namibia to interview the native Africans in the region. Though she was refused access to archived records, the material she collected during her four day trip was used to write her first book South West Africa (owning a copy was punishable by up to five years in prison).{{cite web |title=Ruth First |url=https://en.gariwo.net/righteous/apartheid/ruth-first-25320.html |website=en.gariwo.net |access-date=29 March 2025 |language=en}} Around this time she also helped arrange the first broadcasts of Radio Freedom in Johannesburg. Following this trip, Ruth was restricted for five years to the magisterial district of Johannesburg. In 1963, during the raid on Lilliesleaf Farm in Rivonia, multiple high ranking activists including Nelson Mandela were captured and given life in prison. Neither Ruth or her husband was present at the time of the raid. However, Ruth was arrested by security police in the main hall of Witwatersrand Library. She was imprisoned and held in isolation without charge for 117 days under the Ninety-Day Detention Law. She was the first white woman to be detained under this law.{{cite book|last=First|first=Ruth|title=117 Days|year=1965|publisher=Penguin|page=vii|oclc=222077295}} After she was detained, her home was searched by police where they found a copy of “Fighting Talk,” owning which was punishable by a minimum of one year in prison.{{rp|5}} She was originally placed at Marshall Square police station, and many of her belongings were taken. Ruth’s cell door was bolted after she had an encounter with fellow activist Hazel Goldreich.{{rp|22}}

She was often questioned about her involvement in Rivonia, but she never revealed any information to the police. Her brother Ronald was also detained, though he was released three weeks later.{{rp|62, 91}} Ruth was later moved to the Pretoria Central Prison where she was put under much higher security. She was eventually brought back to Marshall Square in Johannesburg and released on 7 November 1963.{{rp|98, 121}} However, she was then arrested a second time for another period of 90 days after the Minister of Justice re-sentenced activists who served their 90 days without revealing information to the police (though she only served an extra 27 days).{{rp|123}} While in prison, she performed a short-lived hunger strike.{{rp|127, 128}} Ruth attempts suicide by consuming a bottle of pills prescribed to her to treat a stress-induced stomach ulcer, but she does not succeed in her attempt.{{rp|147-150}} Ruth was released from prison 4 December 1963 with no charges.

Exile and assassination

File:Ruth First and Joe Slovo (5021266886).jpg, London]]

In March 1964, First went into exile in London, where she became active in the British Anti-Apartheid Movement. Ruth edited the biographies of Nelson Mandela, Govan Mbeki, and Oginga Odinga in the late 1960’s and early 1970’s. She travelled across Africa between 1964 and 1968 to study independence struggles in Algeria, Egypt, Ghana, Nigeria, and Sudan. As a result, she was established as a scholar of international standing.{{cite web |title=Ruth First |url=https://en.gariwo.net/righteous/apartheid/ruth-first-25320.html |website=en.gariwo.net |access-date=29 March 2025 |language=en}} She was a Research Fellow at the University of Manchester in 1972, and between 1973 and 1978 she lectured in development studies at the University of Durham. She also spent periods on secondment at universities in Dar es Salaam and Lourenço Marques, Maputo.

In November 1978, First took up the post of director of research at the Centre of African Studies (Centro de Estudos Africanos), Universidade Eduardo Mondlane in Maputo, Mozambique.{{cite news|title=Why Was Ruth First in Mozambique?|date=December 2014|url=http://www.unive.it/media/allegato/dep/n26-2014/03_Bridget_O_Laughlin.pdf|publisher=Deportate, Esuli e Profughe [Deported Exiles and Refugees], no. 26, pp. 26–41|access-date=8 January 2017|archive-date=8 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108191327/http://www.unive.it/media/allegato/dep/n26-2014/03_Bridget_O_Laughlin.pdf|url-status=dead}} She was assassinated by the order of Craig Williamson, a major in the South African Police, on 17 August 1982, when she opened a parcel bomb that had been sent to the university.{{cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov.za/trc/media/1999/9902/s990222a.htm|title=TRC hears eye witness account of Ruth First bomb blast|website=SAPA|agency=South African Press Association|date=22 February 1999|access-date=22 January 2025}}{{cite news|title=Ruth First: Williamson given amnesty|date=1 June 2000|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/ruth-first-williamson-given-amnesty-39251|publisher=Independent Online (South Africa)|access-date=22 January 2025}} Bridget O'Laughlin, an anthropologist working with First, was in First's office when she was murdered, and testified to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.{{cite news|title=Bridget O'Laughlin testimony to TRC (half-way through the file)|date=22 February 1999|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/amntrans%5C1999/9902220304_pre_990222pt.htm|publisher=TRC|access-date=8 January 2017}} Presidents and ambassadors from 34 different countries were at her funeral in Maputo on 24 August 1982.{{cite web |title=Ruth First {{!}} South Africa, Apartheid, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ruth-First |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=29 March 2025 |language=en}}

Memoirs

First's book, 117 Days, is her account of her arrest, imprisonment and interrogation by the South African Police Special Branch in 1963. It was first published in 1965. The memoir provides a detailed account of how she endured "isolation and sensory deprivation" while withstanding "pressure to provide information about her comrades to the Special Branch".

Her daughter, the writer Gillian Slovo, published her own memoir, Every Secret Thing: My Family, My Country, in 1997. It is an account of her childhood in South Africa and her relationship with her activist parents.{{cite web|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/97/05/25/reviews/970525.25geigert.html|title=Books {{!}} The Cause Came First|first= H. Jack|last=Geiger|website=The New York Times|date=25 May 1997|access-date=22 January 2025}}

Films

The film A World Apart (1988), which has a screenplay by her daughter Shawn Slovo and was directed by Chris Menges, is a biographical story about a young white girl living in South Africa with anti-apartheid activist parents, although the family is called Roth in the film. Barbara Hershey plays the character based on Ruth First.[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0096464/combined A World Apart], imdb.com. Retrieved 11 March 2013.

The 2006 film Catch a Fire about the activist Patrick Chamusso was written by Shawn Slovo, and in it First is portrayed by another daughter, Robyn Slovo, who was also one of the film's producers.[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0437232/combined Catch a Fire], imdb.com. Retrieved 11 March 2013.

Patrol vessel

File:Fisheries protection vessel Ruth First at Buffels Bay off the Cape Peninsula P9205462.JPG.]]

In 2005, the South African Department of Environmental Affairs launched an environmental patrol vessel named Ruth First.[https://web.archive.org/web/20101130034249/http://southafrica.info/ess_info/sa_glance/sustainable/update/vessels170505.htm BuaNews, 20 May 2005: "SA's marine protection vessels"]. Retrieved 11 March 2013.

In March 2011, the country of The Gambia issued a postage stamp in her honour, naming her as one of the Legendary Heroes of Africa.

Main published works

{{cite book | year = 1963 | title = South West Africa | location = London }}
{{cite book | year = 1965 | title = 117 Days | location = London }}
(with R. Segal), {{cite book | year = 1967 | title = South West Africa: A Travesty of Trust | location = London }}
{{cite book | year = 1970 | title = The Barrel of a Gun: Political Power in Africa and the Coup d'etat in Africa | location = London }}
(co-edited with J. Steele and C. Gurney), {{cite book | year = 1972 | title = The South African Connection: Western Investment in Apartheid | location = London }}
{{cite book | year = 1970 | title = Libya: The Elusive Revolution | location = London }}
(with Ann Scott), {{cite book | year = 1980 | title = Olive Schreiner | publisher = Andre Deutsch |location = London }}
{{cite book | year = 1983 | title = The Mozambican Miner: Proletarian and Peasant | location = New York }}

References

External links

[http://www.ruthfirstpapers.org.uk Ruth First Papers online]
[http://archives.ulrls.lon.ac.uk/dispatcher.aspx?action=search&database=ChoiceArchive&search=priref=110023744 Ruth First papers at the University of London]
[http://www.dur.ac.uk/ruthfirst.trust/ Ruth First Educational Trust] provides opportunities for South African postgraduate students to study at Durham University.
[http://www.mg.co.za/article/2010-08-25-the-first-panafrican-martyr The First pan-African martyr], Mail & Guardian, Adekeye Adebajo, 25 August 2010
[http://www.jeppegirls.co.za/page.php?p_id=119 Ruth First Jeppe High School for Girls Memorial Trust] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727102331/http://www.jeppegirls.co.za/page.php?p_id=119 |date=27 July 2011}} was set up in July 2010 and will award scholarships for full tuition at Jeppe High School for Girls for the duration of secondary school education. It is aimed at girls in Grade 7 that show characteristics of leadership, courage, determination and the ability to influence their community positively.
[http://www.dispatch.co.za/insight-remembering-ruth-first-a-woman-with-vision-passion/ Remembering Ruth First, a woman with vision, passion] {{dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}, by Peter Vale, The Daily Dispatch, 17 August 2012

Category:20th-century South African politicians

Category:1925 births

Category:1982 deaths

Category:Academics of Durham University

Category:African politicians assassinated in the 1980s

Category:Assassinated Jews

Category:Assassinated South African activists

Category:Assassinated South African politicians

Category:Deaths by explosive device

Category:Deaths by letter bomb

Category:Jewish feminists

Category:Jewish socialists