Rutka Laskier

{{Infobox writer

| name = Ruth Laskier

| native_name =

| native_name_lang = Hebrew

| image =RutkaHeniusLaskier1938.JPG

| imagesize =

| caption =Rutka (left) and Heniuś Laskier

| birth_name = Ruth Laskier

| birth_date = {{Birth date|1929|6|12|df=y}}

| birth_place = Kraków{{cite journal |last1= Tumas-Matuszewska|first1= Izabela|date= 2022|title= Tropami Rutki Laskier|url= https://bibliog3.wordpress.com/2022/05/10/tropami-rutki-laskier/|journal= Miesięcznik Społeczno-Kulturalny "Śląsk"|volume= 4|issue= |pages= 6–8|doi= }}

| death_date = December 1943 (aged 14)

| death_place = Auschwitz-Birkenau, German-occupied Poland

| resting_place = Auschwitz concentration camp, Oświęcim, Poland

| occupation = Diarist

| nationality = Polish

| notableworks = Pamiętnik Rutki Laskier (Rutka Laskier's Diary)

}}

Ruth "Rutka" Laskier (12 June 1929 – December 1943) was a Jewish Polish diarist who is best known for her 1943 diary chronicling three months of her life during the Holocaust in Poland. She was murdered at Auschwitz concentration camp in 1943 at the age of fourteen. Her manuscript, authenticated by Yad Vashem, was published in the Polish language in early 2006. English and Hebrew translations were released the following year. It has been compared to the diary of Anne Frank.

Laskier's diary has been a focus of a 2009 BBC documentary and of the 2024 musical Rutka.

Biography

Rutka Laskier was born in Kraków to Dwojra Hampel, daughter of Abram Chil Hampel, and Jakub Laskier, who worked as a bank officer.{{Cite web|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Rutka-Laskier/6000000011186025561|title = Rutka Laskier| date=12 June 2024 }}[http://jri-poland.org/announcements.htm#rutka-laskier Rutka Laskier's Birth Record Finally Located]: Announcement by Jewish Records Poland-Indexing, Inc. and The Bedzin-Sosnowiec-Zawiercie Area Research Society Her family was well-off. Her grandfather served as co-owner of Laskier-Kleinberg & Co, a milling company that owned and operated a grist mill. She attended the Furstenberg Gymnasium, at the time a private school for Jewish students.

In 1939, the municipal government was taken over by the German Nazi Party (NSDAP) following the city's surrender during the German invasion of Poland. It quickly began to engage in anti-Semitic violence and state-sponsored discrimination. Many Jews were fired from their positions and fled Danzig.{{cite web|url=http://www.zukunft-braucht-erinnerung.de/die-loesung-der-judenfrage-in-der-freien-stadt-danzig|title=Die "Lösung der Judenfrage" in der Freien Stadt Danzig|publisher=Zukunft braucht Erinnerung|first=Wolfgang|last=Gippert|language =German}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1a3lkHv9NZ0C&q=jewish%20danzig&pg=PA103|title=Model Nazi: Arthur Greiser and the Occupation of Western Poland|first1=Catherine|last1=Epstein|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-954641-1|page=103}}

Rutka moved with her family to the southern Polish city of Będzin, from whence her paternal grandparents hailed. Following the German invasion of Poland, while in the Będzin Ghetto, Rutka Laskier, age 14, wrote a 60-page diary in Polish, chronicling several months of her life under the Nazi rule in 1943. Her diary remained in the hands of Rutka's surviving friend for 64 years and was not released to the public until 2005.{{Cite web |date=2016-05-05 |title='Polish Anne Frank' diary revealed. 14-year-old's memoirs given to Yad Vashem by victim's friend after 64 years - Jerusalem Post {{!}} HighBeam Research |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-140232437.html |access-date=2023-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505011503/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-140232437.html |archive-date=2016-05-05 }}

=The Holocaust=

Laskier's family was forced to move to the newly formed Jewish Ghetto in Będzin during the Holocaust in World War II. Rutka was deported from the ghetto and was believed to have been murdered in a gas chamber, age 14, along with her mother and brother, upon arrival with her family at the Auschwitz concentration camp in August 1943.

However, when her diary appeared in a book, it was revealed in 2008 that she was not sent to the gas chambers along with them. Zofia Minc (later Galler), a fellow prisoner who survived, revealed in a published account of her time at Auschwitz, that Laskier slept in the barrack next to her until falling victim to a cholera outbreak in December 1943. Another prisoner pushed Laskier, still alive, in a wheelbarrow to an underground gas chamber. According to Zahava Scherz, Israeli-born daughter of Rutka's father by his subsequent marriage,{{Cite web |title=BBC One - The Secret Diary of the Holocaust |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00gn734 |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}} Rutka begged Zofia to take her to the electric fence so she could kill herself, but an SS guard following them would not allow it. Rutka was then taken directly to the crematory.« Dans notre block, je dormais à côté de mon amie, Rutka Laskier, de Bedzin. Elle était tellement belle, que même le Dr Mengele l’avait remarquée. Une épidémie de typhus et de choléra a alors éclaté. Rutka a attrapé le choléra. En quelques heures, elle est devenue méconnaissable. Elle n’était plus qu’une ombre pitoyable. Je l’ai moi-même transportée dans une brouette au crématoire. Elle me suppliait de l’amener jusqu’aux barbelés pour se jeter dessus et mourir électrocutée, mais un SS marchait derrière moi avec un fusil et il ne m’a pas laissé faire. » in "Journal d’outre-tombe" by Nathalie Dubois and Maja Żółtowska, Libération (10 March 2008) (French).

Rutka's father was the only member of the family who survived the Holocaust. Following World War II, he emigrated to Israel, where he remarried and had another daughter, Zahava Scherz. He died in 1986.[http://www.wpr.org/hereonearth/archive_070612k.cfm WPR Interview with Zahava Scherz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928003444/http://www.wpr.org/hereonearth/archive_070612k.cfm |date=2007-09-28 }}, wpr.org; accessed 21 December 2016. According to Zahava Scherz, interviewed in the BBC documentary The Secret Diary of the Holocaust (broadcast in January 2009),[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00gn734 BBC One Programmes - The Secret Diary of the Holocaust] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110401125323/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00gn734|date=1 April 2011}} he never told Scherz about Rutka until she discovered a photo album when she herself was 14, which contained a picture of Rutka with her younger brother. Scherz asked her father who they were, and he answered her truthfully, but never spoke of it again. She went on to explain that she only learned of the existence of Rutka's diary in 2006, and she expressed how much it has meant to her to be able to get to know her half-sister through Rutka's words.

Diary

From 19 January to 24 April 1943, without her family's knowledge, Laskier kept a diary in an ordinary school notebook, writing in both ink and pencil, making entries sporadically. In it, she discussed atrocities she witnessed committed by the Nazis, and described daily life in the ghetto, as well as innocent teenage love interests. She also wrote about the gas chambers at the concentration camps, indicating that the horrors of the camps had filtered back to those still living in the ghettos.

The diary begins on 19 January with the entry "I cannot grasp that it is already 1943, four years since this hell began." One of the final entries says "If only I could say, it's over, you die only once... But I can't, because despite all these atrocities, I want to live, and wait for the following day."

Laskier describes how her faith in God had suffered, writing "The little faith I used to have has been completely shattered. If God existed, He would have certainly not permitted that human beings be thrown alive into furnaces, and the heads of little toddlers be smashed with gun butts or shoved into sacks and gassed to death."{{Cite web |last=Gradstein |first=Linda |date=5 July 2007 |title=New Diary Offers Glimpse of Life in Nazi Grip |url=https://www.npr.org/2007/07/05/11603688/new-diary-offers-glimpse-of-life-in-nazi-grip |website=NPR}}

Discovery of the diary

In 1943, while writing the diary, Laskier shared it with Stanisława Sapińska (21 years old, at that time), whom she had befriended after Laskier's family moved into a home owned by Sapińska's Roman Catholic family, which had been confiscated by the Nazis so that it could be included in the ghetto.

Laskier gradually came to realise she would not survive, and, realizing the importance of her diary as a document of what had happened to the Jewish population of Będzin, asked Sapińska to help her hide the diary. Sapińska showed Laskier how to hide the diary in her house under the double flooring in a staircase, between the first and second floors.[http://katowice.naszemiasto.pl/pamietnik_rutki/specjalna_artykul/534151.html Pamiętnik Rutki (Rutka's Diary)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328234348/http://katowice.naszemiasto.pl/pamietnik_rutki/specjalna_artykul/534151.html |date=2008-03-28 }}, after Dziennik Zachodni (Polish); accessed 26 January 2018.

After the ghetto was evacuated and all its inhabitants sent to the death camp, Sapińska returned to the house and retrieved the diary. She kept it in her home library for 63 years and did not share it with anyone but members of her immediate family. In 2005, Adam Szydłowski, the chairman of the Center of Jewish Culture of the Zagłębie Region of Poland, was told by one of Sapińska's nieces about the existence of the diary.[http://katowice.naszemiasto.pl/pamietnik_rutki/specjalna_artykul/534152.html "Rozmowa z Adamem Szydłowskim, prezesem Zagłębiowskiego Centrum Kultury Żydowskiej" (Conversation with Adam Szydłowski, the chairman of the Center of Jewish Culture of the Zagłębie Region)], by Marek Nycz, after Dziennik Zachodni (Polish) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522205052/http://katowice.naszemiasto.pl/pamietnik_rutki/specjalna_artykul/534152.html|date=22 May 2009}}

With help from Sapińska's nephew, he obtained a photocopy of the diary and was instrumental in the publishing of its Polish-language edition. Its publication by Yad Vashem Publications was commemorated with a ceremony in Jerusalem by Yad Vashem (the Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority), Israel's Holocaust museum, on 4 June 2007, in which Zahava Scherz took part. At this ceremony, Sapińska also donated the original diary to Yad Vashem.[http://www.polskatimes.pl/dziennikzachodni/stronaglowna/51078,biblioteka-narodowa-dziennik-rutki-laskier-wywieziono,id,t.html Biblioteka Narodowa: dziennik Rutki Laskier wywieziono nielegalnie (National Library: Rutka Laskier's diary was illegally exported)], after Dziennik Zachodni (5 October 2008) (Polish) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625001140/http://www.polskatimes.pl/dziennikzachodni/stronaglowna/51078,biblioteka-narodowa-dziennik-rutki-laskier-wywieziono,id,t.html|date=25 June 2009}}

The diary was authenticated by Yad Vashem.{{Cite web |last=Whitlock |first=Nathan |date=6 June 2007 |title=Diary of another young girl |url=https://quillandquire.com/authors/2007/06/06/diary-of-another-young-girl/ |website=Quill and Quire}} It has been compared to the diary of Anne Frank, the best known Holocaust-era diary. Coincidentally, Rutka Laskier was born the same day as Anne Frank, and, in both cases, of their entire families, only their fathers survived the war.{{cite journal|title=Polish girl's Holocaust diary unveiled after 60 years|at= Diary reveals horror of life in Polish ghetto|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/05/israel.secondworldwar|journal=The Journal of Rutka Laskier, the 'Polish Anne Frank'|quote=Rutka Laskier wrote the 60-page diary over a four-month period in Bedzin, Poland.|author=Rory McCarthy in Jerusalem|date=5 June 2007}}

=Publication of the diary=

The manuscript, as edited by Stanisław Bubin, was published in the Polish language by Polkapresse in early 2006. In June 2007, Yad Vashem Publications published English and Hebrew translations of the diary, entitled Rutka's Notebook: January–April 1943.

Printings

Laskier, Rutka (2006). Pamiętnik Rutki Laskier (Rutka Laskier's Diary). Katowice, Poland; {{ISBN|978-83-89956-42-2}}.
Laskier, Rutka (2007). Rutka's Notebook: January–April 1943. Foreword by Dr Zahava Sherz; historical introduction by Dr Bella Gutterman. Jerusalem, Israel: Yad Vashem Publications.Yad Vashem, [https://www.yadvashem.org/sites/default/files/yv_magazine46_0.pdf Publishing Rutka's diary], in Yad Vashem Journal, 2007, pp. 6-7.

Adaptations

Laskier's diary is the focus of the 2009 BBC One documentary The Secret Diary of the Holocaust[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00gn734 BBC 2009, The Secret Diary of the Holocaust] retrieved 21 October 2017{{cite web |title=The Secret Diary Of The Holocaust (WW2 Documentary) {{!}} History Documentary |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YnD_EtHqW44 |website=Reel Truth History | date=9 July 2019 |access-date=26 January 2022 |language=en}}
The musical Rutka is based on Laskier's diary.{{Cite web |last=Lyman |first=David |date=9 October 2024 |title=This is why the new Playhouse was built. See 'Rutka' before it heads to Broadway |url=https://www.cincinnati.com/story/entertainment/arts/2024/10/09/rutka-musical-playhouse-in-the-park/75512569007/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=Cincinnati Enquirer}}{{Cite web |title=Rutka in Cincinnati at Cincinnati Playhouse in the Park 2024 |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/cincinnati/regional/Rutka-4280068 |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=Broadway World |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Pender |first=Rick |date=22 October 2024 |title='Rutka' at the Playhouse: A Message of Hope from the Darkness of WWII |url=https://www.citybeat.com/arts/rutka-at-the-playhouse-a-message-of-hope-from-the-darkness-of-wwii-18387939 |website=Cincinnati City Beat}}{{Cite web |last=Gelfand |first=Janelle |date=20 October 2024 |title=REVIEW: 'Rutka' is emotional, intense in world premiere at Playhouse |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/news/2024/10/20/review-rutka-world-preview-playhouse.html |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=bizjournals.com}}

=Teenaged Holocaust diarists=

Hélène Berr - a French diarist
Hana Brady (aka Hana "Hanička" Bradyová) - subject of the children's book Hana's Suitcase
Helga Deen – wrote a diary in Herzogenbusch concentration camp (Camp Vught)
Anne Frank - a Jewish holocaust victim; author of The Diary of a Young Girl
Renia Spiegel - a Jewish diarist in Poland
Etty Hillesum – wrote a diary in Amsterdam and Camp Westerbork (Etty Hillesum and the Flow of Presence: A Voegelinian Analysis)
Věra Kohnová - a Czech diarist
David Koker - wrote a diary in Herzogenbusch concentration camp

=Other=

List of posthumous publications of Holocaust victims
List of Holocaust diarists
List of diarists
List of Poles
Janet Langhart
Sam Pivnik
Rainer Maria Rilke
Tanya Savicheva
Calel Perechodnik - Polish Jewish ghetto policeman who wrote a memoir, Am I a Murderer?
Henio Zytomirski - Polish Jewish victim of the Holocaust (Letters to Henio)

References

External links

{{cite web |last1=Marengo |first1=Alexander |title=The Secret Diary of the Holocaust |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1638960/ |website=IMDb |publisher=Darlow Smithson Productions |date=2009}}
{{cite web |title=The Secret Diary of the Holocaust |url=https://www.dsp.tv/productions/the-secret-diary-of-the-holocaust/ |website=Darlow Smithson Productions Ltd }}
{{cite web |title=The Secret Diary of the Holocaust (2009) |url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/us/film693988.html |website=FilmAffinity |language=en}}
[https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11603688 NPR story] from All Things Considered program, July 5, 2007
[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00gn734 BBC - BBC One Programmes - The Secret Diary of the Holocaust] detailing the 2009 BBC Documentary The Secret Diary of the Holocaust which largely follows Scherz's journey to discover her half-sister (Rutka) and contains her own account of family life with their shared father after the war.