SMS Brummer

{{main|Brummer-class cruiser}}

File:Крейсер Бруммер, Kreuzer Brummer 1915.jpg

At the start of World War I in August 1914, the German firm AG Vulcan had a set of four steam turbines that had been ordered by the Imperial Russian Navy for the cruiser {{ship|Russian cruiser|Svetlana|1915|2}}. As the two countries were now at war, the German government seized the turbines and the naval command decided to build two fast, mine-laying cruisers using the engines, as the existing light cruisers were too few in number to be spared for that task.{{sfn|Dodson & Nottelmann|pp=190–191}}

{{lang|de|Brummer}} was {{convert|140.4|m|sp=us}} long overall and had a beam of {{convert|13.2|m|abbr=on}} and a draft of {{convert|6|m|abbr=on}} forward. She displaced {{cvt|4385|MT|LT|lk=on}} as designed and up to {{convert|5856|MT|abbr=on}} at full load. Her propulsion system consisted of two sets of {{convert|33000|shp|adj=on|lk=on}} steam turbines powered by two coal-fired and four oil-fired Marine-type water-tube boilers, which were ducted into three funnels. These provided a top speed of {{convert|28|kn|abbr=on}} and a range of {{convert|5800|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|12|kn|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Gröner|p=112}} In service however, the ship reached {{convert|34|kn|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Massie|p=747}}

The ship was armed with four 15 cm SK L/45 guns in single pedestal mounts; two were arranged forward on the centerline, forward and aft of the conning tower, and two were placed in a superfiring pair aft. These guns fired a {{convert|45.3|lb|kg|adj=on}} shell at a muzzle velocity of {{convert|840|m/s|sp=us}}. The guns had a maximum elevation of 30 degrees, which allowed them to engage targets out to {{convert|17600|m|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Campbell & Sieche|pp=140, 162}} They were supplied with 600 rounds of ammunition, for 150 shells per gun. {{lang|de|Brummer}} also carried two 8.8 cm SK L/45 naval gun anti-aircraft guns mounted on the centerline astern of the funnels. She was also equipped with a pair of {{convert|50|cm|abbr=on|1}} torpedo tubes with four torpedoes in a swivel mount amidships. Designed as a minelayer, she carried 400 mines. The ship was protected by a waterline armored belt that was {{convert|40|mm|abbr=on}} thick amidships. The conning tower had {{convert|100|mm|abbr=on}} thick sides, and the deck was covered with {{convert|15|mm|abbr=on}} thick armor plate.{{sfn|Gröner|p=112}}

{{lang|de|Brummer}}, named after the armored gunboat of the same name that had been built in the 1880s,{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|p=148}} was ordered under the contract name C,{{efn|German warships were ordered under provisional names. Additions to the fleet were given a single letter; ships intended to replace older or lost vessels were ordered as "{{lang|de|Ersatz}} (name of the ship to be replaced)".{{sfn|Dodson|pp=8–9}}}} and was laid down at the AG Vulcan shipyard in Stettin on 24 April 1915.{{sfn|Dodson & Nottelmann|p=280}} She was launched on 11 December 1915, after which fitting-out work commenced. While the ship was under construction, the Germans attempted to conceal her resemblance to British cruisers by placing sheet metal over her bow to make it seem as though she had the standard German straight stem. Completed in less than four months, she was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet on 2 April 1916.{{sfn|Gröner|pp=112–113}}{{sfn|Dodson & Nottelmann|pp=192–193}} {{lang|de|Brummer}} was ready for service with the fleet by May 1916, though she did not steam with the rest of the High Seas Fleet for the Battle of Jutland at the end of the month.{{sfn|Campbell|p=23}} She soon thereafter joined II Scouting Group, which had been badly weakened by losses at the Battle of Jutland.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|p=149}}

Over the period 11–20 October 1916, {{lang|de|Brummer}} and {{lang|de|Bremse}} served with the High Seas Fleet for a major sweep into the North Sea.{{sfn|Novik|p=188}} The operation led to a brief action on 19 October, during which a British submarine torpedoed the cruiser {{SMS|München||2}}. The failure of the operation (coupled with the action of 19 August 1916) convinced the German naval command to abandon its aggressive fleet strategy.{{sfn|Massie|p=684}} Toward the end of 1916, she was transferred to IV Scouting Group. She laid a minefield between Norderney and Helgoland on 10 January 1917. For much of the rest of the year, she took part in local defensive operations in the German Bight, supporting minesweepers.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|p=149}} During this period, she was based alternatively at Emden and Wilhelmshaven.{{sfn|Novik|p=188}}

File:North Sea map-en.png

{{main|Action off Lerwick}}

By late 1917, Britain had agreed to ship {{convert|250000|MT|abbr=on|-3}} tons of coal per month to Norway, and a regular stream of convoys carrying shipments of coal was crossing the North Sea by late 1917. These were usually weakly escorted by only a couple of destroyers and armed trawlers.{{sfn|Massie|p=747}} Attempts to interdict them with U-boats had to that point been ineffective, so Admiral Reinhard Scheer, the chief of the {{lang|de|Admiralstab}}, decided to deploy a surface force to carry out a surprise attack to supplement the U-boat campaign. In addition to damaging British shipping, Scheer sought to divert escorts from the Atlantic theater, where his U-boats were concentrated.{{sfn|Halpern|p=376}} As a further objective, the raid was intended to distract British attention from Operation Albion, which saw much of the High Seas Fleet detached into the Baltic Sea to attack the islands in the Gulf of Riga.{{sfn|Novik|p=188}} {{lang|de|Brummer}}, commanded by {{lang|de|Fregattenkapitän}} (FK—Frigate Captain) Leonhardi, and {{lang|de|Bremse}}, commanded by FK Westerkamp, were selected for the first such operation. Their high speed and large radius of action, coupled with their resemblance to British light cruisers, made them suited to the task. In preparation for the raid, their crews painted the ships dark gray to further camouflage them as British vessels.{{sfn|Halpern|p=376}}

In the early hours of 17 October, the two cruisers received a report from a patrolling zeppelin that had located one of the convoys.{{sfn|Novik|pp=188–189}} Half an hour after dawn, {{lang|de|Brummer}} and {{lang|de|Bremse}} attacked the convoy about {{convert|70|nmi}} east of Lerwick. The convoy consisted of twelve merchantmen and was escorted by the destroyers {{HMS|Strongbow|1916|6}} and {{HMS|Mary Rose|1915|2}} and a pair of armed trawlers.{{sfn|Halpern|p=376}} The German ruse worked, and the British destroyers initially thought they were friendly ships. They flashed recognition signals until the Germans opened fire at a range of {{convert|2700|m|abbr=on}}. Strongbow was quickly destroyed by the fire of {{lang|de|Bremse}}, and as Mary Rose rushed to engage, she too was sunk by {{lang|de|Brummer}}.{{sfn|Massie|p=747}}{{sfn|Novik|p=189}} The Germans then quickly sank nine of the merchant vessels, though the two trawlers and three merchant ships managed to escape. None of the ships were able to send a wireless report, and despite having a squadron of sixteen light cruisers at sea to the south of the convoy, the British did not learn of the attack until 16:00, when it was too late.{{sfn|Massie|p=747}}{{sfn|Halpern|p=376}} Kaiser Wilhelm II celebrated the results of the attack with champagne.{{sfn|Herwig|p=230}} For their part, the British responded by escorting future convoys with a detached squadron of battleships from the Grand Fleet.{{sfn|Massie|p=747}}

In the aftermath of the battle off Lerwick, the {{lang|de|Admiralstab}} considered sending {{lang|de|Brummer}} and {{lang|de|Bremse}} on a commerce raiding mission into the Atlantic. They were to operate off the Azores in concert with an oiler. The central Atlantic was out of the normal range of the U-boats, and convoys were therefore lightly defended in the area. The {{lang|de|Admiralstab}} canceled the plan, however, after it was determined that refueling at sea would be too difficult. Another problem was the tendency of the two ships to emit clouds of red sparks when steaming at speeds over {{convert|20|kn|abbr=on}}; this would hamper evading Allied ships at night. Nevertheless, the preliminary planning carried out formed the basis for later work that resulted in the deployment of long-range surface raiders during World War II.{{sfn|Woodward|p=93}}{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|p=133}}

In November, {{lang|de|Brummer}} joined the light cruiser {{SMS|Stralsund||2}} and several torpedo boats for a sweep out to the Dogger Bank, but they encountered no British vessels. That month, FK Hans Quaet-Faslem took command of the ship; he only remained aboard for a month, before he was replaced by FK Edmund Schulz.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|pp=148–149}} The success of the two ships in the action off Lerwick led the British to commit heavier escorts to the convoys to Norway by early 1918, and in April, Scheer attempted to intercept one of these convoys with the entire High Seas Fleet, including {{lang|de|Brummer}}, though this ended without success.{{sfn|Novik|p=189}}{{sfn|Herwig|pp=240–241}} {{lang|de|Brummer}} laid a defensive minefield in the German Bight in June 1918 over the course of two separate operations, first alone and the second assisted by the light cruiser {{SMS|Strassburg||2}}. In August, Schulz was relieved by {{lang|de|Korvettenkapitän}} (Corvette Captain) Theodor von Gorrissen.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|pp=148–149}}

{{lang|de|Brummer}} was to have been part of the final sortie of the High Seas Fleet at the end of October 1918, during which she would have laid an offensive minefield to damage British ships before a major fleet engagement. But the operation was cancelled due to the mutiny of the High Seas Fleet that began in Wilhelmshaven. In an attempt to suppress the mutiny, the fleet was dispersed, and {{lang|de|Brummer}} and the rest of IV Scouting Group were sent to Kiel. Already on 4 November, they were moved again and while the ships were still at sea, the unit was disbanded. {{lang|de|Brummer}} and {{lang|de|Strassburg}} were initially sent to Sonderburg, but on 6 November, {{lang|de|Brummer}} left to join {{lang|de|Bremse}} at Swinemünde. The local {{lang|de|soldatenrat}} (soldier's council) ordered {{lang|de|Brummer}} to return to Kiel, but Gorrissen refused and instead placed his ship out of commission on 7 November.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz|p=149}}{{sfn|Woodward|p=167}}

Along with the most modern units of the High Seas Fleet, {{lang|de|Brummer}} and {{lang|de|Bremse}} were included in the ships specified for internment at Scapa Flow by the victorious Allied powers in the terms of the armistice with Germany that ended the fighting. The ships steamed out of Germany on 21 November 1918 in single file, commanded by Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter.{{sfn|Herwig|p=254}} They were met at sea by a combined fleet of 370 British, American, and French warships. The fleet arrived in the Firth of Forth later that day, and between 25 and 27 November, they were escorted to Scapa Flow. Upon arrival, all wireless equipment was removed from the ships and the breech blocks of their heavy guns were removed to prevent their use. Crews were reduced to minimum levels, with the excess men being carried home to Germany in early December.{{sfn|Herwig|p=255}}{{sfn|Dodson & Cant|pp=12–14}}

The fleet remained in captivity during the negotiations that ultimately produced the Treaty of Versailles. Reuter believed that the British intended to seize the German ships on 21 June 1919, which was the deadline for Germany to have signed the peace treaty. Unaware that the deadline had been extended to the 23rd, Reuter ordered the ships to be sunk at the next opportunity. On the morning of 21 June, the British fleet left Scapa Flow to conduct training maneuvers, and at 11:20 Reuter transmitted the order to his ships.{{sfn|Herwig|p=256}} {{lang|de|Brummer}} sank at 13:05; she was never raised for scrapping and remains on the bottom of Scapa Flow.{{sfn|Gröner|p=113}}

The salvage rights to the wreck passed through various hands between 1962 and 1981, during which time parts of the ship were removed by several different salvage companies. Ownership of the wreck was transferred back to the Ministry of Defence in 1981, and after salvage rights expired on 17 November 1985, the wreck was sold to the Orkney Islands Council on 3 November 1986 for the nominal sum of 1 pound.{{sfn|Dodson & Cant|pp=54, 106}} The wreck was then declared a scheduled monument on 23 May 2001.{{sfn|Dodson & Nottelmann|p=280}} In 2017, marine archaeologists from the Orkney Research Center for Archaeology conducted extensive surveys of {{lang|de|Brummer}} and nine other wrecks in the area, including six other German and three British warships. The archaeologists mapped the wrecks with sonar and examined them with remotely operated underwater vehicles as part of an effort to determine how the wrecks are deteriorating.{{sfn|Gannon}} Her wreck lies at {{cvt|36|m}} and remains a popular site for recreational scuba divers.{{Cite web|url=http://www.scapaflowwrecks.com/wrecks/brummer/|title=Scapa Flow : Historic Wreck Site: Brummer|website=www.scapaflowwrecks.com|access-date=2017-08-10|df=dmy-all}}{{sfn|McCartney|pp=209–221}}

{{notes}}

{{reflist|20em}}

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{{Brummer class cruisers}}

{{1919 shipwrecks}}

{{coord|58.8971|N|3.1539|W|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brummer}}

Category:Brummer-class cruisers

Category:Ships built in Stettin

Category:1915 ships

Category:World War I cruisers of Germany

Category:World War I minelayers of Germany

Category:World War I warships scuttled at Scapa Flow

Category:Maritime incidents in 1919