SMS Mainz

{{main|Kolberg-class cruiser}}

File:SMS Mainz.PNG

File:Kolberg-class plan and profile.png

The {{sclass|Kolberg|cruiser|4}} of light cruisers were a development of the preceding {{sclass|Dresden|cruiser|4}}. The primary objective during their design process was to increase speed over the earlier vessels; this required a longer hull to fit an expanded propulsion system. Their armament remained the same as the earlier ships, but they received a new, longer-barreled 10.5 cm SK L/45 naval gun instead of the shorter SK L/40 version of the gun. In addition, the new cruisers abandoned the pronounced ram bow that featured in all previous German light cruisers, and instead used a straight stem.{{sfn|Nottelmann|pp=114–116}}

{{lang|de|Mainz}} was {{convert|130.5|m|sp=us}} long overall and had a beam of {{convert|14|m|abbr=on}} and a draft of {{convert|5.58|m|abbr=on}} forward. She displaced {{convert|4362|t|LT|sp=us|lk=on}} normally and up to {{convert|4889|MT|abbr=on}} at full load. The ship had a forecastle deck that extended for the first third of the hull, which stepped down to main deck level for the central portion of the ship before stepping back up to a short sterncastle. She had a minimal superstructure that consisted of a small conning tower on the forecastle. The ship carried a pair of pole masts with platforms for searchlights, one directly aft of the conning tower, and the other closer to her stern. {{lang|de|Mainz}} had a crew of eighteen officers and 349 enlisted men.{{sfn|Gröner|p=106}}

Her propulsion system consisted of two sets of AEG-Curtiss steam turbines driving two {{convert|3.45|m|adj=on|sp=us}} screw propellers. They were designed to give {{convert|20200|shp|lk=in}}. Steam was provided by fifteen coal-fired Marine water-tube boilers, which were vented through three funnels placed amidships. These gave the ship a top speed of {{convert|26|kn|lk=in}}. {{lang|de|Mainz}} carried {{convert|1010|MT|abbr=on}} of coal that gave her a range of approximately {{convert|3630|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|14|kn}}.{{sfn|Gröner|p=106}}

The ship was armed with a main battery of twelve {{cvt|10.5|cm}} SK L/45 guns in single pedestal mounts. Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle; eight were located on the broadside, four on either side; and two were side by side aft.{{sfn|Campbell & Sieche|p=159}} She also carried four 5.2 cm SK L/55 naval gun anti-aircraft guns. She was also equipped with a pair of {{convert|45|cm|abbr=on|1}} torpedo tubes submerged in the hull. She could also carry 100 mines.{{sfn|Gröner|p=106}}

The ship was protected by an armor deck that was {{cvt|20|to|40|mm}} thick, and which curved downward at the sides to provide a measure of protection against enemy fire. Her conning tower had {{convert|100|mm|abbr=on}} thick sides, and the main battery guns were fitted with gun shields that were {{cvt|50|mm|0}} thick.{{sfn|Gröner|p=106}}

File:SMS Mainz illustration by Parkes.jpg, 1910]]

{{lang|de|Mainz}} was ordered under the contract name {{lang|de|Ersatz}} {{SMS|Jagd||2}} and was laid down in September 1907 at the AG Vulcan shipyard in Stettin. She was launched on 23 January 1909 and christened by the {{lang|de|Oberburgermeister}} (Mayor) of Mainz, Karl Göttelmann, after which fitting-out work commenced. She was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet on 1 October 1909 and began sea trials on 23 October; these were interrupted from 24 November to 17 January 1910 and again from 23 February to 19 May for additional work in the yard because her performance was unsatisfactory. On 6 June, {{lang|de|Mainz}} joined the reconnaissance force of the High Seas Fleet, taking the place of the light cruiser {{SMS|Danzig|1905|2}}.{{sfn|Gröner|pp=106–107}}{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz Vol. 6|pp=37–38}} She was assigned to II Scouting Group, which screened for the battlecruisers of I Scouting Group.{{sfn|Scheer|p=14}} Her first commander was {{lang|de|Fregattenkapitän}} (Frigate Captain) Friedrich Tiesmeyer, the uncle of Ernst Lindemann; he held the command until January 1910.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz Vol. 6|p=37}}

Over the course of the following three years, {{lang|de|Mainz}} participated in all of the cruises and training exercises of the High Seas Fleet. These activities began with the annual summer cruise went to Norway, which was followed by fleet training upon the fleet's return to German waters. During the exercises a fleet review was held in Danzig on 29 August. A training cruise into the Baltic followed at the end of the year. In March 1911, the fleet conducted exercises in the Skagerrak and Kattegat. {{lang|de|Mainz}} and the rest of the fleet received British and American naval squadrons in Kiel in June and July. The year's autumn maneuvers were confined to the Baltic and the Kattegat. Another fleet review was held during the exercises for a visiting Austro-Hungarian delegation that included Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Admiral Rudolf Montecuccoli. Also during these maneuvers, {{lang|de|Mainz}} won the Kaiser's {{lang|de|Schießpreis}} (Shooting Prize) for excellent shooting among vessels in II Scouting Group. Her crew also took first place in a cutter race.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz Vol. 6|p=38}}{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz Vol. 2|pp=240–242}}

File:Gw mainz 02.jpg

In mid-1912, due to the Agadir Crisis, the summer cruise only went into the Baltic to avoid exposing the fleet during the period of heightened tension with Britain and France.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz Vol. 2|p=242}} During this period, {{lang|de|Fregattenkapitän}} Heinrich Retzmann served as the ship's commander from October 1912 to January 1913. Retzmann left {{lang|de|Mainz}} when she went into drydock for an extensive overhaul that lasted until mid-June. She thereafter returned to II Scouting Group.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz Vol. 6|pp=37–38}} The High Seas Fleet again hosted a British squadron in June 1914, days before the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. On 5 July, Kaiser Wilhelm II arrived in Kiel to join the fleet for the annual summer cruise to Norway, where the fleet conducted training exercises as Europe drifted to war. By 29 July, days before the outbreak of World War I, the fleet was back in Germany.{{sfn|Scheer|pp=3–9}}

After the outbreak of World War I at the beginning of August 1914, the cruiser {{SMS|Arcona|1902|2}} was the only vessel on station to guard the German Bight. {{lang|de|Mainz}} and IV Torpedo-boat Flotilla were immediately dispatched on 3 August to reinforce the defenses.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz Vol. 6|p=38}} Other cruisers were also sent to strengthen the forces that were tasked with patrol duties in the southern portion of the German Bight, the Heligoland Bight. The cruisers were divided with the torpedo boat flotillas and were assigned to rotate through nightly patrols into the North Sea. As part of this operation, {{lang|de|Mainz}} conducted a patrol on the night of 16 August with the VIII Torpedo-boat Flotilla, without incident.{{sfn|Scheer|p=42}} At the same time, British submarines began reconnoitering the German patrol lines.{{sfn|Halpern|p=30}} On the night of 21–22 August, {{lang|de|Mainz}} provided distant support to a patrol of torpedo boats that inspected fishing vessels in the Dogger Bank. Another foray into the North Sea followed on 23 August; {{lang|de|Mainz}} and the torpedo boats escorted a group of minelayers that laid a series of minefields off the mouths of the River Tyne and the Humber before returning to port on 26 August.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz Vol. 6|p=38}}

File:A Remarkable Camera Record of the Sinking of the German Cruiser Mainz off Heligoland August 28th 1914.jpg

{{main|Battle of Heligoland Bight (1914)}}

Meanwhile, on 23 August, several British commanders submitted a plan to attack the patrol line with the light cruisers and destroyers of the Harwich Force, commanded by Commodore Reginald Tyrwhitt. These ships would be supported by submarines and Vice Admiral David Beatty's battlecruisers and associated light forces. The plan was approved and set for 28 August.{{sfn|Halpern|pp=30–31}} The British forces began to leave port on the evening of 26 August, beginning with the submarines assigned to the operation. Most of the surface forces went to sea early on the following morning; the 7th Cruiser Squadron, which had been added to provide further support to the Harwich Force, left port later in the day.{{sfn|Staff|p=5}}

On the morning of 28 August, {{lang|de|Mainz}} was at anchor in the mouth of the Ems; her sister {{SMS|Cöln|1909|2}}, the flagship of {{lang|de|Konteradmiral}} (Rear Admiral) Leberecht Maass was re-coaling in Wilhelmshaven, {{SMS|Ariadne||2}} lay in the entrance to the Weser. These three cruisers were assigned to support the cruisers {{SMS|Stettin||2}} and {{SMS|Frauenlob||2}}, and the aviso {{SMS|Hela||2}}, which were stationed on the patrol line that morning. At 07:57, the Harwich Force encountered the outer German torpedo boats, which fled back to the German cruisers. In the ensuing Battle of Heligoland Bight, {{lang|de|Stettin}} engaged the British force first, and was quickly reinforced by {{lang|de|Frauenlob}}. At 09:47, {{lang|de|Mainz}} was ordered to steam out behind the British to cut off their line of retreat. She got under way by 10:00, and operated in conjunction with a floatplane used for reconnaissance.{{sfn|Staff|pp=4–8, 13, 15}}

At around 12:30, {{lang|de|Mainz}} encountered the British cruiser {{HMS|Arethusa|1913|2}} and several destroyers. The ships engaged each other for the next forty-five minutes. Fifteen minutes into the engagement, three British cruisers appeared; {{lang|de|Mainz}} broke off the engagement and attempted to escape from the superior British forces. The pursuing British cruisers scored several hits, but by 12:55, {{lang|de|Mainz}} had escaped under cover of a dense smoke screen. Another British cruiser, {{HMS|Fearless|1912|2}}, and six destroyers, appeared on {{lang|de|Mainz}}{{'}}s port side, however, and attacked the fleeing German ship. {{lang|de|Mainz}} quickly scored hits on the destroyers {{HMS|Laurel|1913|2}}, {{HMS|Liberty|1913|2}} and {{HMS|Laertes|1913|2}}; Laurel was damaged and forced to withdraw and Laertes was disabled by a salvo that hit her engine room.{{sfn|Staff|pp=16–17}}

File:SMS Mainz sinking (photo).jpg

A shell from one of the British cruisers hit {{lang|de|Mainz}} at around 13:00, which jammed her rudder at ten degrees to starboard. Her crew shut off the port engine in an attempt to correct the ship's course, but she continued to turn to starboard. By 13:20, the majority of the ship's guns had been disabled and the ship's superstructure had been shot to pieces. Her center and aft funnel collapsed after suffering several hits. A torpedo from the destroyer {{HMS|Lydiard|1914|2}} then hit the ship on her port side, amidships; this prompted the ship's commander to order the crew to abandon the stricken cruiser. He then left the conning tower with the navigation officer, both of whom were immediately killed by a shell hit. The ship's communication system was out of service, and so the order to abandon ship did not reach the entire crew. The ship's executive officer then reached the bridge, and reiterated the order to abandon the crippled ship at 13:35.{{sfn|Staff|pp=17–18}}

{{lang|de|Mainz}} was by now completely disabled. Her engines were stopped and her guns had ceased firing. Shortly before 14:00, {{HMS|Lurcher|1912|2}} came alongside and took off the wounded German sailors. At 14:10, {{lang|de|Mainz}} rolled over to port and quickly sank at the position 53°58' N and 6°42' E; the survivors now in the water gave three cheers for their ship. The British rescued 348 survivors who were then taken prisoner; 89 men, including the ship's commander, were killed in the battle. Among the survivors was {{lang|de|Oberleutnant zur See}} (Sub-Lieutenant) Wolfgang von Tirpitz, the son of {{lang|de|Großadmiral}} (Grand Admiral) Alfred von Tirpitz, the architect of the German fleet. Tirpitz was picked up by a boat and taken to the light cruiser {{HMS|Liverpool|1909|2}}. Winston Churchill, then the First Lord of the Admiralty, informed Tirpitz via the United States' embassy in Berlin that his son survived the battle and had not been injured.{{sfn|Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz Vol. 6|p=38}}{{sfn|Staff|p=19}} In the course of the engagement, the British sank two more German cruisers—{{lang|de|Ariadne}} and {{lang|de|Cöln}}—with minimal losses to themselves.{{sfn|Staff|pp=26–27}}

Der_Untergang_der_"Mainz".jpg|The actions of {{lang|de|Mainz}} in the battle

L-class destroyers and the battlecruisers 'Lion', 'Queen Mary', and 'Princess Royal', with the 'Mainz', at the Battle of the Heligoland Bight, 28 August 1914 RMG PW1231.jpg|Sketch of British ships engaging {{lang|de|Mainz}} in the distance

Rescuing the crew of the German light cruiser 'Mainz' at the Battle of the Heligoland Bight, 28 August 1914 RMG PV3448.jpg|{{HMS|Lurcher|1912|6}} alongside {{lang|de|Mainz}}, taking off survivors

File:SMSMainz-Denkmal-Nord.jpg]]

In August 2015, members of the Dutch sport-diving club Duikteam Zeester dove on {{lang|de|Mainz}}{{'}}s wreck and retrieved a variety of prosaic artifacts, including a sextant, the engine telegraph, and a sight for one of her guns. Their actions provoked criticism from German sources, who noted that the wreck was a war grave containing the remains of 89 crew members and thus should not be disturbed. The German Federal Police investigated the incident.{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/mensch/sms-mainz-bundespolizei-ermittelt-gegen-pluenderer-a-1051969.html|title=Gesunkener Kreuzer "Mainz": Bundespolizei ermittelt gegen Wrackplünderer|trans-title=Federal Police Investigating Wreck Plunderers|newspaper=Der Spiegel|date=8 September 2015|access-date=10 September 2018|language=German}} The German police spent three years investigating the dive team and searching for the artifacts. Finally, in August 2018, the divers and the German government reached an agreement, whereby the divers are recognized as the discoverers of the wreck in exchange for returning the artifacts they had taken from the wreck. The objects are to be exhibited in the Bundeswehr Military History Museum in Dresden. Henk Bos, one of the dive team members, stated that exhibiting the artifacts in a museum "...is all we wanted. So in the end, we are happy with this outcome."{{cite news|newspaper=Dagblad van het Noorden|url=http://www.dvhn.nl/groningen/Duitsland-stuurt-legertruck-om-WOI-spullen-bij-Gronings-duikteam-in-beslag-te-nemen-23518179.html|access-date=10 September 2018|date=7 September 2018|last=von Hebel|first=Frank|title=Duitsland stuurt legertruck om WOI-spullen bij Gronings duikteam in beslag te nemen|trans-title=Germany Sends Truck to Seize Artifacts Taken by Dive Team|language=Dutch}}

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{{Kolberg class light cruisers}}

{{August 1914 shipwrecks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mainz}}

Category:Kolberg-class cruisers

Category:Ships built in Stettin

Category:1909 ships

Category:World War I cruisers of Germany

Category:World War I shipwrecks in the North Sea

Category:Maritime incidents in August 1914