SPQR

{{unreferenced section|date=June 2019}}

In Latin, Senātus is a nominative singular noun meaning "Senate". Populusque is compounded from the nominative noun Populus, "the People", and -que, an enclitic particle meaning "and" which connects the two nominative nouns. The last word, Rōmānus ("Roman"), is an adjective modifying the whole of Senātus Populusque: the "Roman Senate and People", taken as a whole. Thus, the phrase is translated literally as "The Roman Senate and People", or more freely as "The Senate and People of Rome".

{{unreferenced section|date=March 2024}}

The title's date of establishment is unknown, but it first appears in inscriptions of the Late Republic, from around 80 BC onwards. Previously, the official name of the Roman state, as evidenced on coins, was simply ROMA. The abbreviation last appears on coins of Constantine the Great (ruled 312–337 AD), the first Roman emperor to support Christianity.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

This signature continued in use under the Roman Empire. The emperors were considered the de jure representatives of the people even though the senātūs consulta, or decrees of the Senate, were made at the de facto pleasure of the emperor.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

Populus Romanus in Roman literature is a phrase meaning the government of the People. When the Romans named governments of foreign states, they used populus in the singular or plural, such as populi Priscorum Latinorum, "the governments of the Old Latins". Romanus is the established adjective used to distinguish the Romans, as in civis Romanus, "Roman citizen".{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

The Roman people appear very often in law and history in such phrases as dignitas, maiestas, auctoritas, libertas populi Romani, the "dignity, majesty, authority, freedom of the Roman people". They were a populus liber, "a free people". There was an exercitus, imperium, iudicia, honores, consules, voluntas of this same populus: "the army, rule, judgments, offices, consuls and will of the Roman people". They appear in early Latin as Popolus and Poplus, so the habit of thinking of themselves as free and sovereign was quite ingrained.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

The Romans believed that all authority came from the people. It could be said that similar language seen in more modern political and social revolutions directly comes from this usage. People in this sense meant the whole government. The latter, however, was essentially divided into the aristocratic Senate, whose will was executed by the consuls and praetors, and the comitia centuriata, "committee of the centuries", whose will came to be safeguarded by the Tribunes.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

One of the ways the emperor Commodus (180–192) paid for his donatives and mass entertainments was to tax the senatorial order, and on many inscriptions, the traditional order is provocatively reversed (Populus Senatusque...).{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2025}}

Beginning in 1184, the Commune of Rome struck coins in the name of the SENATVS P Q R. From 1414 until 1517, the Roman Senate struck coins with a shield inscribed SPQR.

File:Insigne_Romanum_coronatum.svg

Even in contemporary usage, SPQR is still used in the municipal coat of arms of Rome and as abbreviation for the comune of Rome in official documents.{{cite web |url=https://www.comune.roma.it/web/it/home.page |title=Roma Capitale – Sito Istituzionale – Home |access-date=2019-10-29 |language=it |archive-date=18 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018083830/https://www.comune.roma.it/web/it/home.page |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://www.comune.roma.it/PCR/resources/cms/documents/Ord.1Revoca_deleghe_Naim.pdf |publisher=S.P.Q.R. – ROMA CAPITALE – MUNICIPIO ROMA CENTRO STORICO |title=OGGETTO: Revoca deleghe Consigliera Nathalie Naim |language=it |date=2011-02-02 |access-date=2019-10-29 |archive-date=29 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029112123/https://www.comune.roma.it/PCR/resources/cms/documents/Ord.1Revoca_deleghe_Naim.pdf |url-status=live }} The Italians have long used a different and humorous expansion of this abbreviation, "Sono Pazzi Questi Romani" ({{Lit|They're crazy, these Romans}}).See, e.g. {{cite book|last=von Hefner|first=Otto Titan|author-link=:de:Otto Titan von Hefner|url=https://archive.org/stream/handbuchdertheo00hefngoog#page/n122/mode/2up|title=Handbuch der theoretischen und praktischen Heraldik|year=1861|location=Munich|page=106}} SPQR is also part of the coat of arms of the Capital Military Command of the Italian army (Italian: Comando Militare Capitale).

In business, in English-speaking countries, SPQR is sometimes (humorously) used to mean "Small Profits, Quick Returns", often by people who have studied Latin at school.{{OED|S.P.Q.R.}}

{{More citations needed section|date=February 2018}}

SPQ{{math|x}} is sometimes used as an assertion of municipal pride and civic rights. The Italian town of Reggio Emilia, for instance, has SPQR in its coat of arms, standing for {{lang|la|Senatus Populusque Regiensis}}. There are historic usages of the deployment of the "SPQ{{math|{{var|x}}}}" format in various other cities and towns:

SPQR is often used to represent the Roman Empire and Roman Republic, such as in video games and movies.

In the 2000 movie Gladiator, the Roman general Maximus (portrayed by Russell Crowe) has "SPQR" tattooed on his upper arm, which he removes by scraping after he is sold into slavery.

The humorous modern Italian expansion Sono Pazzi Questi Romani ({{Lit|They're crazy, these Romans}}) is used in the French Ils sont fous, ces Romains ! ({{Lit|They're crazy, these Romans}}) as the catchphrase of the character Obelix in the French comic album series Asterix, and the Italian original/retranslation (translating back to the original) Sono Pazzi Questi Romani is used in the Italian translation of Asterix, rendered with capitals to make the acronym clear;See for example the image at [https://www.reddit.com/r/bandedessinee/comments/17xlnei/spqr/ r/bandedessinee "SPQR"], Reddit note that Albert Uderzo, the co-creator of Asterix, was born to Italian immigrants and was exposed to Italian as a child.

File:Arch.of.Titus-Inscription.jpg|The inscription in the Arch of Titus

File:Rome SPQR 1979-08-06.jpg|Manhole cover in Rome with SPQR inscription

File:Stemma reggio emilia municipio.jpg|SPQR in the coat of arms of Reggio Emilia

File:3492 - Milano - Galleria Vittorio Emanuele - Stemma di Roma - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto, 22-June-2007.jpg|Detail from the mosaic floor in the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan

File:Wenceslas Hollar - Superiority of the warrior class (State 2).jpg|"Superiority of the warrior class", by Wenceslaus Hollar

File:Arch of Septimius Severus Top Inscription.JPG|Arch of Septimius Severus top inscription

File:Fellini plaque, Via Veneto.jpg|Dedicatory plaque to Federico Fellini on Via Veneto

File:Wien Oberes Belvedere Sala terrena Stuckdekor.jpg|Field symbol (right) at the Belvedere palace, Vienna

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite journal |first=Carrie E. |last=Beneš |title=Whose SPQR? Sovereignty and semiotics in medieval Rome |journal=Speculum |volume=84 |issue=4 |year=2009 |pages=874–904 |doi=10.1017/s0038713400208130 |s2cid=162598924 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Moatti |first=Claudia |year=2017 |title=Res publica, forma rei publicae, and SPQR |journal=Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies of the University of London |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=34–48 |doi=10.1111/2041-5370.12046 |doi-access=free }}

{{Wiktionary|SPQR}}

{{Commons category|SPQR}}

{{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=SPQR

|viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle= }}

• [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/searchresults?q=Roman+senate+and+people&target=en%2C1&collection=Perseus%3Acollection%3AGreco-Roman Instances of "Roman Senate and People"] on Perseus.edu
• [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dpopulus1 Lewis & Short dictionary entry for populus] on Perseus.edu
• [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234%3Aid%3Db6c16 Polybius on the Senate and People (6.16)]

{{Ancient Rome topics |state = collapsed }}

Category:Ancient Roman government

Category:Latin mottos

Category:Initialisms