SS Yarmouth

File:Captain Harvey Doane.jpg

Built by the Clyde shipbuilder Archibald McMillan & Son, of Dumbarton, Scotland, for the Yarmouth Steamship Company, of Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, Yarmouth was designed to ferry both passengers and goods. She was a steel screw steamer, {{convert|220|ft}} long p/p, with a {{convert|35|ft|adj=on}} beam and hold depth of {{convert|21.5|ft}}.{{r|"LLoyds Register 1889–90"}}{{r|"clydeships"}} She had five watertight compartments and could carry 4,000 barrels. She was fitted with bilge keels and was capable of 14 knots.{{r|"LLoyds Register 1889–90"}}{{r|"Lawson 1902"}}{{rp|555}}{{r|"Day 2012"}}{{r|"Day 2013"}}File:Loran Ellis Baker.png The ship's bell was cast at the foundry of J. M. Broomall,{{r|"Vallejo"}} and due to its shape and design it has been speculated that it originated from the Philadelphia area.{{r|"Bennet 2016"}} When launched on 28 February 1887, Yarmouth was designed to be the finest steamship on the route between Eastern Canada and the United States. She was first registered in Glasgow by the shipbuilder and took just 9 1/2 days to sail the Atlantic on her maiden voyage. On 3 May in 1887, she arrived in Yarmouth and under the command of Captain Harvey Doane and Pilot S. F. Stanwood, she made her first trip to Boston a few days later on 7 May.{{r|"Lawson 1902"}}{{rp|555}}{{r|"Day 2012"}}{{r|"Day 2013"}}

She would remain in service on the Yarmouth – Boston route till 1911.{{r|"Day 2012"}}{{r|"Day 2013"}}

File:Yarmouth (ship, 1887) moored at Baker’s wharf, Yarmouth.jpg

In 1885, L.E. Baker wished to expand on his existing railroad, import and mercantile businesses in Nova Scotia. He had seen the need for reliable transportation links between Yarmouth, and ports on the Bay of Fundy, and from Yarmouth to Boston. Baker foresaw that the shipping company would bring in tourists to the province, and open up opportunities for building hotels, rail connections, and the development of "ports of call" along its route. His first step in November 1884, was when he and Captain Harvey Doane bought the SS City of Saint John.{{r|"Day 2012"}} Soon after, he established the Yarmouth Line in May 1885, with the purchase from the Nova Scotia Steamship Company of Clements Wharf and the SS Dominion of 450 tons. The Dominion had started life as the SS Linda, built in 1884 by Hill & Grinnell at Mystic Bridge.{{r|"Wheeler 2013"}}{{rp|128}} Together both these ships operated regular services on the key routes for transportation and commerce in the region; Yarmouth and Boston, Halifax and St. John. In January 1886 Baker acquired the SS Alpha, and with the Dominion, the line was able to offer passenger and freight services from Yarmouth to Halifax, Boston, and Saint John. In February 1887, to raise further capital, Baker reorganized the company as the Boston & Yarmouth Steamship Company, thus enabling funding for the purchase of the SS Yarmouth for the Boston service, which began operating in May 1887. Business was good and they expanded services again with the SS Boston in September 1890.{{r|"Day 2013"}} In 1894 the company was absorbed along with Baker's other business, the Western Counties Railway Company, into the Dominion Atlantic Railway. Baker died in 1899.{{r|"Day – Baker"}}

In Ottawa, on 1 April 1908, the findings of the "Wreck Commissioner of Canada" O. G. V. Spain were presented to the Deputy Minister, Marine and Fisheries in Ottawa concerning an incident in 1907/1908 when the Yarmouth was stranded under the command of Captain McKinnon. The Commissioner criticised the Captain for underestimating the tide and a lack of precaution.{{r|"Sessional papers 1909"}}

In 1911 the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) took over the Dominion Atlantic Railway (DAR) company, with the DAR continuing as a trading name.{{r|"Woodworth 1936"}}{{r|"Day 2012"}} The DAR sold three vessels and all rights to the Boston service to the Boston & Yarmouth Steamship Company division of Eastern Steamship.{{r|"Day 2012"}}{{r|"Day 2013"}}, and so the CPR (DAR) reassigned the Yarmouth to the Digby – Saint John, New Brunswick route.{{r|"Day 2012"}}

In 1916, the CPR replaced her on the Digby – Saint John, New Brunswick route with the SS Empress,{{r|"Sailstrait"}} and sold her to the North American Steamship Company (NASC).{{r|"Day 2012"}} From then on, the Yarmouth hauled coal{{r|"Martin 1976"}}{{rp|153}} between Nova Scotia and Boston. NASC was owned by a cotton broker, W. L. Harriss, who bought the Yarmouth for $350,000 and made back his investment by using her several times on trans-Atlantic convoy routes. He was more than keen to offload her onto an amenable buyer.{{r|"Stein 1991"}}{{rp|78}}

File:SS Yarmouth, c1920.jpg

On 17 September 1919, the Yarmouth was bought by the Black Star Line (BSL), which had been incorporated in June 1919, from the North American Steamship Company, a subsidiary of Harriss, Magill, & Company.{{rp|153}}{{rp|269}} The BSL had been founded by Marcus Garvey, a proponent of Black nationalism who had several goals, one being the recolonization of Africa by black Americans and Jamaicans, preferably by establishing a black-nation state.{{r|"Lansing Journal 1921"}} As a part of this effort, he established the Black Star Line with funding from a stock issue, at $5 a share from members of his United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). The name of the Black Star Line was a play on the White Star Line, the owner of the Titanic.{{r|"Foster"}}{{r|"Williams 2017"}}

Garvey was determined to employ an all-black crew for the venture. A suitably qualified black skipper–a rare man in those days–presented himself, and Garvey offered him the job. The ship's new master was Captain Joshua Cockburn, a British Licensed master mariner{{r|"Garvey Vol II 1983"}}{{rp|271}} born in Nassau in the Bahamas.{{r|"Garvey XI 1983"}}{{rp|566}}{{r|"Stein 1991"}} Cockburn had initially trained with the Royal Navy as a lighthouse tender, then worked for the UK-based Elder Dempster Lines from 1908 to 1918,{{r|"Stein 1991"}}{{rp|78}} which had given him significant experience with freighters plying routes between British and West African ports,{{r|"Garvey XI 1983"}}{{rp|566}} especially Nigeria.{{r|"Stein 1991"}}{{rp|78}} Garvey claimed Cockburn was the first colored man to command a deep-sea vessel.{{r|"Garvey XI 1983"}}{{rp|566}} Cockburn was retained on a "princely" $400 a month,{{r|"Tillery 2011"}}{{rp|56}} was adept at self promotion, and had Garvey's complete trust. One of Cockburn's first tasks was to source a suitable vessel, and broker the deal.{{r|"Garvey Vol II 1983"}}{{rp|271}}{{r|"Martin 1976"}}{{rp|153}}

The BSL and other Garvey projects had already been infiltrated by agents of J. Edgar Hoover's Bureau of Investigation, one of whom was Dr Arthur Ullysses Craig. Cockburn took Craig with him to the inspect the Yarmouth. Craig was the first black electrical engineer in the US and as qualified as any for the task.{{r|"FBI"}}{{r|"Grant"}}{{rp|221}}

The ship was in need of extensive and drastic repairs. Her boiler crowns required renovation and her hull was almost worn out. Nevertheless, despite the contrary advice of Craig, Cockburn considered her seaworthy.{{r|"Grant"}}{{rp|221}}{{r|"Grant"}}{{rp|78}} Soon thereafter the BSL had to find $5,000 to repair the boiler before the maiden voyage.{{r|"Tillery 2011"}}{{rp|56}}

Harriss, as has been said, was more than keen to find a buyer, and Cockburn and friends were all on commission. The seller had therefore good reason to ignore the BSL's inexperience and shaky financial credentials, which had aborted previous purchasing attempts by Garvey and his followers.{{r|"Stein 1991"}}{{rp|78}}

File:Marcus-garvey---mini-biography.jpg

To get round the BSL's fiscal shortcomings, the Yarmouth was in effect leased by Black Star Incorporated. She was to be paid for in 10 monthly instalments, totaling $165,000, before transfer of ownership.{{r|"Martin 1976"}}{{rp|153}}{{r|"Garvey Vol II 1983"}}{{rp|269}}{{r|"Day 2012"}} Like many financial details concerning this organization, sums vary; some sources put it at $168,500.{{r|"Garvey Vol II 1983"}}{{rp|81}} The Black Star could not raise the full 10 percent deposit, and the agreement was altered to an ongoing lease of $2,000 per month.{{r|"Tillery 2011"}}{{rp|55}}

The founding of the line and all its activities were political statements. The Negro World, a paper founded by Garvey, made a great play out of William Monroe Trotter having sailed on the Yarmouth as a waiter and cook on his way to the Paris Peace Conference. However, an indignity was forced upon him as he could not get a passport from the U.S. government for the trip.{{r|"Martin 1976"}}{{rp|153}} In fact, Trotter did go to Paris as a cook but he did so on the French vessel L'Ancore; this was confirmed by Trotter himself in the Boston Post of 24 July 1919, and repeated in the Baltimore Afro-American of 8 August 1919.{{r|"Ellis 2001"}}

The Yarmouth was unofficially rechristened as the Frederick Douglass,{{r|"Garvey 1992"}} the intention being to change her registration papers. This, however, was not completed, and she remained registered as the Yarmouth. Despite claims being made by the Black Star that they were the owners, this was not the case. In fact, she was on lease prior to completion of the terms of sale from the North American Shipping Corporation, so no official renaming could take place.{{r|"Garvey Vol II 1983"}}{{rp|268–269}} As the financial obligations of the deal were never completed, the ship was to sail for her complete history (and tenure under the Black Star) with British registration and under the Union Jack and Maple Leaf flag.{{r|"Garvey XI 1983"}}{{rp|566}}{{r|"Garvey Vol II 1983"}}{{rp|146}}{{r|"Garvey Vol II 1983"}}{{rp|269}}{{r|"Garvey Vol II 1983"}}{{rp|288}} Her maiden voyage for the line to the West Indies and Central America was on 24 November 1919. Aside from a Scottish engineer, her crew was largely black British in origin.{{r|"Garvey Vol II 1983"}}{{rp|207}}

File:Steamships in Morse dry dock 1920.jpg in Brooklyn, 1920]]

File:BLACK STAR LINER.JPG

Her first voyage for the new line was a short one. On 31 October 1919, she left the 135th Street dock near Garvey's office to a "glorious" send-off from several thousand well-wishers, and proceeded to 23rd Street. Already Garvey was experiencing funding problems, there were difficulties in arranging insurance, and the short trip had to be made with the permission of the owners.{{r|"Martin 1976"}}{{rp|154}}

The second voyage on 24 November 1919 was to Sagua la Grande, Cuba, with a cargo of cement. On arrival in Cuba on 5 December, Cockburn complained to Garvey that the white officers were causing trouble and had tried to run the ship aground. However, she was warmly received in the port, the local stevedores banding together to invest $250 worth of shares in the venture. She sailed on to Jamaica and Panama, but there was no new cargo to pick up. On return from Cuba she had a full passenger list and cargo manifest,{{r|"Martin 1976"}}{{rp|154}} though hampered by repair problems, controversies amidst the officers and a crew shortchanged on wages. She returned in January 1920.{{r|"Garvey Vol II 1983"}}{{rp|211}}{{r|"Garvey 1992"}}

The third voyage, shortly after the onset of Prohibition, was to deliver whiskey from the Green River Distillery to Cuba.{{r|"Tillery 2011"}}{{rp|56}} She had been laden with haste as the Prohibition amendment was to be enacted the next day.{{r|"Garvey Vol II 1983"}}{{rp|211}}

Garvey wrote: "I was therefore called upon to spend $11,000 for repairs in order to have the ship sail with the cargo valued at $5 million," – Garvey claimed elsewhere a value of $2 million{{r|"Garvey Vol II 1983"}}{{rp|207}} – "on which the company was collecting only $7,000 as freight, all because of the disobedience of two officers of the company".{{r|"Martin 1976"}}{{rp|154}} The deal for carriage of the whiskey was 10 percent of what it would have cost the distiller from any other shipping company and it had onerous full indemnity clauses attached, something unusual at the time.{{r|"Tillery 2011"}}{{rp|56}}

The ship left New York on 17 January{{r|"Garvey Vol II 1983"}}{{rp|207}} in a hurry. At Cape May the cargo shifted, and she was listing badly. Two days out, she was reported {{convert|101|mi|km}} out of the port, sailing erratically, slowly sinking, with an intoxicated crew.{{r|"Garvey 1992"}}

The United States Coast Guard insisted on her being towed home. A salvage tug company arrived on the scene (which had to be paid for in arrears), but the Yarmouth returned to port under her own power, thus avoiding becoming a salvage prize.{{r|"Garvey Vol II 1983"}}{{rp|208}} The Reverend Dr. R. D. Jonas, Secretary of the League of Darker Peoples, was to claim that the captain had thwarted a hijacking plot involving a following vessel, and sabotage of a seacock being opened by an engineer to start a leak.{{r|"Coffeyvale"}}{{r|"Martin 1976"}}{{rp|154}} One account says that Cockburn himself ordered that 500 cases of whiskey and champagne be thrown overboard to reduce weight. The jettisoned goods were picked up by small boats "suspiciously" on hand.{{r|"Martin 1976"}}{{rp|154}}

File:Crew of the S.S. Yarmouth, c1920.jpg

The valuable cargo had suffered losses from the crew and also from dockside repair workers. Workmen had been caught pilfering 56 bottles. This prompted the temporary impoundment of the cargo by government agents.{{r|"Garvey Vol II 1983"}}{{rp|211}} More politics: Garvey was to assert: "I want to tell you that we have really made history, for that whiskey is from the South and it belongs to Southern Crackers, too.{{r|"Martin 1976"}}{{rp|154}} The BSL would at the end of the day pay out in damages more to the distillery than it charged for freighting the cargo.{{r|"Tillery 2011"}}{{rp|57}}

After completion of very expensive temporary repairs, the Yarmouth sailed again. The repairs had been authorized without quotation and arguments of overpricing ensued.{{r|"Garvey Vol II 1983"}}{{rp|207}} These repairs took place in the large sectional floating dry dock of the Morse Dry Dock and Repair Company of Brooklyn (see photo). The dock was the largest floating dock in the world, capable of lifting a {{convert|725|ft|adj=on}} long, 30,000 gross ton steamship, or two smaller ships simultaneously. No doubt Garvey would have wanted alternative arrangements for repair, but his hand was forced by circumstances.{{r|"The Rudder 1920"}}

On the Yarmouth's arrival in Cuba, the Evening News (Havana, 25 February 1920) reported that she had been proclaimed the "Ark of the Covenant of the colored people and a bright harbinger of better days".{{r|"Garvey XI 1983"}}{{rp|566}}

In April 1920, Black Star bought its second ship, the Shady Side (a Hudson River excursion boat), and by early May 1920, the Kanawha, a yacht.{{r|"Martin 1976"}}{{rp|157}}{{r|"UCLA Vol III"}}

On her return in May 1920, the Yarmouth ran aground off Boston. She was to make her final voyage under a new captain to the West Indies.{{r|"Garvey 1992"}} Then in the fall of 1920 while at anchor in New York, she was involved in a collision, began to sink,{{r|"Garvey 1992"}} and was towed to dock for repair. Meanwhile, Black Star had to defer payments; their income of $44,779.71 could not keep pace with operating losses of $138,469.55 (not including office expenses, salaries, legal fees, and the costs of selling stock),{{r|"Garvey 1992"}} and in November 1921, by court order, she was sold at public auction by the United States Marshal's office for $1,625.{{r|"Garvey 1992"}}{{r|"Garvey 1992"}} The BSL took out an appeal over the unfavourable decision, but the case was dismissed with costs for non-prosecution, a bill later paid by a bonding company as the BSL by then was out of business.{{r|"Martin 1976"}}{{rp|156}}

The Yarmouth was broken up by the Pottsdown Steel Co. of Philadelphia.{{r|"clydeships"}}

The BSL in its lifetime was to visit ports in Costa Rica, Cuba, Jamaica, Panama, and other countries; however, it was never to reach Africa.{{r|"Foster"}}

{{further|Marcus Garvey#Charge of mail fraud}}

The Black Star Line collapsed through mismanagement, and Marcus Garvey's downfall was complete when irregularities in his business dealings left him open to charges of mail fraud. The ongoing investigations by the Bureau of Investigation culminated in a trial held in New York City, which began on 18 May 1923.{{cite news |title=Trial of Marcus Garvey, Charged With Using Mails to Defraud, In Progress |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/39624459/ |accessdate=10 August 2018 |newspaper=The New York Age |date=26 May 1923 |page=1|via=Newspapers.com}} This trial proved to be a source for future historians of verifiable and contested facts; for example the subject of the actual value of the Yarmouth when bought in 1919 was brought up. One of her officers asserted that since the ship had been used in the coal trade, she was "not worth a penny above $25,000". The prosecution asserted that having been used as a cattle boat, she was unfit for passenger use.{{r|"Martin 1976"}}{{rp|153}}

{{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=

{{cite book |last1=Bennett |first1=Tom |title=Bells from Shipwrecks -after 1830: Victorian and Modern Ship's Bells. Vol. 2 |date=2016 |publisher=Tom Bennett |pages=48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qbGNDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT30 |accessdate=26 June 2018}}

{{cite news |work=The Coffeyvale Daily Journal |pages=1–2 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/58938968/ |accessdate=29 April 2018 |title=Another Race Riot Breaks Out in Chicago's Black Belt |date=21 June 1920|via=Newspapers.com}}

{{cite web |title=Yarmouth |url=http://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?official_number=&imo=&builder=&builder_eng=&year_built=1887&launch_after=&launch_before=&role=&propulsion=&category=&owner=&port=&flag=&disposal=&lost=&ref=13895&vessel=YARMOUTH |website=clydeships.co.uk |accessdate=19 July 2018}}

{{cite web |last1=Day |first1=William |title=Yarmouth Steamship Company's Steamers |url=http://yarmouthhistory.ca/yarmouthhistory/LocalHistory/Entries/2012/7/1_Yarmouth_Steamship_Companys_Steamers.html |website=yarmouthhistory.ca |accessdate=12 June 2018}}

{{cite web |last1=Day |first1=William |title=Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, Shipping History |url=http://yarmouthhistory.ca/yarmouthhistory/Albums/Pages/Yarmouth_Line_to_Boston.html |website=yarmouthhistory.ca |accessdate=28 April 2018}}

{{cite web |last1=Day |first1=William |title=(Yarmouth) Local History |url=http://yarmouthhistory.ca/yarmouthhistory/LocalHistory/Entries/2012/1/1_Loran_Ellis_Baker,_18311899.html |website=yarmouthhistory.ca |accessdate=12 June 2018}}

{{cite book |last1=Ellis |first1=Mark |title=Race, War, and Surveillance: African Americans and the United States ... |date=2001 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=0-253-33923-5 |page=295. Note 76 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNCmXlv_5zAC&pg=PA295 |accessdate=14 June 2018}}

{{cite web |title=A Byte out of History, Early African-American Agents |url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/early-african-american-agents |website=fbi.gov |accessdate=15 July 2018}}

{{cite web |last1=Foster |first1=Hannah |title=Black Star Line (1919–1923) |url=http://www.blackpast.org/aah/black-star-line-1919–1923 |website=blackpast.org |accessdate=17 June 2018|date=9 March 2014 }}

{{cite web |url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/about-ghana/the-national-flag |title=The National Flag |publisher=Government of Ghana |access-date=14 June 2018 |archive-date=7 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207020731/http://ghana.gov.gh/index.php/about-ghana/the-national-flag |url-status=dead }}

{{cite book |last1=Garvey |first1=Marcus |title=The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers: The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, Vol. 2 27 August 1919 – 31 August 1920 v. 2 |date=1983 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-05091-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ysK4TESS2s0C&pg=PA282 |accessdate=11 June 2018}}

{{cite book |last1=Garvey |first1=Marcus |title=The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, Volume XI: The Caribbean Diaspora, 1910–1920 |date=1983 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-4690-6 |pages=845 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EVwMJlhJXbMC&pg=PR46 |accessdate=26 June 2018}}

{{cite book |last1=Garvey |first1=Marcus |title=Marcus Garvey Life and Lessons: A Centennial Companion to the Marcus Garvey ... |date=1992 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-06265-5 |page=445 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47UwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA445 |accessdate=28 April 2018}}

{{cite book |last1=Grant |first1=Colin |title=Negro with a Hat: The Rise and Fall of Marcus Garvey |date=2008 |publisher=Jonathan Cape |isbn=978-0-224-07868-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CBlxVYgwwSMC&pg=PA321 |accessdate=14 June 2018}}

{{cite web |title=About Marcus Garvey and the Black Star Line |url=http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/a_f/dumas/garveyblackstar.htm |website=english.illinois.edu |accessdate=17 July 2018}}

{{cite news |title=Marcus Garvey Said to Be Most Powerful Figure amongst Negroes |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/204070213/ |accessdate=5 August 2018 |publisher=Lansing Journal, Michigan |date=8 August 1921 |page=7 |quote=Marcus Garvey, "The Negro – Moses," as he is called, and what he has promised his four million, followers in his scheme of an Ethiopian empire... Today he is the Honorable Marcus Garvey, president of the provisional Republic of Africa, president-general of the Universal Negro Improvement association and African Communities League of the World; president of Black Star line of ocean going steamships, president of the Negro Factories corporation, editor and publisher of the Negro World, the most powerful negro newspaper published in the world.|via=Newspapers.com}}

{{cite book |last1=Lawson |first1=J. Murray |title=Yarmouth Past and Present: A Book of Reminiscences |date=1902 |work=Yarmouth Herald|location=Yarmouth, Nova Scotia |pages=681 }}

{{cite book |title=Lloyd's Register |date=1890 |url=https://archive.org/stream/lloydsregisters28unkngoog#page/n744/mode/2up/search/yarmouth |accessdate=19 July 2018}}

{{cite book |last1=Martin |first1=Tony |title=Race First: The Ideological and Organizational Struggles of Marcus Garvey ... |date=1976 |publisher=The Majority Press |isbn=0-912469-23-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VhsWRMMBNdIC&pg=PA153 |accessdate=11 June 2018}}

{{cite journal |last1=Aldridge |first1=Arthur F. |title=Morse Dry Dock |date=February 1920 |page=23 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Steamships_in_Morse_dry_dock_1920.jpg |accessdate=17 July 2018}}

{{cite web |title=The S.S. Empress on Northumberland Strait |url=https://sailstrait.wordpress.com/2014/02/23/the-s-s-empress-on-northumberland-strait/ |website=sailstrait.wordpress.com |publisher=Sailstrait |accessdate=18 June 2018|date=23 February 2014 }}

{{cite book |last1=Stein |first1=Judith |title=The World of Marcus Garvey: Race and Class in Modern Society |date=1991 |publisher=LSU Press |isbn=0-8071-1236-4 |pages=320 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNguYqqHaQAC&pg=PA78 |accessdate=26 June 2018}}

{{cite book |title=Sessional papers of the Dominion of Canada 1909 |date=1909 |publisher=Government of Canada |page=214 |url=https://archive.org/stream/n12sessionalpaper43canauoft/n12sessionalpaper43canauoft#page/n266/mode/1up |accessdate=13 June 2018}}

{{cite book |last1=Tillery Jr. |first1=Alvin B. |title=Between Homeland and Motherland: Africa, U.S. Foreign Policy, and Black Leadership in America |date=2011 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-4897-3 |pages=55–59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NAmCKImjNZ0C&pg=PA55 |accessdate=6 July 2018}}

{{cite web |title=American Series Introduction – Volume III: September 1920--August 1921 |url=http://www.international.ucla.edu/asc/mgpp/intro03 |website=international.ucla.edu |publisher=UCLA African Studies Center |accessdate=15 July 2018}}

{{cite web |title=Ship's Bell |url=https://www.vallejogallery.com/item.php?title=Bronze+Ship%27s+Bell+from+the+Steel+Steamer+Yarmouth+of+1887&artist_id=&artist=+&id=2982#lg=1&slide=0 |website=Vallejo Gallery |accessdate=28 April 2018}}

{{cite book |last1=Wheeler |first1=Richard Anson |title=History of the Town of Stonington, County of New London, Connecticut, from ... 1649 to 1900 |date=1900 |publisher=Clearfield, New London CT. Reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co. 1977 |page=128 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3O5ohqsqfckC&pg=PA128 |accessdate=14 June 2018|isbn=9780806307688 }}

{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Greg H. |title=The United States Merchant Marine in World War I: Ships, Crews, Shipbuilders and Operators |date=2017 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-6703-4 |page=166 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qKOgDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA166 |accessdate=21 July 2018 |chapter=Part Five: The Shipbuilders and Operators |quote=Harriss, Magill & Co., Inc. Steamship agent James P. Magill was in business with the Harriss brothers. The company operated one Shipping Board freighter and managed and operated 15 ships.}}

{{cite book |first=Margeurite |last=Woodworth |chapter=The Dominion Atlantic Railway Steamships |title=History of the Dominion Atlantic Railway |location=Kentville |year=1936 |pages=109–122}}

}}

• {{cite book |author=Marcus Garvey |title=The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, Vol. II: August 1919 – August 1920 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ysK4TESS2s0C&pg=PA282 |date=4 November 1983 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-05091-4 |page=282}}
• {{cite book |author=Tony Martin |title=Race First: The Ideological and Organizational Struggles of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VhsWRMMBNdIC&pg=PA153 |year=1986 |publisher=The Majority Press |isbn=978-0-912469-23-2 |page=153}}
• {{cite web |last1=Quirk |first1=Thomas |title=Joshua Cockburn: First Captain of The Black Star Line |url=https://thomas-quirk.com/2013/02/21/joshua-cockburn-first-captain-of-the-black-star-line/ |website=thomas-quirk.com |accessdate=17 June 2018|date=21 February 2013 }}

• {{Commons category-inline|Yarmouth (ship, 1887)|Yarmouth (ship, 1887)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yarmouth, SS}}

Category:1887 ships

Category:Ships built on the River Clyde

Category:Passenger ships of Canada

Category:Ships of the Black Star Line

Category:World War I merchant ships of Canada

Category:Steamships of Canada