STS-48

{{Spaceflight crew

| terminology = Astronaut

| position1 = Commander

| crew1_up = John Oliver Creighton

| flights1_up = Third and last

| position2 = Pilot

| crew2_up = Kenneth S. Reightler Jr.

| flights2_up = First

| position3 = Mission Specialist 1

| crew3_up = Charles D. Gemar

| flights3_up = Second

| position4 = Mission Specialist 2
Flight Engineer

| crew4_up = James Buchli

| flights4_up = Fourth and last

| position5 = Mission Specialist 3

| crew5_up = Mark N. Brown

| flights5_up = Second and last

}}

File:STS48 launch.jpg

File:Upperatmosphereresearchsatellite.jpg) prior to deployment]]

Space Shuttle Discovery was launched into a 57.00° inclination orbit from the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) Launch Complex 39A at 7:11 p.m. EDT on September 12, 1991. Launch was delayed for 14 minutes at the T−5 minute mark due to a noise problem in the air-to-ground link. The noise cleared itself, and the countdown proceeded normally to launch.{{cite report |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19920011934/downloads/19920011934.pdf |title=Mission Safety Evaluation Report for STS-48 |last1=Clatterbuck |first1=Guy E. |last2=Hill |first2=William C. |date=1991-12-16 |publisher=NASA |access-date=2024-09-09}}{{Reference page|page=15}}

On the third day of the mission, the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) was deployed from Discovery's payload bay {{Convert|650|km|mi nmi|abbr=on|sp=us}} above Earth to study human effects on the planet's atmosphere and its shielding ozone layer. The UARS mission objectives were to provide an increased understanding of the energy input into the upper atmosphere, global photochemistry of the upper atmosphere, dynamics of the upper atmosphere, the coupling among these processes, and the coupling between the upper and lower atmosphere. This provided data for a coordinated study of the structure, chemistry, energy balance, and physical action of the Earth's middle atmosphere – that slice of air between {{Convert|16|km|mi nmi|abbr=on|sp=us}} and {{Convert|97|km|mi nmi|abbr=on|sp=us}} above the Earth. The UARS was the first major flight element of NASA's Mission to Planet Earth, a multi-year global research program that would use ground-based, airborne, and space-based instruments to study the Earth as a complete environmental system.{{Reference page|page=28}} UARS had ten sensing and measuring devices: Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer (CLAES); Improved Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder (ISAMS); Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS); Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE); High Resolution Doppler Imager (HRDI); Wind Imaging Interferometer (WlNDII); Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SUSIM); Solar/Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment (SOLSTICE); Particle Environment Monitor (PEM) and Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor (ACRIM II). UARS's initial 18-month mission was extended several times – it was finally retired after 14 years of service.

Secondary payloads were: Ascent Particle Monitor (APM); Middeck 0-Gravity Dynamics Experiment (MODE); Shuttle Activation Monitor (SAM); Cosmic Ray Effects and Activation Monitor (CREAM); Physiological and Anatomical Rodent Experiment (PARE); Protein Crystal Growth (PCG II-2); Investigations into Polymer Membrane Processing (IPMP); and the Air Force Maui Optical Site (AMOS) experiment.{{cite web |editor-last=Orloff |editor-first=Richard W. |title=STS-48 Press Kit |url=https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/sts-048-press-kit.pdf |publisher=NASA |access-date=November 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012193212/https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/sts-048-press-kit.pdf |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |date=September 1991 |url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}

The flight was the first to test an electronic still camera in space, a modified Nikon NASA F4. Images obtained during the flight were monochrome with 8 bits of digital information per pixel (256 gray levels) and stored on a removable hard disk. The images could be viewed and enhanced on board using a modified lap-top computer before being transmitted to the ground via the orbiter digital downlinks.{{Reference page|page=40}}

STS-48 was the second post-Challenger mission to have Kennedy Space Center as the planned End-Of-Mission landing site, and the first mission to have a planned night landing at KSC. However, due to weather conditions at KSC in Florida, Discovery flew one extra orbit and landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, at 3:38 a.m. EDT on September 18, 1991. The orbiter returned to KSC on September 26, 1991.{{Cite report |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19930016801/downloads/19930016801.pdf |title=STS-48 Space Shuttle mission report |last=Fricke |first=Robert W. |date=1991-10-01 |publisher=NASA |access-date=2024-09-09}}{{Reference page|page=2}}

{{anchor|UFO/Ice particles controversy}}

Video while in orbit on September 15, 1991, shows a flash of light and several objects that appear to be flying in an artificial or controlled fashion. NASA explained the objects as ice particles reacting to engine jets.{{cite journal|first=Mark J.|last=Carlotto|title=Anomalous phenomena in space shuttle mission STS-80 video|url=http://www.carlotto.us/newfrontiersinscience/Papers/v04n04a/v04n04a.pdf |journal=New Frontiers in Science|date=Summer 2005|volume=4|number=4|pages=17–18}}{{cite journal|first=Lan|last=Fleming|title=A new look at the evidence supporting a prosaic explanation of the STS-48 "UFO" video|url=http://carlotto.us/newfrontiersinscience/Papers/v02n02a/v02n02a.pdf|journal=New Frontiers in Science|date=Winter 2003|volume=2|number=2|issn=1537-3169}}{{cite journal|first=Lan |last=Fleming|title=Examination of object trajectories in the STS-48 "UFO" video|url=http://carlotto.us/newfrontiersinscience/Papers/v03n01a/v03n01a.pdf|journal=New Frontiers in Science|date=Fall 2003|volume=3 |number=1|issn=1537-3169}} Philip C. Plait discussed the issue in his book Bad Astronomy, agreeing with NASA.{{cite book|first= Philip C.|last= Plait|author-link=Phil Plait |title=Bad Astronomy|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|date=2002|pages=208–209|isbn=0471409766}} This topic was also discussed in an episode of UFO Hunters.

NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Project Gemini, and first used music to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15.{{cite web |url=https://history.nasa.gov/wakeup%20calls.pdf|title=Chronology of wakeup calls|last=Fries|first=Colin}} {{PD-notice}} Each track is specially chosen, often by the astronauts' families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.

{{Portal|Spaceflight}}

• List of human spaceflights
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• Nikon NASA F4
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{{Reflist|30em}}

{{commons category|STS-48}}

• [http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-48/mission-sts-48.html NASA mission summary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728081011/http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-48/mission-sts-48.html |date=July 28, 2012 }}
• [http://www.nss.org/resources/library/shuttlevideos/shuttle43.htm STS-48 Video Highlights] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718044411/http://www.nss.org/resources/library/shuttlevideos/shuttle43.htm |date=July 18, 2012 }}

{{Space Shuttle Discovery}}

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{{Orbital launches in 1991}}

Category:Space Shuttle missions

Category:Edwards Air Force Base

Category:Spacecraft launched in 1991