Sadya

{{Infobox food

| name = Sadya

| image = Sadhya DSW.jpg

| image_size = 300px

| caption =

| country = India

| region = Kerala

| creator =

| course =

| type =

| served =

| main_ingredient =

| variations =

| calories =

| other = Kamayan

}}

File:Sadya 2019.jpg

Sadya ({{langx|ml|സദ്യ}}), also spelt as sadhya, is a meal of Kerala origin and of importance to all Malayalis, consisting of a variety of traditional vegetarian dishes usually served on a banana leaf as lunch.Kerala's Slow Food; The Indian banana leaf banquet that tastes like home by Shahnaz Habib AFAR March/ April 2014 page 49 Sadya is typically served as a traditional feast for Onam and Vishu,{{cite web | last=Iyer | first=Meenakshi | title=Onam 2018, here's why Sadya is the most balanced meal, full of nutritional value – more lifestyle | website=Hindustan Times | date=25 August 2018 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/onam-2018-here-s-why-sadya-is-the-most-balanced-meal-full-of-nutritional-value/story-2gwLfWrIj9L3VSnBVFxUfK.html | access-date=20 September 2018}} along with other special occasions such as birthdays, weddings and temple festivals.

Etymology

The Malayalam word sadya ({{wikt-lang|ml|സദ്യ}}) derives from Sanskrit ságdhi- ({{wikt-lang|sa|सग्धि}}), referring to a communal feast.{{Cite news |date=2016-09-09 |title=How Onasadya traditions differ across Kerala |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/Onam-on-a-leaf/article14630774.ece |access-date=2024-12-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}

Overview

File:Valla Sadya.JPG

A typical sadya can have about 24–28 dishes served as a single course.{{cite web |title=Happy Onam 2020: 26 dishes in the Onam Sadhya feast, what they’re called |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/happy-onam-2020-26-dishes-in-the-onam-sadhya-feast-what-they-re-called/story-Ox35zUre2YkHzMjzOcSHTN.html |publisher=Hindustan Times |access-date=26 June 2024}}In some cases, where it is much larger, it can include over 64 items, such as the sadya for Aranmula Vallamkali (Valla-sadya). During a traditional sadya meal, people are seated cross-legged on mats.{{cite book | last1=Vasu | first1=S.S.L. | last2=Kumar | first2=R. | title=Morning Glory Blossoms | publisher=Partridge Publishing Singapore | year=2017 | isbn=978-1-5437-4244-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8aJEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT21 | access-date=20 September 2018 | page=21}} Food is eaten with the right hand, without cutlery. The fingers are cupped to form a ladle.

The main dish is plain boiled rice, served along with other curries/koottaan ({{wikt-lang|ml|കൂട്ടാന്‍}}) which include parippu, sambar, rasam, {{transliteration|ml|italic=no|pulisseri}} and others like {{transliteration|ml|italic=no|kaalan}}, {{transliteration|ml|italic=no|avial}}, {{transliteration|ml|italic=no|thoran}}, {{transliteration|ml|italic=no|olan}}, {{transliteration|ml|italic=no|pachadi}}, {{transliteration|ml|italic=no|kichadi}}, {{transliteration|ml|italic=no|koottukari}}, {{transliteration|ml|italic=no|erissery}}, mango pickle, injipuli, mezhukkupuratti, {{transliteration|ml|italic=no|naranga achaar (lime pickle)}}, as well as papadam, plantain chips, {{transliteration|ml|italic=no|sharkara upperi}}, banana, plain curd and buttermilk.{{cite web | title=Happy Vishu 2017: Vishu Sadhya, Kerala's Grand New Year Feast | publisher=NDTV Food | date=13 April 2017 | url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/happy-vishu-2017-vishu-sadhya-keralas-grand-new-year-feast-1680747 | access-date=20 September 2018}}{{cite book | last=Rai | first=J. | title=Curry Cookbook – Keralan Cuisine – Jay Rai's Indian Kitchen: करी व्यंजनों | publisher=Springwood media | isbn=978-1-4761-2308-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5zDWhOU-I04C&pg=PT4 | access-date=20 September 2018 | page=pt4-5}}{{cite book | last=Brien | first=C.O. | title=The Penguin Food Guide to India | publisher=Penguin Books Limited | year=2013 | isbn=978-93-5118-575-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGhBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT422 | access-date=20 September 2018 | page=pt422}}{{cite web |last=Punit |first=27 lip-smacking, vegetarian dishes to try during Kerala’s grandest feast |date=28 August 2015 |title=Quartz India |url=https://qz.com/india/489554/27-lip-smacking-vegetarian-dishes-to-try-during-keralas-grandest-feast/ |access-date=20 September 2018 |website=Quartz India}} The buttermilk is typically served near the end of the meal. The traditional dessert called payasam served at the end of the meal is of many kinds and usually three or more are served. Some of the varieties are Paalada pradhaman, Ada pradhaman, Parippu pradhaman, Chakka pradhaman, Gothampu payasam, Paal payasam, etc. The multiple curries are all made with different vegetables and have their own flavor. The variety of curries is to symbolize prosperity and well-being.

File:Onam Sadya (15164960372).jpg]]

The dishes are served in different spots on the banana leaf. For example, the pickles are served on the top left corner and the banana in the bottom left corner, which helps the waiters to easily identify and decide on offering additional servings. The most common ingredients in all the dishes are coconut as it is abundant in Kerala. Coconut milk is used in some dishes, and coconut oil is used for frying.

There are variations in the menu depending on the place. Although the custom is to use traditional and seasonal vegetables indigenous to Kerala or the Southwest Coast of India, it has become common practice to include vegetables such as carrots, pineapples, and beans in the dishes. Traditionally, onion and garlic are not typically used in the sadya. The meal may be followed by chewing of vettila murukkaan, betel leaf{{cite web | title=Onam Sadya Items That Make the Traditional Recipe of Kerala Festival a Hit | website=India.com | date=3 September 2017 | url=http://www.india.com/festivals-events/onam-sadhya-items-that-make-the-traditional-recipe-of-kerala-festival-a-hit-2445898/ | access-date=20 September 2018}} with lime and arecanut. This helps with the digestion of the meal and cleanses the palate.

Variations

Preparations

File:Kichadi Sadhya.jpg is sometimes used in sadya]]

The sadya is usually served for lunch,{{cite book | last=Basu | first=M. | title=Masala: Indian Cooking for Modern Living | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing | year=2018 | isbn=978-1-4088-8687-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WDNWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT268 | access-date=20 September 2018 | page=pt268}} although a lighter version is served for dinner as well. Preparations begin the night before, and the dishes are prepared before ten o'clock in the morning on the day of the celebration. Nowadays, sadya is often served on tables, as people no longer find it convenient to sit on the floor. Sourcing of items/ingredients for a sadya is an elaborate and careful process to ensure quality. The lighting of the fire to prepare the sadya is done after a prayer to Agni, and the first serving is offered on a banana leaf in front of a lighted nilavilakku as an offering to Ganapati.

In a sadya, the meals are served on a banana leaf. The leaf is folded and closed once the meal is finished.{{cite web | title=The festive feast | website=The Hans India | date=11 September 2016 | url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Sunday-Hans/2016-09-11/The-festive-feast/253227 | access-date=20 September 2018}} In some instances, closing the leaf toward you communicates satisfaction with the meal, while folding it away from oneself signifies that the meal can be improved. However, the direction the leaf is folded in can have different meanings in various parts of Kerala.{{cite web | last=Pillai | first=Pooja | title=God's Own Platter | website=The Indian Express | date=14 September 2016 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/gods-kerala-onam-meal-food-feast-own-platter-3029921/ | access-date=20 September 2018}}

The Central Travancore-style sadya is known to be the most disciplined and tradition-bound.{{cite web|author=N. Satyendran |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/onam-on-a-leaf/article9092190.ece |title=Onam on a leaf |work=The Hindu |date=2010-08-10 |access-date=2016-09-14}} There is usually an order followed in serving the dishes, starting from the chips and pickles first. However, different styles and approaches to making and serving the dishes are adopted in various parts of Kerala depending on local preferences. Aranmula Valla-sadya is the most celebrated sadya with over 64 items served traditionally.{{cite web |date=22 August 2015 |title=Sing out loud for a 64-dish sadya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Sing-out-loud-for-a-64-dish-sadya/articleshow/48620396.cms |access-date=20 September 2018 |website=The Times of India}}

Typical ingredients

The items include:{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/onam-special-heres-what-a-traditional-onam-sadhya-consists-of-3028642/ |title=Onam special: Here's what a traditional Onam sadhya consists of |website=The Indian Express|date=2016-09-13 |access-date=2016-09-13}}

File:Sadhya Items.jpg (in mug), bittergourd thoran, aviyal, kaalan, lime pickle, saambaar, buttermilk, boiled rice in center]]

Rice: It is the main item in a sadya. It is always the Kerala red rice (semi-polished parboiled brown{{cite web|author1=Ramya Menon|title=God's Own Feast-ival!|url=http://www.cucumbertown.com/gods-own-feast-ival-onam|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904212725/http://www.cucumbertown.com/gods-own-feast-ival-onam|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-09-04|website=Cucumbertown}}) which is used for the sadya. Kerala matta rice is sometimes used.{{cite web | last=Tiwari | first=Nimisha | title=Flavours of India: Here's a look at a plethora of dishes that make festivals fun | website=The Economic Times | date=19 July 2018 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/travel/flavours-of-india-heres-a-look-at-a-plethora-of-dishes-that-make-festivals-fun/articleshow/65039593.cms | access-date=20 September 2018}}
Parippu: A thick curry lentil dish.
Sambar: A thick gravy made of lentils, tamarind, vegetables like drumsticks, tomato, yam etc., and flavored with asafoetida.
Rasam: A watery dish made of tamarind, tomatoes, and spices like black pepper, asafoetida, coriander, chili pepper, etc. It is very spicy in taste and aids in digestion. However, in some regions Rasam is not counted as part of a sadya.
Avial: A dense mixture of various vegetables and coconut, it is seasoned with curry leaves and coconut oil.
Kaalan: Made of curd, coconut, and any one vegetable like "nendran" plantain or a tuber-like yam. It is very thick and more sour, and typically can last for a longer period owing to the lower water content.
Olan: A light dish, prepared of white gourd or black peas, coconut milk, and ginger seasoned with coconut oil.
Koottukari: Vegetables like banana or yam cooked with chickpeas, coconut and black pepper.{{Cite web|date=2020-08-09|title=Onam Sadya: Know Everything About It|url=https://www.caringlyyours.com/everything-about-onam-sadya/|access-date=2020-08-13|website=Caringly Yours|language=en-US}}
Erissery: A thick curry made from pumpkin, black-eyed peas and coconut.{{cite web | title=When kanji used to be the special item on wedding menu | website=OnManorama | date=29 August 2018 | url=https://food.manoramaonline.com/food/foodie/2018/08/29/when-kanji-used-to-be-the-special-item-wedding-menu.html | access-date=20 September 2018}}{{cite book | last=Kannan | first=A. | title=From the South Delectable Home Cooking | publisher=DC Books | year=2011 | isbn=978-81-921926-2-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ne6vDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 | access-date=20 September 2018 | page=1}}
Pachadi: Sour curry made of curd and usually cucumber or sliced ash gourd cooked in coconut ground with mustard seeds and seasoned with sautéed mustard seeds and curry leaves.{{cite web|author=N. Satyendran |url=http://www.tastycircle.com/recipe/pachadi/ |title=Pachadi|date=6 July 2012 |access-date=2016-09-14}}
Sweet Pachadi: A sweet form of Pachadi, made with pineapple, pumpkin or grapes in curd. The gravy masala comprises coconut ground with cumin seeds and green chillies.
Pulisseri: A sour, yellow-coloured thin curry made with slightly soured yogurt and cucumber.{{cite book | last=Kannampilly | first=V. | title=The Essential Kerala Cookbook | publisher=Penguin Books | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-14-302950-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pYfOCaAPb3sC&pg=PA9 | access-date=20 September 2018 | page=9}} A sweet variant called Mampazha-pulissheri replaces cucumber with a combination of ripe mangoes and jaggery.
Injipuli: A sweet pickle made of ginger, tamarind, green chilies, and jaggery, also called Puli-inji.{{cite web | title=Onam 2018: All the delicacies that make up the very vast Onam sadhya feast | website=The Indian Express | date=24 August 2018 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/onam-2018-dishes-onam-sadhya-5322737/ | access-date=20 September 2018}}
Thoran: A dish of sautéed vegetables such as peas, green beans, raw jackfruit, carrots, or cabbage (usually) with grated coconut.
Mezhukkupuratti: A style of preparation for a vegetarian dish where the vegetable is stir-fried with spices. Chopped onions or shallots may also be used.
Achaar: Spicy pickles of raw mango (Mango pickle), lemon,{{cite web | title=Watch: Essential parts of an Onam Sadhya | website=Firstpost | date=4 September 2017 | url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/watch-breaking-down-the-onam-sadhya-4007925.html | access-date=20 September 2018}} lime, (Narangakari) etc.
Pappadam: Made with lentil flour, it is paired with rice and can be eaten as an appetizer.
Sharkara upperi: Banana chips with jaggery.
Kaaya Varuthathu: Banana chips.
Banana: A ripe banana is often served with the sadya to be eaten with the dessert, Payasam.
Chammanthi podi: coconut powder served as a dry condiment or chutney.
Sambharam, also referred to as moru: A drink made from salted buttermilk with green chilli, ginger, and curry leaves, it is drunk to improve digestion and is typically served near the end of the meal.
Kadumanga: Sliced mango pickle. Usually served as the third condiment of the sadya.

These side dishes are followed by desserts like Pradhaman and Payasams.

Pradhaman

Pradhaman is a sweet dish in the form of a thick liquid; similar to payasam, but with more variety in terms of ingredients and more elaborately made. It is made with white sugar or jaggery to which coconut milk is added. The main difference between a pradhaman and a payasam is that the former uses coconut milk, while the liquid versions of payasam use cow's milk.

Palada pradhaman is made of flakes of cooked rice, milk, and sugar.{{cite book | last=Kannampilly | first=V. | title=The Essential Kerala Cookbook | publisher=Penguin Books | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-14-302950-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pYfOCaAPb3sC&pg=PA232 | access-date=20 September 2018 | page=232}}
Pazha pradhaman is made of cooked "nendra" plantain or banana in jaggery and coconut milk.{{cite web | last=James | first=Merin | title=It's sadhya time, let's feast! | website=The Asian Age | date=31 August 2017 | url=http://www.asianage.com/life/food/310817/its-sadhya-time-lets-feast.html | access-date=20 September 2018}}{{cite book | last=Varghese | first=T. | title=Stark World Kerala | publisher=Stark World Pub. | year=2006 | isbn=978-81-902505-1-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lDhuAAAAMAAJ | access-date=20 September 2018 | page=107}}
Gothambu pradhaman is made of broken wheat.
Parippu pradhaman is made of green gram.{{cite book | last=Abram | first=D. | title=The Rough Guide to Kerala | publisher=Rough Guides | year=2010 | isbn=978-1-4053-8806-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NqjHz7n3Un0C&pg=PT86 | access-date=20 September 2018 | page=pt86}}
Chakka prathaman is made of jackfruit.{{cite web | title=Chakka Maholsavam to feature jackfruit delicacies | website=The Hindu | date=10 May 2018 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/chakka-maholsavam-to-feature-jackfruit-delicacies/article23829437.ece | access-date=20 September 2018}}
Ada pradhaman is made of rice-ada (Rice flakes).{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/kerala-celebrates-onam-with-payasam-fetes/article36014401.ece | title=Payasam fetes usher in the sweet notes of Onam in Kerala | newspaper=The Hindu | date=20 August 2021 | last1=Nagarajan | first1=Saraswathy }}
Kadala pradhaman is made from black gram.{{cite book | author=India Ministry of Tourism | title=Explore India: The Official Newsletter of the Ministry of Tourism | publisher=Durga Das Publications Pvt. Limited | issue=v. 3 | year=2001 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qk0sAQAAMAAJ | access-date=20 September 2018 }}