Sahu language
{{Short description|North Halmahera language spoken in Indonesia}}
{{Distinguish|text=the Saho language}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Sahu
| states = Indonesia
| region = Halmahera
| speakers = 7,500 excluding Waioli and Gamkonora
| date = 1987
| ref = e25
| speakers2 = (12,000 cited in 1987)Visser, L. E. and C.L. Voorhoeve. 1987. Sahu-Indonesian-English Dictionary and Sahu Grammar Sketch. Dordrecht: Foris.
| familycolor = Papuan
| fam1 = West Papuan?
| fam2=North Halmahera
| fam3 = Sahu
| dia1 = Waioli
| dia2 = Pa'disua
| dia3 = Gamkonora
| dia4 = Tala'i
| dia5 = Ibu †
| lc1 = saj
| ld1 = Sahu
| lc2 = ibu
| ld2 = Ibu
| glotto = sahu1245
| glottoname = Sahu
| glotto2 = ibuu1240
| glottoname2 = Ibu
| ELP=1789
| ELPname=Ibu
}}
Sahu (Sa’u, Sahu’u, Sau) is a North Halmahera language. Use is vigorous; dialects are Pa’disua (Palisua), Tala’i, Waioli, and Gamkonora. A fifth dialect, Ibu, used to be spoken near the mouth of the Ibu River. Ethnologue considers Waioli and Gamkonora to be separate languages.
Sahu has many Ternate loanwords, a historical legacy of the dominance of the Ternate Sultanate in the Moluccas.{{cite book |last1=Holton |first1=Gary |last2=Klamer |first2=Marian |editor1-last=Palmer |editor1-first=Bill |date=2018 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |chapter=The Papuan languages of East Nusantara and the Bird’s Head |series= The World of Linguistics |volume=4 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=569–640 |isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}
Phonology <ref name="sahu-grammar-sketch"/>
Sahu, like other North Halmahera languages, is not a tonal language.
=Consonants=
class="wikitable" style=text-align:center |
+Sahu consonant phonemes
! colspan=2| ! Labial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |
colspan=2| Nasal
| {{IPA link|m}} | {{IPA link|n}} | | {{IPA link|ɲ}} | {{IPA link|ŋ}} | |
---|
rowspan=3| Plosive/ Affricate | {{IPA link|p}} | {{IPA link|t}} | {{IPA link|tʃ}} | | {{IPA link|k}} | {{IPA link|ʔ}} |
voiced
| {{IPA link|b}} | {{IPA link|d}} | {{IPA link|dʒ}} | | {{IPA link|ɡ}} | |
implosive
| {{IPA link|ɓ}} | {{IPA link|ɗ}} | {{IPA link|ʄ}} | | {{IPA link|ɠ}} | |
colspan=2| Fricative
| {{IPA link|f}} | {{IPA link|s}} | | | | |
rowspan=2| Approximant
! central | {{IPA link|w}} | | | {{IPA link|j}} | | {{IPA link|h}} |
lateral
| | {{IPA link|l}} | | | | |
colspan=2| Trill
| | {{IPA link|r}} | | | | |
When preceding /a/, /o/, and /u/, the consonants /d/, /ɗ/, and /l/ become retroflex ({{IPAslink|ɖ}}, {{IPAslink|ᶑ}}, and {{IPAslink|ɭ}}, respectively). The trill /r/ alternates freely with {{IPAslink|ɾ}}, but, according to Visser and Voorhoeve, {{IPAslink|r}} is the more usual allophone. The glottal /h/ may be realized as {{IPAslink|χ}} by educated speakers for certain words deriving from Arabic.
= Vowels =
class="wikitable" style=text-align:center |
+Sahu vowel phonemes
! colspan=2| ! Front ! Central ! Back |
colspan=2| High
| {{IPA link|i}} | | {{IPA link|u}} |
---|
colspan=2| Mid
| {{IPA link|e}} | {{IPA link|ə}} | {{IPA link|o}} |
colspan=2| Low
| | {{IPA link|a}} | |
The phoneme /ə/ is only found in loans (primarily from Indonesian).
References
{{reflist}}
{{West Papuan languages}}
{{Languages of Indonesia}}
Category:Languages of Indonesia
Category:North Halmahera languages
{{Papuan-lang-stub}}
{{Indonesia-stub}}