Sahu language

{{Short description|North Halmahera language spoken in Indonesia}}

{{Distinguish|text=the Saho language}}

{{Infobox language

| name = Sahu

| states = Indonesia

| region = Halmahera

| speakers = 7,500 excluding Waioli and Gamkonora

| date = 1987

| ref = e25

| speakers2 = (12,000 cited in 1987)Visser, L. E. and C.L. Voorhoeve. 1987. Sahu-Indonesian-English Dictionary and Sahu Grammar Sketch. Dordrecht: Foris.

| familycolor = Papuan

| fam1 = West Papuan?

| fam2=North Halmahera

| fam3 = Sahu

| dia1 = Waioli

| dia2 = Pa'disua

| dia3 = Gamkonora

| dia4 = Tala'i

| dia5 = Ibu †

| lc1 = saj

| ld1 = Sahu

| lc2 = ibu

| ld2 = Ibu

| glotto = sahu1245

| glottoname = Sahu

| glotto2 = ibuu1240

| glottoname2 = Ibu

| ELP=1789

| ELPname=Ibu

}}

Sahu (Sa’u, Sahu’u, Sau) is a North Halmahera language. Use is vigorous; dialects are Pa’disua (Palisua), Tala’i, Waioli, and Gamkonora. A fifth dialect, Ibu, used to be spoken near the mouth of the Ibu River. Ethnologue considers Waioli and Gamkonora to be separate languages.

Sahu has many Ternate loanwords, a historical legacy of the dominance of the Ternate Sultanate in the Moluccas.{{cite book |last1=Holton |first1=Gary |last2=Klamer |first2=Marian |editor1-last=Palmer |editor1-first=Bill |date=2018 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |chapter=The Papuan languages of East Nusantara and the Bird’s Head |series= The World of Linguistics |volume=4 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=569–640 |isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}

Phonology <ref name="sahu-grammar-sketch"/>

Sahu, like other North Halmahera languages, is not a tonal language.

=Consonants=

class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
+Sahu consonant phonemes

! colspan=2|

! Labial

! Alveolar

! Palato-
alveolar

! Palatal

! Velar

! Glottal

colspan=2| Nasal

| {{IPA link|m}}

| {{IPA link|n}}

|

| {{IPA link|ɲ}}

| {{IPA link|ŋ}}

|

rowspan=3| Plosive/
Affricate

! voiceless

| {{IPA link|p}}

| {{IPA link|t}}

| {{IPA link|tʃ}}

|

| {{IPA link|k}}

| {{IPA link|ʔ}}

voiced

| {{IPA link|b}}

| {{IPA link|d}}

| {{IPA link|dʒ}}

|

| {{IPA link|ɡ}}

|

implosive

| {{IPA link|ɓ}}

| {{IPA link|ɗ}}

| {{IPA link|ʄ}}

|

| {{IPA link|ɠ}}

|

colspan=2| Fricative

| {{IPA link|f}}

| {{IPA link|s}}

|

|

|

|

rowspan=2| Approximant

! central

| {{IPA link|w}}

|

|

| {{IPA link|j}}

|

| {{IPA link|h}}

lateral

|

| {{IPA link|l}}

|

|

|

|

colspan=2| Trill

|

| {{IPA link|r}}

|

|

|

|

When preceding /a/, /o/, and /u/, the consonants /d/, /ɗ/, and /l/ become retroflex ({{IPAslink|ɖ}}, {{IPAslink|ᶑ}}, and {{IPAslink|ɭ}}, respectively). The trill /r/ alternates freely with {{IPAslink|ɾ}}, but, according to Visser and Voorhoeve, {{IPAslink|r}} is the more usual allophone. The glottal /h/ may be realized as {{IPAslink|χ}} by educated speakers for certain words deriving from Arabic.

= Vowels =

class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
+Sahu vowel phonemes

! colspan=2|

! Front

! Central

! Back

colspan=2| High

| {{IPA link|i}}

|

| {{IPA link|u}}

colspan=2| Mid

| {{IPA link|e}}

| {{IPA link|ə}}

| {{IPA link|o}}

colspan=2| Low

|

| {{IPA link|a}}

|

The phoneme /ə/ is only found in loans (primarily from Indonesian).

References

{{reflist}}

{{West Papuan languages}}

{{Languages of Indonesia}}

Category:Languages of Indonesia

Category:North Halmahera languages

{{Papuan-lang-stub}}

{{Indonesia-stub}}