Sam Hyde
{{Short description|American alt-right comedian (born 1985)}}
{{for-multi|the English boxer|Sam Hyde (boxer)|the folklore character|Sam Hide|the politician|Samuel C. Hyde}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{POV|date=May 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox comedian
|name = Sam Hyde
|image = Sam Hyde crop.jpg
|caption = Hyde in 2016
|birth_name = Samuel Whitcomb Hyde
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|4|16}}{{Cite web |url=https://twitter.com/Night_0f_Fire |website=Twitter |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119193420/https://twitter.com/Night_0f_Fire |title=Sam Hyde (@Night_0f_Fire) |archive-date=November 19, 2016 |access-date=November 22, 2024 |url-status=dead}}
|birth_place = Fall River, Massachusetts, U.S.
|medium = {{flatlist|
}}
|active = 2007–present
|genre = {{flatlist|
}}
|subject = {{flatlist|
}}
|education = Carnegie Mellon University
| website = {{URL|mde.tv}}
}}
Samuel Whitcomb Hyde (born April 16, 1985) is an American comedian. He is a co-founder of the sketch comedy group Million Dollar Extreme (MDE), alongside Nick Rochefort and Charls Carroll. Hyde co-created produced the series World Peace, and was a host of the reality TV series Fishtank.{{Cite web |last=Begay |first=Mesha |date=2023-05-08 |title=New Mexican man participates in 24/7 stream contest show 'Fishtank' |url=https://www.kob.com/new-mexico/new-mexican-man-participates-in-24-7-stream-contest-show-fishtank/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=KOB.com |language=en-US}}
Hyde has been involved in several public pranks and internet hoaxes. His transgressive style, including its use of homophobic, antisemitic and racist themes and his public support of far right figures has garnered significant public controversy, and he has been heavily linked with the alt-right.{{Cite web |date=November 17, 2016 |title=The Battle Over Adult Swim's Alt-Right TV Show |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2016/11/the-raging-battle-over-adult-swims-alt-right-tv-show/508016/#Correction1 |access-date=May 12, 2017 |publisher=The Atlantic}}{{Cite web |last=Strauss |first=Matthew |date=12 October 2017 |title=John Maus Speaks on Involvement With Canceled Alt-Right Adult Swim Show |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/john-maus-speaks-on-involvement-with-canceled-alt-right-adult-swim-show/ |access-date=20 September 2024 |website=Pitchfork |quote=Its creator, Sam Hyde, is also an outspoken proponent of the alt-right}}{{Cite magazine |last=Peters |first=Mitchell |date=7 October 2023 |title=Doja Cat Gets Backlash After Wearing Shirt With Photo of Alt-Right Comedian Sam Hyde |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/doja-cat-backlash-sam-hyde-shirt-photo-1235436570/ |access-date=20 September 2024 |magazine=Billboard |quote=wearing a shirt with an image of alt-right comic Sam Hyde, who reportedly has ties to the neo-Nazi movement}}
Life and career
Hyde was born in Fall River, Massachusetts, in 1985, and was raised in Wilton, Connecticut. After graduating from high school in 2003, he attended Carnegie Mellon University for one year,{{cite web |last1=Rullo |first1=David |title=Alt-Right comedian to appear at Hop Farm Brewing Company |url=https://jewishchronicle.timesofisrael.com/alt-right-comedian-to-appear-at-hop-farm-brewing-company/ |website=jewishchronicle.timesofisrael.com |access-date=29 April 2025 |date=31 March 2025}} before transferring to the Rhode Island School of Design,{{Cite news |last=Bernstein |first=Joseph |date=25 August 2016 |title=The Alt-Right Has Its Very Own TV Show On Adult Swim |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/josephbernstein/the-alt-right-has-its-own-comedy-tv-show-on-a-time-warner-ne |access-date=10 September 2020 |work=BuzzFeed News |language=en}} graduating in 2007 with a BFA in filmmaking.{{cite web |title=100 Notable Alumni of the Rhode Island School of Design |url=https://edurank.org/uni/rhode-island-school-of-design/alumni/ |website=EduRank.org |publisher=EduRank |access-date=30 April 2025 |language=en |date=11 August 2021}}
=''Million Dollar Extreme''=
{{main|Million Dollar Extreme}}
Hyde, along with fellow comedians Nick Rochefort and Charls Carroll, founded the sketch comedy group Million Dollar Extreme (MDE) in 2009, and began uploading videos to YouTube. The channel content consisted of pranks, iPhone monologues by Hyde, as well as "strategically offensive acts of (sometimes public) provocation and anti-sketches".{{cite web |date=April 23, 2013 |last1=Williams |first1=Christian |title=Take in the work of the comedy provocateurs in Million Dollar Extreme |url=https://www.avclub.com/take-in-the-work-of-the-comedy-provocateurs-in-million-1798237780 |website=AV Club |access-date=7 May 2025}} Pranks that were uploaded to the channel included Samurai Swordplay in a Digital Age: in which Hyde lampooned the American anime fandom under the pseudonym "Master Kenchiro Ichiimada" at a convention in Vermont, and Privileged White Male Triggers Oppressed Victims, Ban This Video Now and Block Him in which Hyde read aloud several pages of homophobic 'research' at a comedy club in Brooklyn: prompting walkouts among the audience.{{cite web|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/josephbernstein/gamergates-archvillain-is-really-a-trolling-sketch-comedian |title=GamerGate's Archvillain Is Really A Trolling Sketch Comedian |website=BuzzFeed |date=February 24, 2015 |access-date=July 17, 2017}} {{cite web |last1=Abramovitch |first1=Seth |title=Sam Hyde Speaks: Meet the Man Behind Adult Swim's Canceled "Alt-Right" Comedy Show (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/sam-hyde-speaks-meet-man-behind-adult-swims-canceled-alt-right-comedy-show-954487/ |website=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=3 October 2024 |date=8 December 2016}}{{cite web |title=Alt-Right Comic Sam Hyde to Perform at Skankfest |url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/comedy/legion-of-skanks/alt-right-comic-sam-hyde-to-perform-at-skankfest |publisher=Paste Magazine |access-date=19 September 2024 |date=19 April 2024}}
In 2014, Hyde started a fake Kickstarter campaign to crowdfund the creation of a "pony dating simulator" for bronies. Devotees of the show who ostensibly took the project seriously pledged a total of $4,161 to the fundraiser before Hyde cancelled it.{{cite web |date=March 6, 2014 |title=Dark Skyes -- an EPIC brony dating sim (Canceled) |url=https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/2110528317/dark-skyes-an-epic-brony-dating-sim |access-date=June 26, 2017 |website=Kickstarter |publisher=Kickstarter PBC}}
= TED talk =
File:Samhydetedtalk2070 (cropped).png
National attention focused on Hyde in 2013, when he was booked to deliver a talk at TEDx, titled 2070 Paradigm Shift at Drexel University. Hyde took the stage dressed in a maroon sweatsuit and a Roman style breastplate and greaves and delivered a speech in which he advocated for underwater vegetable farming, wiping Israel off the map , killing the elderly, and using trash as money.{{Sfn|Sienkiewicz|Marx|2024|p=157}} The talk was described by Forbes as a satiric impersonation of a "Brooklyn tech hipster,"{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/fruzsinaeordogh/2016/06/02/explaining-the-sam-hyde-as-mass-shooter-meme/#5a0e4daf8d90 |title=How 4chan Tricked The Internet Into Believing This Comedian Is A Mass Shooter |work=Forbes |access-date=October 12, 2016}} and The Washington Post described it as subversive brilliance, interpreting the work as a takedown of the TED talk concept.{{cite news |last=Petri |first=Alexandra |date=October 13, 2013 |title=The most glorious TED Talk takedown you will witness before 2070 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/compost/wp/2013/10/14/the-most-glorious-ted-talk-takedown-you-will-witness-before-2070/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017080506/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/compost/wp/2013/10/14/the-most-glorious-ted-talk-takedown-you-will-witness-before-2070/ |archive-date=2013-10-17 |access-date=2023-06-07 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}
= Television show =
With this increased exposure, Adult Swim premiered a television program in August 2016, Million Dollar Extreme Presents: World Peace. The show was co-written by Hyde, and he acted in it along with the other members of MDE.{{Cite web |title=Adult Swim Announces New Shows, Specials, and Pilots from John Kraskinski, Brett Gelman, Dan Harmon, and More |url=http://splitsider.com/2016/05/adult-swim-announces-new-shows-specials-and-pilots-from-john-kraskinski-brett-gelman-dan-harmon-and-more/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025004422/http://splitsider.com/2016/05/adult-swim-announces-new-shows-specials-and-pilots-from-john-kraskinski-brett-gelman-dan-harmon-and-more/ |archive-date=October 25, 2016 |access-date=October 12, 2016 |website=Splitsider}}
The series consisted of six eleven-minute episodes that contained anti-sketches, deliberately cheap performances, amateur acting and video segments including pranks. Sketches were deliberately provocative, with characters suffering violent abuses such as crashing through walls, and tables, and subjected to misogynistic and racists discourse. Hyde and Adult Swim emphasized the show's ironic nihilism, but journalists such as Buzzfeed's Joseph Bernstein drew attention to the show's popularity with the alt-right, and raised concerns that the ironic nihilism could be, and was being interpreted as racist, sexist and antisemitic.{{Sfn|Sienkiewicz|Marx|2021|pp=101-102}} Following an internal battle in the Cartoon Network, the channel that hosts Adult Swim, over the show's content,{{sfn|Donovan|Dreyfuss|Friedberg|2022|p=178}} it was cancelled after one season.{{cite web |last1=Wright |first1=Megh |title=Adult Swim Cancels Its “Alt-Right” Show 'Million Dollar Extreme' |url=https://www.vulture.com/2016/12/adult-swim-cancels-its-alt-right-show-million-dollar-extreme.html |website=Vulture |access-date=3 May 2025 |language=en |date=5 December 2016}} Hyde alleged that this was due to his vocal support for Donald Trump.{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2016 |title='Million Dollar Extreme' creators say Adult Swim canceled their show for supporting Donald Trump |url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/million-dollar-extreme-creators-say-adult-swim-canceled-their-show-for-supporting-donald-trump |access-date=December 30, 2016 |publisher=Fox News}}
In an email to The Washington Post after the cancellation, Hyde stated that the show included "a secret signal to the KKK, which is actually where a lot of my YouTube ad revenue comes from"; he also insisted that he was not being sarcastic, and that while he had kept the connection a secret, he could openly talk about the KKK once the show had been cancelled.{{Cite news |last=Weigel |first=David |date=23 December 2016 |title=The story behind the sudden cancellation of Adult Swim's Trump-loving comedy show |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/the-story-behind-the-sudden-cancellation-of-adult-swims-trump-loving-comedy-show/2016/12/23/ed9e2e3a-c3c8-11e6-8422-eac61c0ef74d_story.html?utm_term=.eb01374f956a |access-date=1 October 2024 |newspaper=Washington Post}} In an interview with The Hollywood Reporter in the aftermath of his series' cancellation, when questioned if he held a bias towards minorities, Hyde replied: "No, I wouldn’t say that. I would say that I’m probably as racist or as biased as the average regular white guy or the average regular black guy."{{Cite news |title=Sam Hyde Speaks: Meet the Man Behind Adult Swim's Canceled "Alt-Right" Comedy Show (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/sam-hyde-speaks-meet-man-behind-adult-swims-canceled-alt-right-comedy-show-954487 |access-date=2018-08-15 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en}}
In 2017, Hyde pledged $5,000 towards the legal defense fund of Andrew Anglin, the founder and editor of neo-Nazi website The Daily Stormer.{{Cite web |date=June 7, 2017 |title=Neo-Nazi website raises $150,000 to fight Southern Poverty Law Center lawsuit |url=https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-daily-stormer-20170602-story.html |website=Los Angeles Times}} The Southern Poverty Law Center sued Anglin for allegedly organizing a "troll storm" against a Jewish woman in Montana. When Matt Pearce of the Los Angeles Times questioned Hyde about the donation, Hyde asked Pearce if he was Jewish and went on to say that $5,000 was "nothing" to him. Hyde also stated: "Don't worry so much about money. Worry about if people start deciding to kill reporters. That's a quote. For the reason why, you can say I want reporters to know I make more money than them, especially Matt Pearce."
According to academics Matt Sienkiewicz and Nick Marx, Hyde's act is a form of trolling passed off as satire, with the argument that offensive statements can be made to evoke a suitable emotional backlash. In this way the response is itself performative. One group within the audience react to what they see, whereas the others in the audience become part of the trolling, enjoying the indignation they see in others.{{Sfn|Sienkiewicz|Marx|2024|p=159}} Advocacy group Hope not Hate have described Hyde as a "far-right activist with a history of racism, homophobia, misogyny and spreading antisemitic conspiracy theories", and argue he uses "a veneer of satire to create uncertainty around his actual beliefs".{{Cite web |last=Lawrence |first=David |date=12 September 2022 |title=Sam Hyde: the antisemitic troll making a comeback through influencer boxing |url=https://hopenothate.org.uk/2022/09/12/sam-hyde-the-antisemitic-troll-making-a-comeback-through-influencer-boxing/ |access-date=3 October 2024 |publisher=Hope Not Hate}} According to Sienkiewicz & Marx, as of 2024 Hyde had made it "increasingly hard to believe his anti-Semitism is anything short of sincere by continuously railing against Jewish comedians whom he believes conspire to blackball him", describing his 2017 donation to Andrew Anglin as "[saying] the quiet part out loud".{{Sfn|Sienkiewicz|Marx|2024|p=161}}
=''Fishtank''=
Hyde launched a live reality TV web show Fishtank (also known as fishtank.live). This is a 24/7 interactive reality show where a number of contestants cohabitate and interact with viewers in real time for six weeks.{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Kenneth |date=2023-04-23 |title=What is Fishtank? A 24/7 stream contest gone rogue |url=https://win.gg/news/what-is-fishtank-a-24-7-stream-contest-gone-rogue/ |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=win.gg |language=en}} The program has been compared to the Big Brother television franchise for its format,{{Cite web |last=Masiello |first=Shawna |date=2023-05-12 |title=Fishtank: the best reality TV show that will never air |url=https://poptopic.com.au/article/fishtank-the-best-reality-tv-show-that-will-never-air/ |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=POPTOPIC |language=en-US}} while others have compared it to the Stanford prison experiment for its content.{{Cite web |last=Laghos |first=Mario |date=2023-05-16 |title=Are we the fish? {{!}} The disturbing reality of Fishtank Live |url=https://whynow.co.uk/read/are-we-the-fish-the-disturbing-reality-of-fishtank-live |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=whynow |language=en}}
Misidentification hoaxes
Fans of MDE responded to the trolling content of the show by using photos of Hyde, its creator, to convince multiple media outlets of his involvement in mass shootings.{{sfn|Aspray|2019|p=155}} Hyde has played along with this, as part of his anti comedy stance.{{sfn|Webber|2018|p=302}} Some have argued he instigated the hoaxes himself through troll Twitter accounts.{{sfn|Boatright|Shaffer|Sobieraj|Young|2019|loc=§6}}
The hoaxes, which typically included photos of Hyde brandishing a semi-automatic weapon and with a slightly altered name to appear more "authentic", reappeared so often on social media that The New York Times characterized "Sam Hyde is the shooter" as "an identifiable meme."{{cite news|last1=Bromwich|first1=Jonah|title=Sam Hyde and Other Hoaxes: False Information Trails Texas Shooting |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/06/us/shooting-texas-hoaxes.html|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=November 14, 2017|date=November 6, 2017}}
The first instance of the prank was the 2015 Umpqua Community College shooting. CNN mistakenly included Hyde's image on their coverage of the shooting.{{cite news | first = Chris | last = Bell | title =Las Vegas: The fake photos shared after tragedies | publisher = BBC News | date = October 2, 2017 | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-41467035}} Hyde was also labelled as the perpetrator in high profile shootings such as the Orlando Night Club shooting,{{cite news |last1=Hicks |first1=Liza |title=Watch: Why Sam Hyde Goes Viral After Every Mass Shooting |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/watch/video/86887 |access-date=13 June 2023 |work=BuzzFeed |date=July 2019 |language=en}}{{cite news |last1=Abraham |first1=Ellie |title=Why does a Sam Hyde meme go viral after every mass shooting? |url=https://www.indy100.com/viral/sam-hyde-4chan-meme-shootings |access-date=13 June 2023 |work=www.indy100.com |date=28 March 2023 |language=en}} Sutherland Springs church shooting (where he was misidentified by Representative Vicente Gonzalez{{cite web |date=November 5, 2017 |title=WATCH: Rep. Vicente Gonzalez Says Sam Hyde Is Sutherland Springs Shooter |url=https://heavy.com/news/2017/11/sutherland-springs-sam-hyde/ |access-date=November 14, 2017 |website=Heavy}}) and the Las Vegas shooting in 2017. Hyde has also been erroneously blamed for many other small scale and large shootings,{{sfn|Webber|2018|p=302}} as well as the attempted assassination of Donald Trump.{{sfn|Gilbert|2025|p=166}}
Boxing
{{Infobox boxer
| nickname = The Candyman
| height = 6 ft 5 in{{Cite AV media |title=HEAVYWEIGHTS COLLIDE | Sam Hyde vs. Iamthmpsn Full Fight |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ziIRm1u_zX8 |date=2022-08-28 |type=Video |publisher=DAZNBoxing |place=YouTube}}
| weight = Heavyweight
| reach = 81 in (206 cm)
| style = Orthodox
}}
Hyde enjoys boxing and helped train Canadian YouTuber Harley Morenstein for iDubbbz's charity boxing event Creator Clash. On August 27, 2022, Hyde made his boxing debut, defeating Australian social media star James "IAmThmpsn" Thompson during the 2 Fights 1 Night event.{{cite web | url=https://www.sportingnews.com/us/boxing/news/ksi-vs-swarmz-undercard-complete-list-fights-2022-youtube-boxing-match/fstfjhe0cvzlkaydsw8hkuij | title=KSI vs. Swarmz undercard: Complete list of fights before main event in 2022 YouTube boxing match | publisher=The Sporting News | date=August 24, 2022 |access-date=2023-03-27}} Throughout fight week press conferences, Hyde adopted an Irish persona dubbed "The Candyman". In this persona, he spoke in a thick Irish accent, wore bizarre Irish-related clothing and a mask, and read candy-centric poems. Hyde defeated Thompson in the third round by TKO. After the fight, Hyde called out left-wing Twitch streamer Hasan Piker by threatening to murder him at his house, while remaining in-character as the Candyman, saying "I am going to stalk him and become obsessed with him, and wear his makeup, and his dresses, and use his skin as a coat like the ancient Irish did."{{cite web | url=https://unherd.com/thepost/the-un-cancellation-of-sam-hyde/ | title=The un-cancellation of Sam Hyde | publisher=UnHerd | date=August 31, 2022 |access-date=2023-07-05}}
He later went on to train comedy rapper Tyler Cassidy for his match against Chris Ray Gun for the second Creator Clash, scheduled for April 15, 2023. Weeks prior to the event, Cassidy was removed from the lineup of fighters, with William Haynes taking his place, sparking controversy and boycotts from fans of both Hyde and Cassidy.{{cite web|last1=Tolentino |first1=Daysia |title=YouTubers square off in the boxing ring for Creator Clash 2|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/internet/creator-clash-2-influencer-boxing-live-events-rcna78507 |date=April 11, 2023 |publisher=NBC News|access-date=July 5, 2023}} Cassidy accused iDubbbz of removing him from the card due to personal grudges against Hyde that stem from the filming of the documentary Getting Away With It.{{cite web|last1=Cadorniga |first1=Callie|title=Froggy Fresh Will No Longer Be a Part of Creator Clash 2 — What's Going On?|url=https://www.distractify.com/p/froggy-fresh-creator-clash |date=March 29, 2023 |publisher=Distractify|access-date=July 5, 2023}} According to Cassidy and many fans of both creators, a potential major factor was that he had previously made jokes about subscribing to iDubbbz's wife's OnlyFans.{{Cite web |last=Blisso |date=2023-04-07 |title=The Creator Clash Meltdown {{!}} Froggy Fresh Drama Explained |url=https://www.blissindex.co/article/creator-clash-2-froggy-fresh-idubbbz-sam-hyde-anisa-jomha-idubbz-drama-explained-harley-morenstein |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=Bliss Index |language=en |archive-date=November 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121080338/https://www.blissindex.co/article/creator-clash-2-froggy-fresh-idubbbz-sam-hyde-anisa-jomha-idubbz-drama-explained-harley-morenstein |url-status=dead }} In a video uploaded by iDubbbz titled "Addressing the Froggy Fresh Drama", he criticizes Hyde for relentlessly harassing him, his wife Anisa Jomha, and other influencers who have fought on Creator Clash, such as Nathan Barnatt.
Publications
Books
- How to BOMB the U. S. Gov't: The OFFICIAL Primo(tm) Strategy Guide to the Collapse of Western Civilization, with Nick Rochefort and Charls "Coors" Carroll. COM98 LLC (2016). {{ISBN|0997917601|978-0997917604}}.{{Cite web |url=https://theroyalstudio.com/How-To-Bomb-The-US-Gov-t-Dummy |title=How To Bomb The US Gov't, Dummy |website=The Royal Studio}}
Filmography
Television
- Million Dollar Extreme Presents: World Peace (2016, 6 episodes) – various, creator, screenwriter, producer{{cite news|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/josephbernstein/adult-swim-talent-trying-to-cancel-million-dollar-extreme|title=Adult Swim Talent Want The Network To Cancel Its Alt-Right Comedy Show|last=Bernstein|first=Joseph|date=November 16, 2016|work=BuzzFeed News|access-date=November 7, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121002339/https://www.buzzfeed.com/josephbernstein/adult-swim-talent-trying-to-cancel-million-dollar-extreme|archive-date=November 21, 2017}}{{cite web|website=Pitchfork|url=https://pitchfork.com/news/70282-bands-featured-on-adult-swims-cancelled-million-dollar-extreme-disavow-show/|date=December 8, 2016|access-date=November 8, 2016|first1=Evan|last1=Minsker|first2=Amy|last2=Phillips|title=Bands Featured on Adult Swim's Cancelled "Million Dollar Extreme" Disavow Show}}
Notes
{{Notelist}}
References
{{Reflist|30em}}
Bibliography
{{refbegin}}
- {{cite journal |last1=Aspray |first1=Benjamin |title=On Trolling as Comedic Method |journal=Journal of Cinema and Media Studies |date=2019 |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=154–160 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26742027?saml_data=eyJzYW1sVG9rZW4iOiI4NGFhMDk3Zi05MjBjLTRmZDItODM3NS1iN2M4Y2E0ZTdhNWMiLCJpbnN0aXR1dGlvbklkcyI6WyJkMTljZGExOC02NWJmLTQ1MTEtYTIwYy0yMWI5NTViMzBkMTgiXX0 |access-date=31 October 2024 |issn=2578-4900}}
- {{cite book |last1=Boatright |first1=Robert G. |last2=Shaffer |first2=Timothy J. |last3=Sobieraj |first3=Sarah |last4=Young |first4=Dannagal Goldthwaite |title=A Crisis of Civility?: Political Discourse and Its Discontents |date=18 February 2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-05196-5 |language=en}}
- {{cite book |last1=Donovan |first1=Joan |last2=Dreyfuss |first2=Emily |last3=Friedberg |first3=Brian |title=Meme Wars: The Untold Story of the Online Battles Upending Democracy in America |date=20 September 2022 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-63557-864-5 |language=en}}
- {{cite book |last1=Gilbert |first1=Christopher J. |title=When comedy goes wrong |date=2025 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington, Indiana |isbn=9780253072528}}
- {{cite book |last1=Jennings |first1=Ken |title=Planet Funny: How Comedy Took Over Our Culture |date=29 May 2018 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-5011-0061-1 |language=en}}
- {{cite book |last1=Sienkiewicz |first1=Matt |last2=Marx |first2=Nick |title=That's Not Funny: How the Right Makes Comedy Work for Them |date=26 March 2024 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-40296-6 |language=en}}
- {{cite journal |last1=Sienkiewicz |first1=Matt |last2=Marx |first2=Nick |title=Appropriating Irony: Conservative Comedy, Trump-Era Satire, and the Politics of Television Humor |journal=JCMS: Journal of Cinema and Media Studies |date=2021 |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=85–108 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/349/article/800086/pdf |access-date=31 October 2024 |issn=2578-4919}}
- {{cite book |last1=Webber |first1=Julie A. |title=The Joke Is on Us: Political Comedy in (Late) Neoliberal Times |date=11 December 2018 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4985-6985-9 |language=en}}
{{refend}}
External links
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons category}}
- {{IMDb name|id=6755567|name=Sam Hyde}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Hyde, Sam}}
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