Sambas riots
{{Short description|1999 ethnic violence in Indonesia}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2012}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = Sambas riots
| partof = post-Suharto era
| image = File:Locator map of Sambas Regency in West Kalimantan.svg
| caption = Location of the district (kabupaten) within the province of West Kalimantan on the island of Borneo.
| date = 1999
| place = Sambas Regency, West Kalimantan, Indonesia
| side1 = Malay rioters
Dayak rioters
| side2 = Madurese rioters
| casualties2 = 3,000 dead
}}{{Clean up|date=May 2025|reason=Tone and bias}}
The Sambas riots were an outbreak of inter-ethnic violence in Indonesia, in 1999 in the regency of Sambas, West Kalimantan Province and involved the Madurese on one side and an alliance of the indigenous Dayak people and Sambas Malays on the other. The Madurese and Dayak were inspired by their respective traditions of violence: carok for the Madurese and ngayau or headhunting for the Dayak. The Dayak attempt to settle disputes first by means of a peaceful agreement and only practice "ngayau" when they are violently attacked, while the Madurese practice "carok" as a first measure.{{cite web|title= Mengapa Tradisi Carok Dianggap Bergeser dan Tidak Lagi Jantan |url= https://www.tempo.co/politik/mengapa-tradisi-carok-dianggap-bergeser-dan-tidak-lagi-jantan--1171459|work=Tempo|date=21 November 2024|language=Indonesian}} In this case, the Madurese aggressively murdered some Dayak by using a sickle (celurit), so the Dayak responded out of self-defense. As for the Malays, they do not have a tradition of violence but allied with the Dayak due to harassment of the migrant Madurese over the course of many decades.{{cite news|title= Cannibal warriors feast on bodies of their victims|url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/cannibal-warriors-feast-on-bodies-of-their-victims-1082204.html#|work=The Independent|date=22 March 1999|last=Parry|first=Richard Lloyd}}{{cite web|title= Days of the Long Knives|url= https://time.com/archive/6955312/days-of-the-long-knives/#|work=Time|last=Hajari|first=Nisid|date=5 April 1999}}
Background
The Sambas riots in 1999 were not an isolated incident, as there had been previous incidents of violence between the Dayaks and the Madurese. The last major conflict occurred between December 1996 and January 1997, and resulted in more than 600 deaths.{{cite web|publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=February 28, 2001|title=Indonesia: The Violence in Central Kalimantan (Borneo)|url=https://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/asia/borneo0228.htm|accessdate=2008-08-13}} The Madurese first arrived in Borneo in 1930 under the transmigration program initiated by the Dutch colonial administration, and continued by the Indonesian government.{{cite web|title=Immigration and Conflict in Indonesia|author=Tri Nuke Pudjiastuti|publisher=IUSSP Regional Population Conference, Bangkok|date=June 2002|accessdate=2008-08-13|url=http://www.iussp.org/Bangkok2002/S15Pudjiastuti.pdf|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100711110959/http://www.iussp.org/Bangkok2002/S15Pudjiastuti.pdf|archivedate=July 11, 2010|df=mdy-all}}
Massacres
After the Madurese massacred the Sambas Malays in Parit Setia while exiting the local mosque after performing the Muslim Eid al-Fitr prayer, the Sambas Malays lost all patience with the harassment and murdering on the part of the Madurese. They thus joined forces with the Dayaks to resist the attacks of the Madurese in the Sambas district.{{cite book|author=Professor Timo Kivimaki|title=Can Peace Research Make Peace?: Lessons in Academic Diplomacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JWQqTQUrHTwC&pg=PT24|accessdate=March 20, 2014|date=December 28, 2012|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-1-4094-7188-2|page=24}} Up to 3,000 Madurese were killed, and the Indonesian government did little to stop the violence.{{cite news|title= Renewed ethnic violence hits Indonesia as 62 die in Borneo |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/mar/20/indonesia.johnaglionby|work=The Guardian|date=20 March 1999|last=Aglionby|first=John}} Some of the Indonesian soldiers that were sent to quell the riots were attacked by the Sambas Malays and Dayaks due to their support for the Madurese.{{cite web|url=http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/violence-indonesian-borneo-spurs-relocation-ethnic-madurese |title=Violence in Indonesian Borneo Spurs the Relocation of Ethnic Madurese |publisher=Cultural Survival |date= April 2010|accessdate=2014-03-17}}{{cite web|author=indahnesia.com |url=http://indahnesia.com/indonesia/SAMPEO/people.php |title=The Sampit conflict - People - The Madurese and the Dayak - Discover Indonesia Online |publisher=indahnesia.com |date= |accessdate=2014-03-17}}{{cite book|last1=Braithwaite|first1=John|last2=Braithwaite|first2=Valerie|last3=Cookson|first3=Michael|first4=Leah|last4=Dunn|title=Anomie and Violence: Non-truth and Reconciliation in Indonesian Peacebuilding|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OrdM8X7CBTAC&pg=PA299|accessdate=March 20, 2014|year=2010|publisher=ANU E Press|isbn=978-1-921666-23-0|page=299}}{{cite book|last=Hedman|first=Eva-Lotta E.|title=Conflict, Violence, and Displacement in Indonesia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUDii8kvQYAC&pg=PA73|accessdate=March 20, 2014|year=2008|publisher=SEAP Publications|isbn=978-0-87727-745-3|page=73}}{{cite book|last=Bowen|first=John Richard|title=Islam, Law, and Equality in Indonesia: An Anthropology of Public Reasoning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZU0jbXt5MkC&pg=PA62|accessdate=March 20, 2014|date=May 29, 2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-53189-4|page=62}}{{cite book|last=Dawis|first=Aimee|title=The Chinese of Indonesia and Their Search for Identity: The Relationship Between Collective Memory and the Media|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IUet7tl_j90C&pg=PA90|accessdate=March 20, 2014|year=2009|publisher=Cambria Press|isbn=978-1-60497-606-9|page=90}}
Further massacres
In 2001, another conflict broke out between the Madurese and Dayak that resulted in hundreds of deaths. It became known as the Sampit conflict.{{cite news|title= Jakarta's men watch as killers run riot |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/feb/24/indonesia.johnaglionby|work=The Guardian|last=Aglionby|first=John|date=24 February 2001}}
See also
- Transmigration program
- Sampit conflict
- 2010 Tarakan riot, a much smaller scale riot between Dayak Tidung and Bugis people in Tarakan
- Fall of Suharto
References
{{reflist}}
External links
- [http://202.158.52.214/id/arsip/1999/03/30/NAS/mbm.19990330.NAS94217.id.html Tempo - Mereka Lari ke Malaysia]{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
- [http://majalah.tempointeraktif.com/id/arsip/1999/03/23/NAS/mbm.19990323.NAS94089.id.html Tali Kepala Merah Kembali Dikenakan]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20110307075127/http://majalah.tempointeraktif.com/id/arsip/2001/05/14/WAW/mbm.20010514.WAW79269.id.html]
- [http://www.gimonca.com/sejarah/sejarah11.shtml Reformasi dan Persatuan Nasional: 1998 to 2001]
- [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7nwE9kUygR8 PERANG SAMPIT MADURA]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sambas Riots}}
Category:History of West Kalimantan