San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth
{{Short description|Deep borehole intersecting the San Andreas Fault}}
{{Infobox mine
| name = San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth
| image = San Andreas Fault SAFOD Project.jpg
| width = 275px
| caption = Schematic representation of the SAFOD borehole and pilot hole
| coordinates = {{coord|35.974204|-120.552141|type:landmark_region:US-CA|display=inline,title}}
| place = Parkfield, California, U.S.
| greatest depth = {{convert|3.2|km|mi|0|abbr=in}}
| opening year = {{Start date|2002}}
| closing year =
| owner = National Science Foundation
| official website = {{URL|https://www.earthscope-program-2003-2018.org/about/observatories.html}}
}}
The San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) was a research project that began in 2002 aimed at collecting geological data about the San Andreas Fault for the purpose of predicting and analyzing future earthquakes.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3293947.stm |title=Project to drill into Earth fault |publisher=BBC News |first=Maggie |last=Shiels |date=December 5, 2003 |accessdate=September 4, 2018}}{{cite web |url=https://news.stanford.edu/news/2003/december3/safod-123.html |title=Stanford, U.S. Geological Survey team up to get inside scoop on quake zone San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth will permit researchers to collect temblor data 2.4 miles below surface of Earth |work=Stanford News |first=Mark |last=Shwartz |date=December 3, 2003 |accessdate=September 4, 2018}} The site consists of a {{convert|2.2|km|mi|abbr=in}} pilot hole and a {{convert|3.2|km|mi|0|abbr=in}} main hole.{{cite web |url=http://www.quake.geo.berkeley.edu/safod/ |title=SAFOD (San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth) |work=Northern California Earthquake Data Center |accessdate=September 4, 2018 |archive-date=September 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905022858/http://www.quake.geo.berkeley.edu/safod/ |url-status=dead }} Drilling operations ceased in 2007. Located near the town of Parkfield, California, the project installed geophone sensors and GPS clocks in a borehole that cut directly through the fault. This data, along with samples collected during drilling, helped shed new light on geochemical and mechanical properties around the fault zone.
SAFOD was part of Earthscope, an Earth science program using geological and geophysical techniques to explore the structure of the North American continent and to understand the origin of earthquakes and volcanoes. Earthscope was funded by the National Science Foundation in conjunction with the U.S. Geological Survey and NASA.{{cite web |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/parkfield/safod_pbo.php |title=San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth |publisher=United States Geological Survey |accessdate=September 4, 2018}} Data collected at SAFOD are available from The Northern California Earthquake Data Center at U.C. Berkeley and from NSF SAGE Facility Data Services operated by EarthScope Consortium, formerly known as the IRIS DMC.
See also
- Chikyū Hakken, deep oceanic drilling program
- Integrated Ocean Drilling Program
- Kola Borehole (1970–2005, {{convert|12262|m|ft|abbr=in|disp=or}})
- KTB Borehole (1987–1995, {{convert|9101|m|ft|abbr=in|disp=or}})
- Mohorovičić discontinuity
- Project Mohole
References
{{Reflist}}
Further reading
- {{Cite journal |last=Ellsworth |first=W. L. |author2=S. H. Hickman |author3=M. D. Zoback |title=Seismology in the Source: The San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth|journal=Seismol. Res. Lett.|volume=71|date=January 1, 2000}}
- {{Cite journal |last=Ellsworth |first=W. |author2=S. Hickman |author3=M. Zoback |author4=E. Davis |author5=L. Gee |author6=R. Huggins |author7=R. Krug |author8=C. Lippus |author9=P. Malin |author10=D. Neuhauser |date=2005 |title=Observing the San Andreas Fault at depth |journal=Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union |volume=86 |pages=52|bibcode=2005AGUFM.T24B..04E }}
- {{Cite conference |last=Zoback |first=M. D |date=1998 |title=Scientific drilling into the San Andreas fault and site characterization research: Planning and coordination efforts. Final technical report}}
- {{Cite conference |last=Zoback |first=M.D. |author2=S.H. Hickman |author3=W. Ellsworth |date=2002 |title=The San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD): testing fundamental theories of earthquake mechanics |conference=2002 Denver Annual Meeting}}
- {{Cite conference |last=Zoback |first=M. |date=2003 |title=Scientific Drilling into the San Andreas Fault: The SAFOD Experiment |conference=AAPG Annual Meeting 2003}}
- {{Cite journal |last=Zoback |first=M.D. |author2=S. Hickman |author3=W. Ellsworth |date=2005 |title=Overview of SAFOD Phases 1 and 2: Drilling, sampling and measurements in the San Andreas Fault zone at seismogenic depth |journal=Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union |volume=86 |issue=5 |pages=52 |bibcode=2005EOSTr..86...52H |doi=10.1029/2005EO050006|doi-access=free }}
- {{Cite conference |last=Zoback |first=M.D. |author2=S.H. Hickman |author3=W. Ellsworth |author4=D. Kirschner |author5=N.B. Pennell |author6=J. Chery |author7=S. Sobolev |date=2007 |title=Preliminary Results from SAFOD Phase 3: Implications for the state of stress and shear localization in and near the San Andreas Fault at depth in central California |conference=American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2007, abstract# T13G-03}}
- {{Cite journal |last=Zoback |first=Mark D. |author2=Hans-Peter Harjes |title=Injection-induced earthquakes and crustal stress at 9 km depth at the KTB deep drilling site, Germany |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |year=1997 |volume=102 |issue=B8 |pages=18477–18491 |doi=10.1029/96JB02814 |bibcode=1997JGR...10218477Z |url=http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1997.../96JB02814.shtml |access-date=March 28, 2009|doi-access=free }}
- {{Cite web |last=EarthScope |title=EarthScope: SAFOD Observatory |work=EarthScope |year=2008 |url=http://www.earthscope.org/observatories/safod |access-date=March 28, 2009}}
- {{Cite web |first1=Rolf|last1=Emmermann|first2=Heinrich|last2=Rischmüller|publisher=GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany |date=October 31, 2006 |title=ICDP – International Continental Scientific Drilling Program |work=German Continental Scientific Deep Drilling Program |access-date=March 28, 2009 |url=http://www.icdp-online.org/contenido/icdp/front_content.php?idcat=946 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070729115256/http://www.icdp-online.org/contenido/icdp/front_content.php?idcat=946 |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 29, 2007}}
- {{Cite web |title=KTB Deep Crustal Laboratory of GFZ |year=2006 |url=http://www.icdp-online.org/sites/ktbto/references/ktbtopubs.htm |access-date=March 28, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415020241/http://www.icdp-online.org/sites/ktbto/references/ktbtopubs.htm |archive-date=April 15, 2013 }}
- {{Cite web |publisher=United States Geological Survey |author=National Science Foundation |author-link=National Science Foundation |title=San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth |access-date=March 28, 2009 |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/parkfield/safod_pbo.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 12, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212011723/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/parkfield/safod_pbo.php }}
External links
- [https://www.earthscope-program-2003-2018.org/ Earthscope]
- [http://safod.icdp-online.org/ SAFOD] at ICDP-Online.org
Category:Geology of California
Category:Seismological observatories, organisations and projects