Sandala, Israel

File:Sandela.JPG

The remains of a large building, possibly a church, from the Byzantine era have been excavated,Alexandre, 2009, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1209&mag_id=115 Sandala Final Report] Pottery remains from the Byzantine era have been found Dauphin, 1998, p. 778 and pottery remains from the 7th and 8th century C.E. have been excavated.Mokary, 2012, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1993&mag_id=119 Sandala Final Report]

In the nucleus of the ancient village, near the mosque, archaeological excavations have revealed pottery fragments dating to the early Islamic and Mamluk periods.Mokary, 2008, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=914&mag_id=114&previewit=TrUe Sandala Final Report]

In 1517 Sandala was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire with the rest of Palestine. During the 16th and 17th centuries, it belonged to Turabay Emirate (1517-1683), which encompassed also the Jezreel Valley, Haifa, Jenin, Beit She'an Valley, northern Jabal Nablus, Bilad al-Ruha/Ramot Menashe, and the northern part of the Sharon plain.{{Cite web |last=al-Bakhīt |first=Muḥammad ʻAdnān |last2=al-Ḥamūd |first2=Nūfān Rajā |title=Daftar mufaṣṣal nāḥiyat Marj Banī ʻĀmir wa-tawābiʻihā wa-lawāḥiqihā allatī kānat fī taṣarruf al-Amīr Ṭarah Bāy sanat 945 ah |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/28579982 |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=www.worldcat.org |publisher=Jordanian University |pages=1-35 |language=en |publication-place=Amman |publication-date=1989}}{{Cite journal |last1=Marom |first1=R. |author-link1= Roy Marom|last2=Tepper |first2=Y.|author-link2= Yotam Tepper|last3=Adams |first3=M.|author-link3= Matthew J. Adams|title=Lajjun: Forgotten Provincial Capital in Ottoman Palestine |url=https://www.academia.edu/101515579/Lajjun_Forgotten_Provincial_Capital_in_Ottoman_Palestine |journal=Levant |doi=10.1080/00758914.2023.2202484}}

According to a local tradition, the present village was established in the 18th century in the late Ottoman era by two brothers from the nearby village Arranah, which is today part of the West Bank.

When Edward Robinson passed by Sandala in 1838, he described it as a "small site of ruined foundations,"Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, p. [https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft/page/n178/mode/1up 161] while Victor Guérin, who passed by in 1870, noted it as "a hamlet, situated on a mound."Guérin, 1874, p. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptionsam01gu#page/326/mode/1up 326]

In 1882 PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described it as a "small village on the edge of the plain, built of stone and mud, supplied by cisterns, and surrounded by plough-land."Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/87/mode/1up 87]

In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Sandala had a population of 146, all Muslims,Barron, 1923, Table IX, Sub-district of Jenin, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n31/mode/1up 29] increasing in the 1931 census to 189, still all Muslim, in a total of 36 houses.Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 70]

In the 1945 statistics, Sandala had 270 inhabitants, all Muslims.Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p16.jpg 16] They owned a total of 3,217 dunams of land, while 32 dunams were public, according to an official land and population survey.Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Jinin/Page-055.jpg 55] Of this, 2 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 3,109 dunams were used for cereals,Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Jinin/Page-099.jpg 99] while 7 dunams were built-up land.Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Jinin/Page-149.jpg 149]

During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, in March 1948, Palmach units destroyed "a number of houses" in the village.Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA344 344], note #16, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA396 396] Sandala was captured by the Israeli Army and retaken by the Iraqi Army. Due to its location inside the Green Line, it became part of the State of Israel.[https://web.archive.org/web/20140611123440/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-10033220.html The Hot Spot], Jerusalem Post

Andrew Petersen, an archaeologist specializing in Islamic architecture, visited the village in 1994. He described the new mosque in the center of the village, apparently constructed on older foundations. The area around the mosque formed the core of the old village, parts of which had been demolished, while the rest was scheduled for demolition. The remaining structures formed a square, containing various houses and courtyards. According to Petersen, some of the deserted houses appeared to incorporate earlier structures, including transverse arches and cross-vaulted rooms, possibly of a medieval origin.Petersen, 2001, p. [https://www.academia.edu/21620272/Gazetteer_6._S-Z 289]

• Arab localities in Israel

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• {{cite journal|last=Alexandre|first=Yardenna|date=2009-09-29|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1209&mag_id=115|title=Sandala, Final Report|publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=121}}
• {{cite book | editor =Barron, J.B. | title = Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 |url=https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 |publisher = Government of Palestine | year = 1923}}
• {{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.|author-link1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H.H.|author-link2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1882|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp02conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund|volume=2}}
• {{cite book | last= Dauphin |first = C.|author-link= Claudine Dauphin | title = La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FC1mAAAAMAAJ |volume = III : Catalogue | series = BAR International Series 726 | year = 1998 | publisher = Archeopress | location = Oxford|language =French|isbn= 0-860549-05-4}}
• {{cite book|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945 |url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Department of Statistics|year=1945|publisher=Government of Palestine}}
• {{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.|author-link=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptionsam01gu|volume=2: Samarie, pt. 1|year=1874|publisher= L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=French}}
• {{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first=S.|last=Hadawi|author-link=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center}}
• {{cite book | editor = Mills, E. | title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas |url=https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas | publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932}}
• {{cite journal|last=Mokary|first=Abdalla |date=2008-10-05|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=914&mag_id=114|title=Sandala, Final Report|publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=120}}
• {{cite journal|last=Mokary|first=Abdalla |date=2012-07-16|url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1993&mag_id=119 |title=Sandala, Final Report|publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel|number=124}}
• {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C |first=Benny |last=Morris |author-link=Benny Morris |year=2004 |title=The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited |isbn=978-0-521-00967-6 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge}}
• {{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E.H.|author-link=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund}}
• {{cite book|title=A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology)|url=https://www.academia.edu/21620272|volume= I |first=Andrew|last=Petersen|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-727011-0 }}
• {{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=E.|author-link2=Eli Smith|year=1841|url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft |title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838| location=Boston|publisher=Crocker & Brewster|volume=3}}

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• [http://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/Sandala_1548/index.html Welcome To Sandala]
• Survey of Western Palestine, Map 9: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8371 IAA], Wikimedia commons

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Category:Arab villages in Israel

Category:Populated places in Northern District (Israel)