Sardine#History

The word sardine first appeared in English in the 15th century, a loanword from French {{lang|fr|sardine}}, derived from Latin {{lang|la|sardina}}, from Ancient Greek {{lang|grc|σαρδίνη}} (sardínē) or {{lang|grc|σαρδῖνος}} (sardĩnos),{{cite web |title=sardine |website=Wiktionary |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sardine |access-date=28 March 2018}} possibly from the Greek {{lang|el|Σαρδώ}} (Sardō) 'Sardinia'. Athenaios quotes a fragmentary passage from Aristotle mentioning the fish {{lang|grc|σαρδῖνος}} (sardĩnos), referring to the sardine or pilchard.{{cite web |title=σαρδίνη |website=The Online Liddell-Scott-Jones Greek-English Lexicon |url=http://stephanus.tlg.uci.edu/lsj/#eid=95990 |access-date = 28 March 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110512001517/http://stephanus.tlg.uci.edu/lsj/#eid=95990 |url-status = live |archive-date = 12 May 2011}} However, Sardinia is over 1000 km from Athens, so it seems "hardly probable that the Greeks would have obtained fish from so far as Sardinia at a time relatively so early as that of Aristotle."{{cite web |title=sardine (n.) |website=Online Etymology Dictionary |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/sardine |access-date = 28 March 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190421175724/https://www.etymonline.com/word/sardine |archive-date = 21 April 2019 |url-status = live}} Although the Myceneans traded with the Sardinians during the latter Bronze Age.C. Michael Hogan, "Cydonia", Modern Antiquarian, 23 January 2008

The flesh of some sardines or pilchards is a reddish-brown colour similar to some varieties of red sardonyx or sardine stone; this word derives from {{lang|grc|σαρδῖον}} (sardĩon) with a root meaning 'red' and possibly cognate with Sardis, the capital of ancient Lydia (now western Turkey) where it was obtained. However, the name may refer to the reddish-pink colour of the gemstone sard (or carnelian) known to the ancients.{{EB1911 |wstitle=Sard|short=1 |noicon=1}}{{cite web |title=Sardius, Sardine |website=Vine's Expository Dictionary of NT Words (1940), hosted at StudyLight.org. |url=https://www.studylight.org/dictionaries/ved/s/sardius-sardine.html |access-date=28 March 2018}}

The phrase "packed like sardines" (in a tin) is recorded from 1911. The phrase "packed up like sardines" appears in The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction from 1841,{{Cite journal |title=The Cottage Bonnet |journal=The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction: Containing Original Papers |page=155 |issue=1075 |date=4 September 1841 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kIFAAAAQAAJ&q=sardines&pg=PA155}} and is a translation of "encaissés comme des sardines", which appears in {{lang|fr|La Femme, le mari, et l'amant}} from 1829.{{Cite book |title=La femme, le mari, et l'amant |last=de Kock |first=Paul |author-link=Charles Paul de Kock |orig-year=1829 |year=1879 |page=1 |language=fr |place=Sceaux, Paris |publisher=Imprimerie de Charaire et fils |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k56570838/f1.image.vertical}} Other early appearances of the idiom are "packed together ... like sardines in a tin-box" (1845),{{Cite book |title=The Quaker City, Or, The Monks of Monk-Hall: A Romance of Philadelphia Life, Mystery, and Crime |first=George |last=Lippard |orig-year=1845 |year=1849 |place=Philadelphia |publisher=T. B. Peterson & Brothers |page=222 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=10NHAQAAMAAJ&q=sardines&pg=PA222}} and "packed ... like sardines in a can" (1854).{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_LABAAAAQAAJ&q=sardines+can&pg=PA61 |title=Revelations of a slave trader; or Twenty years' adventures of Captain Canot |editor-last=Mayer |editor-first=Brantz |editor-link=Brantz Mayer |first=Théodore |last=Canot|author-link=Théodore Canot |date=September 1854 |place=London |publisher=Richard Bentley |page=61}}, although this is a free rendering from the French original "...il fallut...les entassér commes des sardines." ({{cite book |last=Canot |first=Théodore |title=Le capitaine Canot, ou vingt années de la vie d'un négrier |orig-year=1854 |year=1860 |language=fr |place=Paris |publisher=Amyot |page=88 |url=https://archive.org/details/vingtannesdela00conn/page/n95/mode/2up?q=sardines}}) where 'entassér' can mean 'to cram together.

{{common fish}}

Sardines occur in several genera.

• Genus Dussumieria
• Rainbow sardine (Dussumieria acuta)
• Slender rainbow sardine (Dussumieria elopsoides)
• Genus Escualosa
• Slender white sardine (Escualosa elongata)
• White sardine (Escualosa thoracata)
• Genus Sardina
• European pilchard (true sardine) (Sardina pilchardus)
• Genus Sardinella
• Goldstripe sardinella (Sardinella gibbosa)
• Indian oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps)
• Round sardinella (Sardinella aurita)
• Freshwater sardine (Sardinella tawilis)
• Marquesan sardinella (Sardinella marquesensis)
• Genus Sardinops
• South American pilchard (Sardinops sagax)

Although they are not true sardines, sprats are sometimes marketed as sardines. For example, the European sprat, Sprattus sprattus, is sometimes marketed as the 'brisling sardine'.

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File:Sardina pilchardus Gervais.jpg| The European pilchard, Sardina pilchardus

File:Sardinops sagax.jpg| In the 1980s the South American pilchard, Sardinops sagax, was the most intensively fished species of sardine. Some major stocks declined precipitously in the 1990s (see chart below).

File:Sardinops sagax caerulea.png| The Pacific sardine, Sardinops sagax caerulea

Sardines feed almost exclusively on zooplankton and congregate wherever this is abundant.

{{multiple image

|align = right

|direction = vertical

|width = 300

|header = Global capture of sardines in tonnes reported by the FAO

|image1 = Time series for global capture of Sardinops sardines.png

|caption1 = Sardines of the genus Sardinops, 1950–2010

|image2 = Time series for global capture of non-Sardinops sardines.png

|caption2 = Sardines not of the genus Sardinops, 1950–2010

}}

Typically, sardines are caught with encircling nets, particularly purse seines. Many modifications of encircling nets are used, including traps or fishing weirs. The latter are stationary enclosures composed of stakes into which schools of sardines are diverted as they swim along the coast. The fish are caught mainly at night, when they approach the surface to feed on plankton. After harvesting, the fish are submerged in brine while they are transported to shore.

Sardines are commercially fished for a variety of uses: for bait; for immediate consumption; for drying, salting, or smoking; and for reduction into fish meal or oil. The chief use of sardines is for human consumption, but fish meal is used as animal feed, while sardine oil has many uses, including the manufacture of paint, varnish, and linoleum.

{{main|Sardines as food}}

{{nutritional value

| name=Pacific sardines canned in tomato sauce, drained solids with bone

| water=66.9 g

| kJ=774

| protein=20.9 g

| fat=10.4 g

| carbs=0.54 g

| calcium_mg=240

| iron_mg=2.3

| magnesium_mg=34

| phosphorus_mg=366

| potassium_mg=341

| sodium_mg=414

| zinc_mg=1.4

| manganese_mg=0.206

| thiamin_mg=0.044

| riboflavin_mg=0.233

| niacin_mg=4.2

| pantothenic_mg=0.73

| vitB6_mg=0.123

| folate_ug=24

| vitB12_ug=9

| note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/175140/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]

}}

Sardines are commonly consumed by humans as a source of protein, omega-3 fatty acids, and micronutrients.{{cite web |title=Why eat lower on the seafood chain? |url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/why-eat-lower-on-the-seafood-chain-202303222904 |publisher=Harvard Health Publishing, Harvard University Medical School |access-date=3 September 2024 |date=22 March 2023}} Sardines may be grilled, pickled, smoked, or preserved in cans.

Canned sardines are 67% water, 21% protein, 10% fat, and contain negligible carbohydrates (table). In a reference amount of {{cvt|100|g}}, canned sardines supply 185 calories of food energy and are a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin B12 (375% DV), phosphorus (29% DV), and niacin (26% DV) (table). Sardines are a moderate source (10–19% DV) of the B vitamins, riboflavin and pantothenic acid, and several dietary minerals, including calcium and sodium (18% DV each) (table). A 100 g serving of canned sardines supplies about 7 g combined of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (USDA source in table).

Because they are low in the food chain, sardines are low in contaminants, such as mercury, relative to other fish commonly eaten by humans,{{cite web |title=Mercury Levels in Commercial Fish and Shellfish |url=https://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/Product-SpecificInformation/Seafood/FoodbornePathogensContaminants/Methylmercury/ucm115644.htm |publisher=U S Food and Drug Administration |date=5 July 2009 |access-date=1 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024125535/https://www.fda.gov/food/foodsafety/product-specificinformation/seafood/foodbornepathogenscontaminants/methylmercury/ucm115644.htm |archive-date=24 October 2011 }} and have a relatively low impact in production of greenhouse gases.

Pilchard fishing and processing became a thriving industry in Cornwall, England from around 1750 to around 1880, after which it went into decline. Catches varied from year to year, and in 1871, the catch was 47,000 hogsheads, while in 1877, only 9,477 hogsheads. A hogshead contained 2,300 to 4,000 pilchards, and when filled with pressed pilchards, weighed 476 lbs. The pilchards were mostly exported to Roman Catholic countries such as Italy and Spain, where they are known as fermades. The chief market for the oil was Bristol, where it was used on machinery.{{cite news |last1=Buckland |first1=Frank |title=Our Fisheries |work=The Cornishman |issue=85 |date=26 February 1880 |page=6}}

Since 1997, sardines from Cornwall have been sold as 'Cornish sardines', and since March 2010, under EU law, Cornish sardines have Protected Geographical Status.{{cite web |title=Directory of PGI/PDO/TSG – Cornish Sardines profile |url=http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/quality/door/registeredName.html?denominationId=2122 |publisher=EC, Agriculture and Rural Development |access-date = 1 November 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180810205713/http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/quality/door/registeredName.html?denominationId=2122 |archive-date = 10 August 2018 |url-status = live}} The industry has featured in numerous works of art, particularly by Stanhope Forbes and other Newlyn School artists.

The traditional "Toast to Pilchards" refers to the lucrative export of the fish to Catholic Europe:

:Here's health to the Pope, may he live to repent

:And add just six months to the term of his Lent

:And tell all his vassals from Rome to the Poles,

:There's nothing like pilchards for saving their souls!{{cite book |last=Rawe |first=Donald R |year=1992 |title=Traditional Cornish Stories and Rhymes |publisher=Lodenek Press |isbn=0-902899-08-2}}

In the United States, the sardine canning industry peaked in the 1950s. Since then, the industry has been on the decline. The canneries in Monterey Bay, in what was known as Cannery Row in Monterey County, California (where John Steinbeck's novel of the same name was set), failed in the mid-1950s. The last large sardine cannery in the United States, the Stinson Seafood plant in Prospect Harbor, Maine, closed its doors on 15 April 2010 after 135 years in operation.{{cite news |author=Canfield, Clarke |title=Last sardine plant in U.S. shuts its doors |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/36503650 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923231144/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/36503650 |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 September 2020 |agency=Associated Press |date=15 April 2010 |access-date = 15 April 2010}}

In April 2015 the Pacific Fishery Management Council voted to direct NOAA Fisheries Service to halt the current commercial season in Oregon, Washington and California, because of a dramatic collapse in Pacific sardine stocks. The ban affected about 100 fishing boats with sardine permits, although far fewer were actively fishing at the time. The season normally would end 30 June.{{cite web |title=Feds Cancel Commercial Sardine Fishing After Stocks Crash |date=16 April 2015 |website=North Country Public Radio, St. Lawrence University, Canton, New York |url=https://www.northcountrypublicradio.org/news/npr/400177895/feds-cancel-commercial-sardine-fishing-after-stocks-crash |access-date=28 March 2018}} The ban was expected to last for more than a year, and was still in place {{as of|2019|05|lc=y}}.{{cite web |title=Pacific Sardine |website=NOAA Fisheries |url=https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/pacific-sardine |access-date=1 May 2019}}

The manner in which sardines can be packed in a can has led to the popular English language saying "packed like sardines", which is used metaphorically to describe situations where people or objects are crowded closely together.{{Cite web |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/packed_like_sardines |title=packed like sardines {{!}} Definition of packed like sardines in English by Oxford Dictionaries |website = Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English |access-date = 10 August 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171011021901/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/packed_like_sardines |archive-date = 11 October 2017 |url-status = dead}}

"Sardines" is also the name of a children's game, where one person hides and each successive person who finds the hidden one packs into the same space until only one is left out, who becomes the next one to hide.{{cite web |url=http://itpedia.nyu.edu/wiki/Stinky_Sardine_Club |title=Stinky Sardine Club – ITPedia |publisher=Itpedia.nyu.edu |date=9 April 2010 |access-date=21 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129120921/http://itpedia.nyu.edu/wiki/Stinky_Sardine_Club |archive-date=29 November 2014 }}

Among the residents of the Mediterranean city of Marseille, the local tendency to exaggerate is linked to a folk tale about a sardine that supposedly blocked the city's port in the 18th century. It was actually blocked by a ship called the Sartine.

File:Sardines.ogv|Sardines use body-caudal fin locomotion to swim, and streamline their bodies by holding their other fins flat against the body

File:Le senneur "Oued Souss" (1).JPG|French sardine seiner

File:Sardine canner, Maine State Museum at Augusta IMG 1987.JPG|Exhibit of a woman canning sardines at the Maine State Museum in Augusta

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{{portal|Fish|Marine life}}

• Chasse-marée
• Sardine run

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite journal |last1=Parrish |first1=R. H. |display-authors = etal |year=1989 |title=The monotypic sardines, Sardina and Sardinops: Their taxonomy, distribution, stock structure, and zoogeography |url=http://swfsc.noaa.gov/publications/CR/1989/8950.PDF |journal=Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. |volume=46 |issue=11 |pages=2019–36 |doi=10.1139/f89-251|bibcode=1989CJFAS..46.2019P }}

{{Commons category|Sardines}}

{{Wikiquote}}

{{Cookbook}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20100706013151/http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/SeafoodWatch/web/sfw_factsheet.aspx?fid=62 Sardines] – Seafood Watch, Monterey Bay Aquarium

{{sardines|state=expanded}}

{{forage fish}}

{{commercial fish topics}}

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