Sarju
{{redirect|Sarayu}}
{{distinguish|Sarayu River (Ayodhya)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Sarju
| native_name =
| name_other = Kumaoni: सरज्यू, Hindi: सरयू
| etymology =
| image = Sarju Aarti at Bageshwar (Cropped).jpg
| image_size = 300px
| image_caption = Aarti at Sarju Ghat, Bageshwar
| image_alt = Sarju River
| map =
| map_size =
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| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = Uttarakhand
| subdivision_type3 = region
| subdivision_name3 = Kumaon
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 =
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| source1_location = Sarmul, 15 km south of Nanda KotSati, Uttaranchal: Dilemma of Plenties and Scarcities, pg-79
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|30|7|58|N|80|1|56|E}}
| source1_elevation = {{Convert|3000|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| mouth_location = Sharda River,Sharda River is known as Kali Ganga in mountainous regions of Kumaon Uttarakhand, India
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|29|26|38|N|80|14|33|E|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation = {{Convert|429|m|ft|abbr=on}}Sati, Uttaranchal: Dilemma of Plenties and Scarcities, pg-79
| progression =
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| length = {{convert|130|km|abbr=on}}
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| tributaries_left = Ramganga, Punger
| tributaries_right = Gomati, Panar, Lahor
| waterbodies =
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The Sarju (Kumaoni: सरज्यू, Hindi: सरयू), also known as Saryu,{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-04-29 |title=Sacred water from Saryu river to be sent to Sri Lanka for ‘Sita Amma’ temple consecration |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttar-pradesh/sacred-water-from-saryu-river-to-be-sent-to-sri-lanka-for-sita-amma-temple-consecration/article68120439.ece/amp/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}} is a major river draining Central Kumaon regionNegi, Kumaun: The Land and the People, pg-82 in the Indian state of Uttarakhand.Conder, India, pg-238 Originating from Sarmul, Sarju flows through the cities of Kapkot, Bageshwar and Seraghat before joining Mahakali at Pancheshwar. The Sarju is the largest tributary of the Sharda River.Rawat, Forest Management in Kumaon Himalaya, pg-18 The river forms the South-eastern border between the districts of Pithoragarh and Almora.Aggarwal, Uttarakhand: Past, Present, and Future, pg-170Aggarwal, Uttarakhand: Past, Present, and Future, pg-331 Temperate and sub-Tropical forests cover the entire Catchment area of the River.Negi, Himalayan Rivers, Lakes, and Glaciers, pg-120
Etymology
The name is a noun derived from the Sanskrit root सृ sṛ "to flow". {{IAST|saráyu-}} as a masculine noun means "air, wind". In the feminine it is the name of the river.{{Cn|date=April 2024}}
Course
The Sarju rises at a place known as Sarmul (or Sarmool), which is located in the extreme north of the Bageshwar district of Uttarakhand. The source of the river is situated at {{coord|30|7|58|N|80|1|56|E}} on the southern slope of a ridge of the Nanda Kot and is separated on the east from the source of Ramganga and on the west from the sources of Kuphini (the eastern branch of Pindar river) by spurs leading down from the mass culminating at the Nanda Kot peak.Walton, Almora: A Gazetteer, pg-283 It flows initially around {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} in southwest direction by the Kumaon Himalayas where it receives Kanalgadh stream from the right and Punger river from the left. About {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}} further downstream, the river receives Lahor river from the right.Aggarwal, Uttarakhand: Past, Present, and Future, pg-182 Then the river turns towards south and flows through the city of Bageshwar, where it receives Gomati from the right.Budhawar, The Call of the Mountains: Uttrakhand Explored, pg-39Guneratne, Culture and the Environment in the Himalaya, pg-134
The Sarju flows to the lower 65 km in mainly southeastern direction.Aggarwal, Uttarakhand: Past, Present, and Future, pg-182 Much of the drainage of Gangolihat region of Pithoragarh district flows into the river via Bhadrapatigad stream, which flows into it from the left. Similarly, several streams join it from right draining much of the Chaugarkha region situated in Almora district; notable ones being Gatgadh, Jalairgadh, Bhaurgadh, Alaknadi and Saniaungadh.Walton, Almora: A Gazetteer, pg-284 About {{convert|55|km|mi|abbr=on}} downstream from its confluence with Gomati in Bageshwar, it receives the Panar river from the right. A small river Jaingan gets merge into Sarju river at Seraghat in Almora-Pithoragarh border. About five Km further downstream, at {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} above its mouth, Ramganga meets the left side on the Sarju at Rameshwar, situated at an elevation of {{convert|1500|ft|m|abbr=on}}. Finally Sarju reaches at Pancheshwar at the Nepalese border to Sharda River after travelling a total of {{convert|130|km|mi|abbr=on}}.
Geology
Sarju transfers a sedimental load of 498.4 kg/sec during the peak of raining season.Bhatt, Ecology of the Mountain Waters, pg-48,49
| class="wikitable" | ||||||||||
| + Water Quality Characteristics of Sarju during water years 1987 and 1988All values in mg/L except ph and conductivityBhatt, Ecology of the Mountain Waters, pg-97 | ||||||||||
| Parameter | pH | Alkalinity | Hardness | Conductivity | Calcium | Magnesium | Sodium | Potassium | Chloride | Sulphate |
| Value | 7.9 | 111.2 | 101.32 | 137.11 | 18.89 | 11.11 | 3.50 | 1.80 | 8.10 | 2.41 |
Tributaries
File:Saryu Bagad.jpg and Sarju at Bageshwar.]]
=Gomati=
{{main|Gomati River (Uttarakhand)}}
Gomati river originates in the higher reaches of Bhatkot and merges into Sarju at Bageshwar.Rawat, Forest Management in Kumaon Himalaya, pg-19 It flows through the Katyur Valley which constitutes a major Agricultural zone of Kumaon.Rawat, Forest Management in Kumaon Himalaya, pg-19
= Kuloor =
The Kuloor river rises above the Bhadrkali Temple near Sani-Udiyar, and flows through Rawatsera, Bans Patan and Ganai Gangoli, before joining the Sarju at Seraghat.
=Punger=
Punger river rises near village Sangar and joins Sarju from the left at Sartana.Aggarwal, Uttarakhand: Past, Present, and Future, pg-183
=Lahor=
Lahor is a small river that joins Sarju from the right.Aggarwal, Uttarakhand: Past, Present, and Future, pg-182
=Panar=
Panar originates on the northern slopes of the Mornaula Range, south-east of Almora.Rawat, Forest Management in Kumaon Himalaya, pg-19 Panar joins Sarju near Rameshwar.Rawat, Forest Management in Kumaon Himalaya, pg-19
=Ramganga=
{{main|Ramganga#Ramganga_East}}
Ramganga East is the largest tributary of Sarju. It originates from the Namik Glacier in Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand and flows towards Southeast.Negi, Himalayan Rivers, Lakes, and Glaciers, pg-115Rawat, Forest Management in Kumaon Himalaya, pg-18 The river is fed by numerous small and big rivers and finally joins river Sarju at Rameshwar.Negi, Himalayan Rivers, Lakes, and Glaciers, pg-48
Gallery
File:Camping on saryu river - panoramio.jpg|Camping on Saryu river
File:Saryu Bageshwar 02.jpg|Saryu river at Bageshwar
File:Saryu river - panoramio.jpg|Close-up view of Sarju water flowing
File:Saryu Bageshwar.jpg|Saryu river at Bageshwar
File:Saryu Jhula Pul 05.jpg|Suspension Bridge over Saryu river at Bageshwar
File:Sarayu River AJTJ P1020789.jpg|Sarayu River
File:Sarju Ghat.jpg|Sarju River at Ghat, Pithoragarh
References
=Notes=
{{reflist|30em}}
=Bibliography=
- {{cite book|last1=Rawat|first1=Ajay Singh|title=Forest Management in Kumaon Himalaya: Struggle of the Marginalised People|year=1999|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=9788173871016|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OeQy9ZuvA5sC|language=en}}
- {{cite book|last1=Negi|first1=Sharad Singh|title=Kumaun: The Land and the People|year=1993|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=9788185182896|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4OR16BYbWDwC|language=en}}
- {{cite book|last1=Negi|first1=Sharad Singh|title=Himalayan Rivers, Lakes, and Glaciers|year=1991|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=9788185182612|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5YtUShKY8zcC|language=en}}
- {{cite book|last1=Bhatt|first1=Shanker D.|last2=Pande|first2=Ravindra K.|title=Ecology of the Mountain Waters|year=1991|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=9788170243663|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=85nG6fprPK8C|language=en}}
- {{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=Josiah|title=India|year=1830|publisher=J. Duncan|url=https://archive.org/details/moderntraveller16condgoog|language=en}}
- {{cite book|last1=Aggarwal|first1=J. C.|last2=Agrawal|first2=S. P.|title=Uttarakhand: Past, Present, and Future|year=1995|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788170225720|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=alRh51xE_v0C|language=en}}
- {{cite book|last1=Bhatt|first1=Shanker D.|last2=Pathak|first2=Jugal K.|title=Himalayan environment, water quality of the drainage basins|year=1992|publisher=Shree Almora Book Depot|isbn=9788190020916|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ke64AAAAIAAJ|language=en}}
- {{cite book|last1=Budhwar|first1=Prem K.|title=The Call of the Mountains: Uttrakhand Explored|year=2010|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=9788124115299|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWuAZvAuTIQC|language=en}}
- {{cite book|last1=Guneratne|first1=Arjun|title=Culture and the Environment in the Himalaya|date=24 December 2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135192877|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2qLAgAAQBAJ|language=en}}
- {{cite book|last1=Sati|first1=Vishwambhar Prasad|last2=Kumar|first2=Kamlesh|title=Uttaranchal: Dilemma of Plenties and Scarcities|year=2004|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170998983|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ct6YMRvYJQ4C|language=en}}
- {{cite book |title=Valmiki Ramayana English Prose Translation in 7 volumes by Manmatha Nath Dutt 1891 to 1894 |url=https://archive.org/details/Valmiki_Ramayana_English_Prose_Translation_7_volumes_by_Manmatha_Nath_Dutt_1891_to_1894/Valmiki%20Ramayana%20-%20MN%20Dutt%20-%20Volume%207%20-%20Uttara%20Kanda%201894/page/n305/mode/2up |access-date=20 April 2021 |language=English}}
{{Hydrography of Uttarakhand}}