Sarov

File:SarovskyMonasteryUspenskySobor.jpg in 1910]]

File:Hahn, K.E. - Frauen in den Volkstrachten des Volgagebietes warten auf die Ankunft des Zaren. Serafim-Sorovski (Zeno Fotografie).jpg

The history of the town can be divided into two different periods. In the earlier history of Russia it was known as one of the holy places of the Russian Orthodox Church, because of its monastery, that gave Russia one of its greatest saints, Saint Seraphim. Since the 1940s, it has gradually become the center for research and production of Soviet and later Russian nuclear weapons.

The history of human settlement in the area around Sarov goes back at least to the 12th–13th centuries, when a large Mordvin settlement was founded on its spot. In 1298, the town was taken over by Tatars.

The modern town took its name from being the site of the Sarov Monastery next to the Sarov River. In 1664, an Orthodox monk Theodosius first settled on the Sarov hill. The first Church of Sarov tenement was founded in 1706. Saint Seraphim was living in Sarov from 1778 to 1833. In 1903, the monastery was visited by Tsar Nicholas II and other members of the royal family. At that time the monastery had nine churches, including one underground. Around 320 monks lived in the monastery.

In 1923, the monastery was closed, and the monks were executed by the Bolsheviks. During World War II, the monastery buildings were used as factories for producing rockets for BM-13 "Katyusha" rocket launchers.

In 1946, the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics—a nuclear weapons design facility that would become known in the West under the acronym VNIIEF—was built.{{cite web|title=Russian Military Outposts: Sarov, Russia's Los Alamos|url=http://www.thelivingmoon.com/45jack_files/03files/Russian_Bases_Sarov_Russias_Los_Alamos_01.html|website=thelivingmoon.com|access-date=9 July 2013}} Sarov became a closed city. It was removed from all unclassified maps. Initial provisional names included Base 112, Site 550, Yasnogorsk, Kremlyev and Arzamas-75.{{cite web|publisher=Sarovlabs|title=Creation of nuclear center Arzamas-16|url=http://www.sarovlabs.com/history_sarov_nc/}} Sarov was known as Arzamas-16 until 1995. In 1954, Arzamas-16 was granted town status.

{{citation needed|date=April 2010}}

File:Tsar Bomba Revised.jpg" in the Sarov atomic bomb museum]]

The town is home to the Russian Federation Nuclear Center and "Atomic Bomb" museum which has a number of casings of Soviet-era nuclear weapons and photographs of those involved in their production. The main access is by train, which, after a security stop and inspection, is allowed into the town to disembark passengers. The small Sarov Airport is generally for government aircraft only, and visitors usually fly to Nizhny Novgorod airport and then drive.

The town is surrounded by fences patrolled by the military. Foreigners, and even Russians who do not live in Sarov, are not allowed to enter the town without permission. Foreigners who visit on business must surrender their passports, phones, and cameras to security while they are in the facility, though some documentary filmmakers have shot footage inside the town walls.

A large portion of the town is located on the grounds of the P.G.S. State Park in adjacent Temnikovsky District of the Republic of Mordovia.{{citation needed|date=March 2012}}

In 1993, the town became a sister city to Los Alamos, New Mexico, the home of the U.S. nuclear weapons design laboratory (Los Alamos National Laboratory, or LANL). Scientists from LANL and VNIIEF have cooperated on various arms control and nuclear safeguards programs, under which the Los Alamos scientists learned, to their amusement, that their Russian colleagues paid homage to their American rivals by irreverently calling their own laboratory "Los Arzamas."Hargittai, Istvan (2013). "Los Alamos and 'Los Arzamas'", Structural Chemistry, 24 (1397–1400)

Boris Yeltsin changed the town's name back to Sarov at the request of the residents in August 1995.

On 17 June 1997, a Russian Federal Nuclear Center senior researcher Alexandr Zakharov received a fatal dose of 4850 rem in a criticality accident.{{cite web|last=Johnston|first=Wm. Robert|title=Arzamas-16 criticality accident, 19|url=http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/radevents/1997RUS1.html|website=johnstonsarchive.net|access-date=July 8, 2013}}{{cite web|last=Kudrik|first=Igor|title=Arzamas-16 researcher died on June 20|url=http://www.bellona.org/english_import_area/international/russia/incidents/8416|access-date=July 8, 2013|date=June 23, 1997|publisher=Bellona|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704013241/http://www.bellona.org/english_import_area/international/russia/incidents/8416|archive-date=July 4, 2009|df=mdy-all}}

Today, the Russian federal nuclear center is responsible for important decisions concerning the development, production, storage, and utilization of nuclear weapons; the recycling of radioactive and other materials; and research in fundamental and applied physics. International foundations have helped to fund some research scientists in Sarov following the downsizing and transitions after the Soviet era. The city's fences and the electrified fences around fissile stores are maintained. In 1998, a resident stated that the perimeter fences also kept the city free from organized crime.{{cite journal|last=Stone|first=Richard|title=RUSSIA: Nuclear Strongholds in Peril|journal=Science|date=8 January 1999|volume=283|issue=5399|pages=158–164|url=http://www.timism.com/NecroCorps/EnergyCrisis/!R-NuclearBS/RussiaNuclearStrongholdsInPeril990108Science.htm|access-date=July 9, 2013|publisher=AAAS|doi=10.1126/science.283.5399.158|s2cid=154223775}}

During the 2010 Russian wildfires, the Russian Army took preventive forest fire measures and radioactive material was reported to have been secured elsewhere.{{cite web|last=Jenkins|first=Lin|title=Russian troops dig canal around Sarov nuclear base as wildfires grow|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/08/russia-nuclear-base-wildfires|work=The Observer|access-date=July 9, 2013|date=August 8, 2010}}

On 12 August 2019, flags in Sarov were lowered to half-staff during the viewing of five coffins in Sarov's main square.{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/08/russian-nuclear-engineers-buried-skyfall-nuclear-blast-190813025930755.html |title=Russian nuclear engineers buried after 'Skyfall nuclear' blast: Experts link the explosion to the Burevestnik nuclear-powered cruise missile touted by President Putin in March 2018. |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=13 August 2019 |access-date=11 September 2019}} These were the bodies of five Rosatom workers who were killed during the Nyonoksa radiation accident that happened on 8 August 2019 near Severodvinsk at the State Central Navy Testing Range, which is the main rocket launching site of the Russian Navy.{{cite news| url=https://www.staradvertiser.com/2019/08/14/breaking-news/mysterious-missile-explosion-radiation-spike-in-russia-raises-questions/| title=Mysterious missile explosion, radiation spike in Russia raises questions| first=Vladimir| last=Isachenkov| newspaper=Star-Advertiser| location=Honolulu| agency=Associated Press| date=August 14, 2019| access-date=September 11, 2019}} Later, the bodies of the Rosatom workers, who were involved in the development and testing of the 9M730 Burevestnik (Petrel) also known as by the NATO reporting name SSC-X-9 Skyfall, were buried in Sarov's main cemetery.

Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as the town of oblast significance of Sarov—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.Law #184-Z As a municipal division, the town of oblast significance of Sarov is incorporated as Sarov Urban Okrug.Law #155-Z

• Seraphim of Sarov (1754/1759–1833), Russian Orthodox starets and saint
• Oleg Taktarov - mixed martial artist and UFC 6 champion
• Yulii Khariton - leading scientist in the Soviet Union's nuclear weapons program
• Tatiana Sorokko - top fashion model
• Anton Silayev (born 2006), ice hockey player, picked 10th overall in 2024 NHL draft by New Jersey Devils

{{Main|List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia}}

Sarov is twinned with:

• {{Flagicon|United States}} Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States
• {{Flagicon|Abkhazia}} New Athos, Abkhazia (de jure Georgia)

• Soviet atomic bomb project
• Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction

{{Reflist}}

• {{RussiaAdmMunRef|niz|adm|law}}
• {{RussiaAdmMunRef|niz|mun|list|sarov}}
• {{Cite journal

|year=1996

|title=Los Alamos and Arzamas-16: The 'Sister Cities' Relationship

|journal=Los Alamos Science

|volume=24

|pages=44–47

|url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/pubs/number24.htm

}}

• {{cite book |last=Yarovitcin |first=Roman |year=2012 |title=The City That Does Not Exist |publisher=Lulu.com | isbn=978-1-4716-1437-8}}
• Борис Забываев. "Любимый город". Саров в Internet. [http://www.sarov.net/town/barsik1.html]
• James Risen's [https://www.amazon.com/State-War-Secret-History-Administration/dp/0743270673/ State of War]

• [http://www.adm.sarov.ru Official website of Sarov] {{in lang|ru}}
• [http://duma-sarov.ru/ Official website of Sarov Town Duma] {{in lang|ru}}
• [http://www.nnsa.doe.gov/na-20/nci/cities_sarov.shtml Sarov Information from the Nuclear Cities Initiative Website]
• [http://www.aip.org/history/sakharov/index.htm More on Sakharov (and some photographs of Sarov), from the Center for History of Physics]
• [http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Russia/Sovwpnprog.html The Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program (and more photographs of Sarov, including from the "Atomic Bomb" museum)]
• [http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=places/Arzamas-16,+Russia Annotated bibliography for Arzamas-16, Russia from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues]
• [http://www.sarov-monastery.org/english/ English page on Sarov Monastery web-site]

{{Nizhny Novgorod Oblast}}

{{Closed cities of the former Soviet Union}}

{{Soviet Atomic Bomb Project}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Cities and towns in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast

Category:Closed cities

Category:Nuclear weapons program of the Soviet Union

Category:Naukograds

Category:Populated places established in 1691

Category:Former urban-type settlements of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast