Sebaceous gland#Location

In humans, sebaceous glands are found throughout all areas of the skin, except the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.{{cite book |first1=William D. |last1=James |first2=Timothy |last2=Berger |first3=Dirk M. |last3=Elston |title=Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical dermatology |publisher=Saunders Elsevier |year=2006 |page=7 |isbn=978-0-7216-2921-6}} There are two types of sebaceous glands: those connected to hair follicles and those that exist independently.{{cite book|last1=Young|first1=Barbra|last2=Lowe|first2=James S|last3=Stevens|first3=Alan|last4=Heath|first4=John W|last5=Deakin|first5=Philip J|title=Wheater's Functional Histology|date=March 2006|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-443-06850-8|pages=175–178|edition=5}}

Sebaceous glands are found in hair-covered areas, where they are connected to hair follicles. One or more glands may surround each hair follicle, and the glands themselves are surrounded by arrector pili muscles, forming a pilosebaceous unit. The glands have an acinar structure (like a many-lobed berry), in which multiple glands branch off a central duct. The glands deposit sebum on the hairs and bring it to the skin surface along the hair shaft. The structure, consisting of hair, hair follicles, arrector pili muscles, and sebaceous glands, is an epidermal invagination known as a pilosebaceous unit.

Sebaceous glands are also found in hairless areas (glabrous skin) of the eyelids, nose, penis, labia minora, the inner mucosal membrane of the cheek, and nipples. Some sebaceous glands have unique names. Sebaceous glands on the lip and mucosa of the cheek, and on the genitalia, are known as Fordyce spots, and glands on the eyelids are known as meibomian glands. Sebaceous glands of the breast are also known as Montgomery's glands.

Sebaceous glands are first visible from the 13th to the 16th week of fetal development, as bulgings off hair follicles.{{cite journal|last=Thiboutot|first=D|title=Regulation of human sebaceous glands.|journal=The Journal of Investigative Dermatology|date=July 2004|volume=123|issue=1|pages=1–12|pmid=15191536|doi=10.1111/j.1523-1747.2004.t01-2-.x|doi-access=free}} Sebaceous glands develop from the same tissue that gives rise to the epidermis of the skin. Overexpression of the signalling factors Wnt, Myc and SHH all increase the likelihood of sebaceous gland presence.

The sebaceous glands of a human fetus secrete a substance called vernix caseosa, a waxy, translucent white substance coating the skin of newborns. After birth, activity of the glands decreases until there is almost no activity during ages two–six years, and then increases to a peak of activity during puberty, due to heightened levels of androgens.

File:Base of Pilosebaceous Unit 10x.JPG|Base of pilosebaceous unit

File:Insertion of sebaceous glands into hair shaft x10.jpg|Insertion of sebaceous glands into hair shaft

File:Gray893.png|Sagittal section through the upper eyelid.

File:Gray944.png|A hair follicle with associated structures

File:Scalp cross section (negro).jpg|Scalp cross section showing hair follicle with sebaceous glands.

File:407 Sebaceous Glands.jpg

Relative to keratinocytes that make up the hair follicle, sebaceous glands are composed of huge cells with many large vesicles that contain the sebum.{{cite journal|vauthors=Hanukoglu I, Boggula VR, Vaknine H, Sharma S, Kleyman T, Hanukoglu A|date=January 2017|title=Expression of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and CFTR in the human epidermis and epidermal appendages|journal=Histochemistry and Cell Biology|volume=147|issue=6|pages=733–748|doi=10.1007/s00418-016-1535-3|pmid=28130590|s2cid=8504408|url=https://zenodo.org/record/890756|access-date=29 June 2019|archive-date=17 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117163340/https://zenodo.org/record/890756|url-status=live}} These cells express Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ion channels, ENaC and CFTR (see Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 in reference).

Sebaceous glands secrete the oily, waxy substance called sebum ({{langx|la|fat, tallow}}) that is made of triglycerides, wax esters, squalene, and metabolites of fat-producing cells. Sebum lubricates the skin and hair of mammals.Dellmann's textbook of veterinary histology (405 pages), Jo Ann Coers Eurell, Brian L. Frappier, 2006, p.29, weblink: [https://books.google.com/books?id=FnS4uiOlRT0C&pg=PA29 Books-Google-RTOC]. Sebaceous secretions in conjunction with apocrine glands also play an important thermoregulatory role. In hot conditions, the secretions emulsify the sweat produced by the eccrine sweat glands and this produces a sheet of sweat that is not readily lost in drops of sweat. This is of importance in delaying dehydration. In colder conditions, the nature of sebum becomes more lipid, and in coating the hair and skin, rain is effectively repelled.{{cite journal |vauthors=Porter AM |title=Why do we have apocrine and sebaceous glands? |journal=J R Soc Med |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=236–7 |year=2001 |pmid=11385091 |pmc=1281456 |doi= 10.1177/014107680109400509}}

Sebum is produced in a holocrine process, in which cells within the sebaceous gland rupture and disintegrate as they release the sebum and the cell remnants are secreted together with the sebum.Victor Eroschenko, diFiore's Atlas of Histology with functional correlations, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 10th edition, 2005. p. 41{{cite book|last1=Dorland's|title=Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier Saunders|isbn=978-0-19-856878-0|page=866|edition=32nd}} The cells are constantly replaced by mitosis at the base of the duct.

Sebum is secreted by the sebaceous gland in humans. It is primarily composed of triglycerides (≈41%), wax esters (≈26%), squalene (≈12%), and free fatty acids (≈16%).{{cite journal |last1=Thody |first1=A. J. |first2=S. |last2=Shuster |title=Control and Function of Sebaceous Glands |journal=Physiological Reviews |volume=69 |issue=2 |year=1989 |pages=383–416 |doi= 10.1152/physrev.1989.69.2.383|pmid=2648418 }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Cheng JB, Russell DW |title=Mammalian Wax Biosynthesis II: Expression cloning of wax synthase cDNAs encoding a member of the acyltransferase enzyme family |journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry |volume=279 |issue=36 |pages=37798–807 |date=September 2004 |pmid=15220349 |pmc=2743083 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M406226200 |doi-access=free }} The composition of sebum varies across species. Wax esters and squalene are unique to sebum and not produced as final products anywhere else in the body.{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=K. R. |first2=D. M. |last2=Thiboutot |title=Thematic Review Series: Skin Lipids. Sebaceous Gland Lipids: Friend Or Foe? |journal=Journal of Lipid Research |volume=49 |issue=2 |year=2007 |pages=271–281 |doi=10.1194/jlr.R700015-JLR200 |pmid=17975220 |doi-access=free }} Sapienic acid is a sebum fatty acid that is unique to humans, and is implicated in the development of acne.{{cite book |last=Webster |first=Guy F. |author2=Anthony V. Rawlings |title=Acne and Its Therapy |publisher=CRC Press |year=2007 |series=Basic and clinical dermatology |volume=40 |page=311 |isbn=978-0-8247-2971-4}} Sebum is odorless, but its breakdown by bacteria can produce strong odors.{{cite book |last=Draelos |first=Zoe Diana |title=Hair care: an illustrated dermatologic handbook |year=2005 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |location=London; New York |isbn=978-1-84184-194-6 |page=26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2rHHGQc-5QC&pg=PA26 |access-date=7 December 2016 |archive-date=24 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224181101/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2rHHGQc-5QC&pg=PA26 |url-status=live }}

Sex hormones are known to affect the rate of sebum secretion; androgens such as testosterone have been shown to stimulate secretion, and estrogens have been shown to inhibit secretion.{{cite journal | title=The Effect of Estrogen and Androgen on the Sebaceous Gland Turnover Time |vauthors=Sweeney TM | journal=The Journal of Investigative Dermatology |date=December 1968 | volume=53 | issue=1 | pages=8–10 | doi=10.1038/jid.1969.100| pmid=5793140 | doi-access=free }} Dihydrotestosterone acts as the primary androgen in the prostate and in hair follicles.{{cite journal |vauthors=Amory JK, Anawalt BD, Matsumoto AM, Page ST, Bremner WJ, Wang C, Swerdloff RS, Clark RV | title = The effect of 5alpha-reductase inhibition with dutasteride and finasteride on bone mineral density, serum lipoproteins, hemoglobin, prostate specific antigen and sexual function in healthy young men | journal = J. Urol. | volume = 179 | issue = 6 | pages = 2333–8 |date=June 2008 | pmid = 18423697 | pmc = 2684818 | doi = 10.1016/j.juro.2008.01.145 }}{{cite book|last1=Wilkinson|first1=P.F. |author2=Millington, R.|title=Skin|date=1983|publisher=Cambridge university press|location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-24122-9|page=151|edition=Digitally printed }}

Sebaceous glands are part of the body's integumentary system and serve to protect the body against microorganisms. Sebaceous glands secrete acids that form the acid mantle. This is a thin, slightly acidic film on the surface of the skin that acts as a barrier to microbes that might penetrate the skin.{{cite book|author1=Monika-Hildegard Schmid-Wendtner|author2=Korting Schmid-Wendtner|title=Ph and Skin Care|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AWEDzXOAivgC&pg=PA31|access-date=19 June 2012|year=2007|publisher=ABW Wissenschaftsverlag|isbn=978-3-936072-64-8|pages=31–}} The pH of the skin is between 4.5 and 6.2,{{cite journal |vauthors=Zlotogorski A |title=Distribution of skin surface pH on the forehead and cheek of adults |journal=Arch. Dermatol. Res. |volume=279 |issue=6 |pages=398–401 |year=1987 |pmid=3674963 |doi= 10.1007/bf00412626|s2cid=3065931 }} an acidity that helps to neutralize the alkaline nature of contaminants.{{cite journal |vauthors=Schmid MH, Korting HC |title=The concept of the acid mantle of the skin: its relevance for the choice of skin cleansers |journal=Dermatology |volume=191 |issue=4 |pages=276–80 |year=1995 |pmid=8573921 |doi=10.1159/000246568 |url=http://www.sebamed.com/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf/Studien/Saeuremantelkonzept/1.05.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301151916/http://www.sebamed.com/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf/Studien/Saeuremantelkonzept/1.05.pdf |archive-date=1 March 2011 |df=dmy-all }} Sebaceous lipids help maintain the integrity of the skin barrier{{cite journal |vauthors=Zouboulis CC |title=Acne and Sebaceous Gland Function |journal=Clinics in Dermatology |volume=22 |issue=5 |year=2004 |pages=360–366 |doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2004.03.004 |pmid=15556719 }}{{cite journal |last=Youn |first=S. W. |title=The Role of Facial Sebum Secretion in Acne Pathogenesis: Facts and Controversies |journal=Clinics in Dermatology |volume=28 |issue=1 |year=2010 |pages=8–11 |doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2009.03.011 |pmid=20082943 }}{{cite journal |title=Thematic Review Series: Skin Lipids. Antimicrobial lipids at the skin surface |date=10 May 2011 |doi=10.1194/jlr.R700016-JLR200 |url=http://www.jlr.org/content/49/1/4.short |last1=Drake |first1=David R. |last2=Brogden |first2=Kim A. |last3=Dawson |first3=Deborah V. |last4=Wertz |first4=Philip W. |journal=Journal of Lipid Research |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=4–11 |pmid=17906220 |s2cid=10119536 |doi-access=free |access-date=17 October 2011 |archive-date=9 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109171058/http://www.jlr.org/content/49/1/4.short |url-status=live }} and supply vitamin E to the skin.{{cite journal |last1=Thiele |first1=Jens J. |first2=Stefan U. |last2=Weber |first3=Lester |last3=Packer |title=Sebaceous Gland Secretion is a Major Physiologic Route of Vitamin E Delivery to Skin |journal=Journal of Investigative Dermatology |volume=113 |issue=6 |year=1999 |pages=1006–1010 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00794.x |pmid=10594744 |doi-access=free }}

During the last three months of fetal development, the sebaceous glands of the fetus produce vernix caseosa, a waxy white substance that coats the skin to protect it from amniotic fluid.{{cite journal |last1=Zouboulis |first1=Christos C. |title=Frontiers in Sebaceous Gland Biology and Pathology |journal=Experimental Dermatology |volume=17 |issue=6 |year=2008 |pages=542–551 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00725.x |doi-access=free |last2=Baron |first2=Jens Malte |last3=Böhm |first3=Markus |last4=Kippenberger |first4=Stefan |last5=Kurzen |first5=Hjalmar |last6=Reichrath |first6=Jörg |last7=Thielitz |first7=Anja |pmid=18474083 }}

The areolar glands are in the areola that surrounds the nipple in the female breast. These glands secrete an oily fluid that lubricates the nipple, and also secrete volatile compounds that are thought to serve as an olfactory stimulus for the newborn. During pregnancy and lactation these glands, also called Montgomery's glands, become enlarged.{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0007579 |title=The Secretion of Areolar (Montgomery's) Glands from Lactating Women Elicits Selective, Unconditional Responses in Neonates |year=2009 |editor1-last=Hausberger |editor1-first=Martine |last1=Doucet |first1=Sébastien |last2=Soussignan |first2=Robert |last3=Sagot |first3=Paul |last4=Schaal |first4=Benoist |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=4 |issue=10 |pages=e7579 |pmid=19851461 |pmc=2761488|bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.7579D |doi-access=free }}

Meibomian glands, in the eyelids, secrete a form of sebum called meibum onto the eye, that slows the evaporation of tears.{{cite journal|last=McCulley|first=JP|author2=Shine, WE |title=The lipid layer of tears: dependent on meibomian gland function.|journal=Experimental Eye Research|date=March 2004|volume=78|issue=3|pages=361–5|pmid=15106913|doi=10.1016/s0014-4835(03)00203-3}} They also serve to create an airtight seal when the eyes are closed, and their lipid quality also prevents the eyelids from sticking together. They attach directly to the follicles of the eyelashes, which are arranged vertically within the tarsal plates of the eyelids.

Fordyce spots, or Fordyce granules, are ectopic sebaceous glands found on the genitals and oral mucosa. They show themselves as yellowish-white milia (milk spots).{{cite book|last1=Dorland's|title=Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier Saunders|isbn=978-0-19-856878-0|page=802|edition=32nd}}

Earwax is partly composed of sebum produced by glands in the ear canal. These secretions are viscous and have a high lipid content, which provides good lubrication.{{cite journal|last=Roeser|first=RJ|author2=Ballachanda, BB |title=Physiology, pathophysiology, and anthropology/epidemiology of human earcanal secretions.|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Audiology|date=December 1997|volume=8|issue=6|pages=391–400|pmid=9433685}}

File:Blausen 0811 SkinPores.png

Sebaceous glands are involved in skin problems such as acne and keratosis pilaris. In the skin pores, sebum and keratin can create a hyperkeratotic plug called a comedo.

{{Main|Acne}}

Acne is a common occurrence, particularly during puberty in teenagers, and is thought to relate to an increased production of sebum due to hormonal factors. The increased production of sebum can lead to a blockage of the sebaceous gland duct. This can cause a comedo (commonly called a blackhead or a whitehead), which can lead to infection, particularly by the bacteria Cutibacterium acnes. This can inflame the comedones, which then change into the characteristic acne lesions. Comedones generally occur on the areas with more sebaceous glands, particularly the face, shoulders, upper chest and back. Comedones may be "black" or "white" depending on whether the entire pilosebaceous unit, or just the sebaceous duct, is blocked.{{cite book|veditors=Colledge N, Walker B, Ralston S |title=Davidson's principles and practice of medicine|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Edinburgh|isbn=978-0-7020-3085-7|pages=1267–1268|edition=21st}} Sebaceous filaments—innocuous build-ups of sebum—are often mistaken for whiteheads.

There are many treatments available for acne from reducing sugars in the diet, to medications that include antibiotics, benzoyl peroxide, retinoids, and hormonal treatments. Retinoids reduce the amount of sebum produced by the sebaceous glands.{{cite journal |vauthors=Farrell LN, Strauss JS, Stranieri AM |title=The treatment of severe cystic acne with 13-cis-retinoic acid. Evaluation of sebum production and the clinical response in a multiple-dose trial |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=602–11 |date=December 1980 |pmid=6451637 |doi=10.1016/S0190-9622(80)80074-0}} Should the usual treatments fail, the presence of the Demodex mite could be looked for as the possible cause.{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhao YE, Peng Y, Wang XL, Wu LP, Wang M, Yan HL, Xiao SX |title=Facial dermatosis associated with Demodex: a case-control study |journal=J Zhejiang Univ Sci B |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=1008–15 |year=2011 |pmid=22135150 |pmc=3232434 |doi=10.1631/jzus.B1100179}}

Other conditions that involve the sebaceous glands include:

• Seborrhoea refers to overactive sebaceous glands, a cause of oily skin or hair.
• Sebaceous hyperplasia, referring to excessive proliferation of the cells within the glands, and visible macroscopically as small papules on the skin, particularly on the forehead, nose and cheeks.{{cite book |author1=James, William D. |author2=Berger, Timothy G. |title=Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology |publisher=Saunders Elsevier |year=2006 |page=662 |isbn=978-0-7216-2921-6 }}
• Seborrhoeic dermatitis, a chronic, usually mild form of dermatitis effected by changes in the sebaceous glands.{{Cite journal | last1 = Dessinioti | first1 = C. | last2 = Katsambas | first2 = A. | title = Seborrheic dermatitis: etiology, risk factors, and treatments: facts and controversies | journal = Clin Dermatol | volume = 31 | issue = 4 | pages = 343–51 | year =2013 | doi = 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.001 | pmid = 23806151 }} In newborn infants, seborrhoea dermatitis can occur as cradle cap.
• Seborrheic-like psoriasis (also known as "Sebopsoriasis",{{cite book |author1=Rapini, Ronald P. |author2=Bolognia, Jean L. |author3=Jorizzo, Joseph L. |title=Dermatology: 2-Volume Set |publisher=Mosby |location=St. Louis |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4160-2999-1 }} and "Seborrhiasis") is a skin condition characterized by psoriasis with an overlapping seborrheic dermatitis.{{rp|193}}
• Sebaceous adenoma, a benign slow-growing tumour—which may, however, in rare cases be a precursor to a cancer syndrome known as Muir–Torre syndrome.
• Sebaceous carcinoma, an uncommon and aggressive cutaneous tumour.{{cite journal |vauthors=Nelson BR, Hamlet KR, Gillard M, Railan D, Johnson TM |title=Sebaceous carcinoma |journal=J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=1–15; quiz 16–8 |date=July 1995 |pmid=7601925 |doi= 10.1016/0190-9622(95)90001-2}}
• Sebaceous cyst is a term used to refer to both an epidermoid cyst and a pilar cyst, though neither of these contain sebum, only keratin and do not originate in the sebaceous gland and so are not true sebaceous cysts. A true sebaceous cyst is relatively rare and is known as a steatocystoma.{{cite book|vauthors=Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CA, Bouquot JE |title=Oral & maxillofacial pathology|year=2002|publisher=W. B. Saunders |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-7216-9003-2 |edition=2nd |page=31}}
• Nevus sebaceous, a hairless region or plaque on the scalp or skin, caused by an overgrowth of sebaceous glands. The condition is congenital and the plaque becomes thicker into adulthood.{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kovich O, Hale E |title=Nevus sebaceus |journal=Dermatology Online Journal |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=16 |year=2005 |doi=10.5070/D33BQ5524C |url=http://dermatology.cdlib.org/114/NYU/NYUtexts/1012044.html |pmid=16403388 |access-date=21 November 2019 |archive-date=2 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002144314/http://dermatology.cdlib.org/114/NYU/NYUtexts/1012044.html |url-status=live }}
• Phymatous rosacea is a cutaneous condition characterized by an overgrowth of sebaceous glands.

The word sebaceous, meaning 'consisting of sebum', was first termed in 1728 and comes from the Latin for 'tallow'.{{cite web|last=Harper|first=Douglas|title=Sebaceous|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=sebaceous&allowed_in_frame=0|work=Etymology Online|access-date=5 April 2014|archive-date=1 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301194221/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=sebaceous&allowed_in_frame=0|url-status=live}} Sebaceous glands have been documented since at least 1746 by Jean Astruc, who defined them as "...the glands which separate the fat."{{rp|viii}} He describes them in the oral cavity and on the head, eyelids, and ears, as "universally" acknowledged.{{cite book|last1=Astruc|first1=Jean|title=A General and Compleat Treatise on All the Diseases Incident to Children|date=1746|publisher=J. Nourse|url=https://archive.org/details/ageneralandcomp00conggoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/ageneralandcomp00conggoog/page/n23 3]|quote=Sebaceous glands.}}{{rp|22–25 viii}} Astruc describes them being blocked by "small animals" that are "implanted" in the excretory ducts{{rp|64}} and attributes their presence in the oral cavity to apthous ulcers, noting that "these glands naturally [secrete] a viscous humour, which puts on various colours and consistencies... in its natural state is very mild, balsamic, and intended to wet and lubricate the mouth".{{rp|85–86}} In The Principles of Physiology 1834, Andrew Combe noted that the glands were not present in the palms of the hands or soles of the feet.{{cite journal|last1=Rosenthal|first1=Stanley A|last2=Furnari|first2=Domenica|title=Slide Agglutination as a Presumptive Test in the Laboratory Diagnosis of Candida Albicans1|journal=The Journal of Investigative Dermatology|volume=31|issue=5|pages=251–253|doi=10.1038/jid.1958.50|pmid=13598929|year=1958|doi-access=free}}

{{CSS image crop

|Image = Cheiromeles torquatus.jpg

|bSize = 631

|cWidth = 200

|cHeight = 200

|oTop = 200

|oLeft = 0

|Description=Example of a gular gland in a male black bonneted batDobson, G. E. (1878). Catalogue of the Chiroptera in the collection of the British Museum. Order of the Trustees.

}}

The preputial glands of mice and rats are large modified sebaceous glands that produce pheromones used for territorial marking. These and the scent glands in the flanks of hamsters have a similar composition to human sebaceous glands, are androgen responsive, and have been used as a basis for study. Some species of bat, including the Mexican free-tailed, have a specialized sebaceous gland occurring on the throat called a "gular gland".{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1002/jmor.1051410305|title = Fine structure of the gular gland of the free-tailed bat Tadarida brasiliensis|year = 1973|last1 = Gutierrez|first1 = Mercedes|last2 = Aoki|first2 = Agustin|journal = Journal of Morphology|volume = 141|issue = 3|pages = 293–305|pmid = 4753444|s2cid = 3093610}} This gland is present more frequently in males than females, and it is hypothesized that the secretions of the gland are used for scent-marking.Heideman, P. D., Erickson, K. R., & Bowles, J. B. (1990). [http://pdheid.people.wm.edu/Mollosus_sinaloae_Heideman_et_al_1990.pdf Notes on the breeding biology, gular gland and roost habits of Molossus sinaloae (Chiroptera, Molossidae)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021003311/https://pdheid.people.wm.edu/Mollosus_sinaloae_Heideman_et_al_1990.pdf |date=21 October 2021 }}. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde, 55(5), 303-307.

Sebaceous adenitis is an autoimmune disease that affects sebaceous glands. It is mainly known to occur in dogs, particularly poodles and akitas, where it is thought to be generally autosomal recessively inherited. It has also been described in cats, and one report describes this condition in a rabbit. In these animals, it causes hair loss, though the nature and distribution of the hair loss differs greatly.{{cite book|author1=Lars Mecklenburg|author2=Monika Linek|author3=Desmond J. Tobin|title=Hair Loss Disorders in Domestic Animals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hw4rdT8KyoAC&pg=PA269|date=15 September 2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-8138-1934-1|pages=269–|access-date=25 September 2016|archive-date=24 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224181101/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hw4rdT8KyoAC&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}

• List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
• List of glands of the human body
• Nasal sebum
• Sebaceous filament

{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{BUHistology|08801loa}}
• {{MeSH name|Sebaceous+Glands}}

{{Epithelium and epithelial tissue}}

{{Integumentary system}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Glands

Category:Secretion

Category:Skin anatomy