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Seghatoleslam

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{{About|the religious title|the television series|Mirza Ali Aqa Tabrizi#Legacy}}

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Seghatoleslam (Persian: ثقت الاسلام ) also spelled Seqat-ol-eslam, or Thiqat ul-Islam, is an honorific title within the Twelver Shia clergy. Historically, it denoted a scholar who had completed a certain level of religious education but had not yet attained the highest authority in the religious hierarchy, known as Ayatollah.{{cite web |title=Definition of AYATOLLAH |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ayatollah#:~:text=%3A%20a%20religious%20leader%20among%20Shiite |website=www.merriam-webster.com |access-date=19 April 2023 |language=en | ref={{sfnref|Merriam-Webster|2024}} }} In the recent past, it was typically conferred upon individuals who had completed Islamic seminary levels 1 and 2, obtaining a degree in Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh) and theology (Usul al-din).{{cite book |last1=Akhlaq |first1=Sayed Hassan |title=The Making of Shia Ayatollahs |date=15 May 2023 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Incorporated |isbn=978-1-7936-5516-5 |page=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ka-3EAAAQBAJ |language=en | publication-place=Lanham Boulder New York London}} The title also signifies a trustworthy person respected by Muslims, reflecting a specific level of seminary knowledge.

Etymology

The term Seghatoleslam ({{Langx|fa|ثقت الاسلام}}, {{Langx|ar|ثقة الاسلام|translit=Thiqat ul-Islām}}) is derived from two Arabic words: thiqa (ثقة), meaning trustworthy, and Islām (اسلام). Consequently, the title can be translated as Trustworthy of Islam.{{cite book |last1=Ibn Durayd |first1=Abūbakr Muḥammad b. Ḥasan |editor1-last=Baʿlbakī |editor1-first=Ramzī Munīr |title=Lisān al-ʿArab |date=24 April 2012 |publisher=Brill |location=Beirut |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/lisan-al-arab-DUM_2430?s.num=13 |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=معنی ثقة |url=https://dehkhoda.ut.ac.ir/fa/dictionary/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A9 |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=موسسهٔ لغت‌نامهٔ دهخدا و مرکز بین‌المللی آموزش زبان فارسی |language=fa |archive-date=2023-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524140910/https://dehkhoda.ut.ac.ir/fa/dictionary/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A9 |url-status=dead | ref={{sfnref|موسسهٔ لغت‌نامهٔ دهخدا و مرکز بین‌المللی آموزش زبان فارسی|2024}} }}

In Usulism, a branch of Islamic biographical evaluation, there is issuing a fatwa is only permissible by trusting the words of authenticated narrators, and Seghatoleslam designates narrators whose justice and trustworthiness have been explicitly verified.{{Cite book |last=Mudir Shanachi |first=Kazim |title=کتاب درایه الحدیث |publisher=دفتر انتشارات اسلامی جامعه مدرسین حوزه علمیه قم |year=2017 |isbn=978-964-470-365-2 |location=Ghom, Iran |pages=112–113}}

Seghatoleslam as a religious title

In Shia Islam, Seghatoleslam was historically viewed as a precursor to the higher title of Ayatollah, as achieving Ayatollah status required additional years of study and research beyond the Seghatoleslam degree.{{cite book |last1=Zavabeti |first1=Mehdi |title=پژوهشی در نظام طلبگی |date=1980 |publisher=بنگاه ترجمه و نشر کتاب |location=Tehran |page=202 |edition=1 |url=http://www.lib.ir/fa/book/71905818/%D9%BE%DA%98%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B4%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A8%DA%AF%DB%8C/}}

Although the majority of Iran's population is Shia Muslim, the use of the title Seghatoleslam is not widespread in Iran. It was, however, utilised in other countries with substantial Shia Muslim populations, such as Iraq.{{cite web |title=Shia Muslims Population |url=http://shianumbers.com/shia-muslims-population.html#:~:text=Shias%20are%20around%2020%25%20of%20the%20world%20muslim,estimates%20its%20in%20the%20range%20of%20400%20Millions. |website=World Shia Muslims Population |access-date=5 May 2023}}{{cite web |title=Shia (Shi'a) Muslim Countries |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/shia-shi-a-muslim-countries.html |website=WorldAtlas |date=23 May 2018}}

The application of religious titles in Shia Islam is not uniform, and variations exist in how these titles are employed and understood in different contexts.{{cn|date=November 2024}}

The title Seghatoleslam was initially used for Muhammad ibn Yaqub al-Kulayni (864 -941),{{Cite web |title=Rayhanat al-adab (book) |url=https://en.wikishia.net/view/Rayhanat_al-adab_(book) |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=wikishia |language=en}}{{cite book |last1=Mousavi-Bojnourdi |first1=Kazem |title=Encyclopaedia Islamica |date=8 April 2023 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 |page=260 |edition=2 |title-link=Encyclopaedia Islamica |language=en}} the compiler of al-Kaafi. According to {{ill|Mudir Shanachi|fa|کاظم مدیر شانه‌چی}}, "al-Kulayni was known as Seghatoleslam in his time".{{Cite book |last=Mudir Shanachi |first=Kazim |title=کتاب علم الحدیث |publisher=دفتر انتشارات اسلامی جامعه مدرسین حوزه علمیه قم |year=1983 |isbn=978-964-470-197-9 |edition=1 |location=Ghom, Iran |pages=75 |language=Arabic}}

= Difference between the titles Ayatollah, Hujjatoleslam, and Seghatoleslam =

The conceptual evolution of titles for Shia Islam clerics in Iran has changed over time. Seghatoleslam, once used for the students in preliminary stages, was previously the title of eminent scholars.{{cite journal |last1=متینی |first1=جلال |date=1983 |title=بحثی دربارهء سابقهء تاریخی القاب و عناوین علما در مذهب شیعه |url=https://www.irannamag.com/article/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A1-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82%D9%87%D8%A1-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%88-%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7/ |journal=IranNamag |language=fa-IR |volume=4 |issue=1 |access-date=2 May 2023}} Some titles, like Grand Ayatollah, became prevalent and are exclusively applied to Maraji, meaning religious scholars who are references for others. At different times, the title Akhund, was used for great scholars such as Akhund Molla Mohammad Kazim Khurasani or Akhund Molla Mohammad Baqer Majlesi.{{cite web |title=نظر مراجع تقليد درباره القاب علمي روحانيون |url=http://noorportal.net/news/ShowNews.aspx?ID=14374 |publisher=نور پرتال |access-date=3 May 2023 |date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=15 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715002548/http://noorportal.net/news/ShowNews.aspx?ID=14374 |url-status=dead }} These titles in seminaries are conventional, without a specific institution awarding them.{{cite web |date=9 April 2022 |title=القاب "آیت الله"، "حجت الاسلام" و "ثقه الاسلام" چه تفاوتی دارند؟ {{!}} پایگاه خبری تحلیلی انصاف نیوز |url=http://www.ensafnews.com/339081/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87%D8%8C-%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%88-%D8%AB%D9%82%D9%87/ |access-date=2 May 2023 |website=انصاف نیوز |language=fa-IR}}

In the past, Seghatoleslam referred to scholars at level 1 and 2.{{cite web |date=22 November 2023 |title=آشنایی با القاب حوزوی |url=https://article.tebyan.net/167438/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%DB%8C |access-date=22 November 2023 |website=Tebyan.net |language=fa}} Presently, the primary objective of the level 1 and 2 courses is to teach Arabic literature, including grammar, semantics, eloquence. Students are also familiarised with basic subjects such as Logic and Jurisprudence, usually from the books like Jame-ol Moghaddamat,{{Cite web |title=جامع المقدمات (کتاب) - ویکی فقه |url=https://fa.wikifeqh.ir/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_(%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8) |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=fa.wikifeqh.ir}} al-Mughni, and Suyuti.{{cite web |title=حوزه علمیه (مراحل تحصیل) - ویکی فقه |url=https://fa.wikifeqh.ir/%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%87%20%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87%20(%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84%20%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B5%DB%8C%D9%84)#%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%87%20%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC |website=fa.wikifeqh.ir | language=fa | ref={{sfnref|ویکی فقه}} }} {{reliable source|date=October 2024}}

The duration of the taught course typically spans three years for the Arabic literature course, along with an addition three years for the Logic and Jurisprudence courses.{{cite web |date= |title=نظام درسی حوزه علمیه |url=https://fa.wikishia.net/view/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87 |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=ویکی شیعه |language=fa | ref={{sfnref|ویکی شیعه}} }}{{reliable source|date=October 2024}}

In earlier times, Seghatoleslam was a title bestowed upon distinguished scholars, such as Sheikh Muhammad ibn Yaqub al-Kulayni or Sheikh al-Saduq. However, this title is not presently used in seminaries in Iran.

Hujjatoleslam refers to students at level 3. During this stage, books like Mo'alem al-Usul{{Cite web |last=عاملی |first=شیخ جمال الدین حسن بن زین‌الدین |title=معالم الدین و ملاذ المجتهدین - ویکی فقه |trans-title=Mo'alem al-Usul |url=https://fa.wikifeqh.ir/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%88_%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B0_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86 |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=fa.wikifeqh.ir}} or Usul al-Istinbat,{{Cite web |last=حیدری |first=سید علی نقی |title=اصول الاستنباط - ویکی فقه |trans-title=Usul al-Istinbat |url=https://fa.wikifeqh.ir/%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7 |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=fa.wikifeqh.ir |language=Arabic}} Al-Mujaz,{{Cite web |last=سبحانی |first=شیخ جعفر |title=الموجز فی اصول الفقه‌ - ویکی فقه |trans-title=Al-Mujaz |url=https://fa.wikifeqh.ir/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B2_%D9%81%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87%E2%80%8C |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=fa.wikifeqh.ir |language=Arabic}} Usul al-Fiqh Muzafar,{{Cite web |last=مظفر |first=محمد رضا |title=اصول الفقه‌ (مظفر) - ویکی فقه |trans-title=Usul al-Fiqh Muzafar |url=https://fa.wikifeqh.ir/%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87%E2%80%8C_(%D9%85%D8%B8%D9%81%D8%B1) |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=fa.wikifeqh.ir |language=Arabic}} Rasa'il,{{Cite web |last=انصاری تستری نجفی |first=مرتضی بن محمد امین |title=فرائد الاصول (کتاب) - ویکی فقه |trans-title=Rasa'il |url=https://fa.wikifeqh.ir/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84_(%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8) |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=fa.wikifeqh.ir |publisher=انتشارات جامعه مدرسین}} and Kafiya tol-Usul{{Cite web |last=خراسانی |first=محمد کاظم |title=کفایة الاصول - ویکی فقه |trans-title=Kafiya tol-Usul |url=https://fa.wikifeqh.ir/%DA%A9%D9%81%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84 |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=fa.wikifeqh.ir |publisher=انتشارات مؤسسه نشر اسلامی قم |place=Ghom |language=Arabic}} are usually taught. Additionally, Jurisprudence books such as Sharh Lom-e{{Cite web |last=عاملی |first=سعید زین الدین بن علی بن احمد بن تقی |title=الروضة البهیة (کتاب) - ویکی فقه |trans-title=Sharh Lom-e |url=https://fa.wikifeqh.ir/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%A9_(%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8) |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=fa.wikifeqh.ir |publisher=انتشارات داوری |place=Ghom}} and Makaseb are included in the curriculum.

The duration of the taught course typically spans four years.

Upon entering the next stage (advanced level 4) and reaching the kharej (advanced courses of the seminary) study level, students are conferred the title Hujjatoleslam Wal-Muslemin. This stage is regarded as the highest course of seminary courses, aiming to produce mujtahids in the fields of Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh) or theology (Usul al-din). The goal is to develop the ability to derive rulings from authentic sources [books{{Cite web |title=کتاب (علوم قرآنی) - ویکی فقه |url=https://fa.wikifeqh.ir/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86%DB%8C) |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=fa.wikifeqh.ir}} (Qur'anic sciences), Sunnah, wisdom, and consensus]. This stage usually does not rely on specific textbooks but is structured around the sufficiency of principles in Jurisprudence and Jawaher al-Kalam,{{Cite web |last=نجفی‌ |first=محمدحسن‌ |title=جواهر الکلام فی شرح شرائع الإسلام‌ (کتاب) - ویکی فقه |trans-title=Jawaher al-Kalam |url=https://fa.wikifeqh.ir/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%81%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%AD_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C_(%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8) |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=fa.wikifeqh.ir |publisher=مؤسسه تاریخ عربی |place=بیروت}} Tahrir al-Wasila, and Urwa tol-Wosgha{{Cite web |last=کاشف الغطاء |first=محمّد حسين |title=العروة الوثقی - ویکی فقه |trans-title=Urwa tol-Wosgha |url=https://fa.wikifeqh.ir/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%82%DB%8C |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=fa.wikifeqh.ir}} in Jurisprudence. It is essentially a research-oriented course.

The taught course at this stage typically lasts a minimum of four years.

In the past, the title Hujjatoleslam Wal-Muslemin was used for Maraji, such as the Risalah of the late Ayatollah Hossein Borujerdi was published under the title Hujjatoleslam Wal-Muslemin Hossein Borujerdi, or, for example, Muhammad al-Ghazali, had this title in the past.{{cite book |last1=Mousavi-Bojnourdi |first1=Kazem |title=Encyclopaedia Islamica |date=1960–2009 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 |page=237 |edition=4 |title-link=Encyclopaedia Islamica |language=en}} However, today these titles hold a different meaning.

Ayatollah refers to an individual who has successfully completed the kharej course (advanced courses of the seminary) and reached the level of Ijtihad. Ijtihad implies the ability to independently derive rulings using legal and principled evidence and foundations.

There are two types of mujtahids: the bounded mujtahid, who is proficient in specific chapters of Fiqh, and the absolute mujtahid, who is proficient in all chapters of Fiqh.{{cite journal |last1=Moussavi |first1=Ahmad Kazemi |title=The Institutionalization of Marjae Taqlid in the Nineteenth Century Shiite Community |journal=AthareBartar |date=17 June 2016 |volume=83 |issue=1994 |pages=279–299 |url=https://atharebartar.com/en/institutionalization-marjae-taqlid-nineteenth-century-shiite-community/ |access-date=3 May 2023}}

Apart from completing advanced studies, an individual must teach a kharej course (advanced courses of the seminary) of Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh) or theology (Usul al-din) for several years to attain the title of Ayatollah.

Seghatoleslam as a family name in Iran

While Seghatoleslam is primarily a title in Shia Islam,{{cite web |date=5 June 2011 |title=حجت الاسلام کیست؟ آیت الله به چه کسی می گویند؟ |url=https://www.khabaronline.ir/news/155446/%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%87-%DA%86%D9%87-%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D9%85%DB%8C-%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF |access-date=3 May 2023 |website=خبرآنلاین |publisher=khabaronline |language=fa}} it is also used as a surname in some Iranian families. This practice aligns with the common cultural phenomenon where individuals use titles as family names or adopt religious or cultural terms reflecting their identity as their family name.{{cite book |last1=Anwari |first1=Hassan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gHk_AQAAIAAJ&q=seqat-ol-eslam |title=فرهنگ بزرگ سخن |date=2007 |publisher=انتشارات سخن، |isbn=978-964-372-556-3 |edition=3 |page=2033 |language=fa |access-date=5 May 2023}}{{cite web |date=24 December 2021 |title=فرهنگ سخن |url=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B3%D8%AE%D9%86#:~:text=%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%20%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF%20%D8%B3%D8%AE%D9%86%D8%8C%20%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86%20%D8%A8%D8%B1,%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%20%D9%88%20%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B5%D8%B5%DB%8C%20%D9%87%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%20%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF. |access-date=5 May 2023 |website=ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد |language=fa}}

The utilisation of Seghatoleslam as a family name is relatively uncommon and mostly confined to Iran / Persia. In other countries, even those with significant Shia Muslim populations, people tend to adopt other family names that mirror their cultural or ethnic identity.{{cite web |title=A Complete List of Muslim Last Names + Meanings - FamilyEducation |url=https://www.familyeducation.com/baby-names/surname/origin/muslim |website=www.familyeducation.com |access-date=5 May 2023 |language=en}}

= Notable Seghatoleslam family in Iran =

Individuals with the Seghatoleslam family name may be residing in Shiraz, Tabriz, or other parts of Iran / Persia, considering it is a distinct family name in the region. Notable family members in Iran include:

  1. Mirza Ali Aqa Seghatoleslam Tabrizi{{cite web |title=Ali Thiqat al-Islam Tabrizi |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8215989 |website=www.wikidata.org |language=en}} (January 19, 1861 – December 31, 1911) was an Iranian nationalist who lived in Tabriz City, Iran, during the Persian Constitutional Revolution and was a reformist Shia cleric.
  2. Seyed Zeinolabedin Seghatoleslam{{Cite web |title=Seyed Zeinolabedin Seghatoleslam |url=https://www.ancientfaces.com/person/seyed-zeinolabedin-seghatoleslam-birth-1923-death-/192886125 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=AncientFaces |language=en}} (also known as Seyed Ali Seghatoleslam Arsenjani) (December 1923 – June 2000) was an Iranian Twelver Shia clergyman who lived in Arsenjan City{{Cite web |last=Niroomand |first=Sarvin |date=2021-03-11 |title=Arsanjan {{!}} Iran Destination, Shiraz, voyage individuel en Iran |url=https://fr.irandestination.com/arsanjan/ |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=IranDestination |language=fr-FR}} (Fars province) and Shiraz, Iran. He was one of the most influential intellectuals among the people of Arsenjan City and Arsenjan County.{{cite web |last1=حسینی |first1=سید محمد حسین |date=2015 |title=بزرگداشت مرحوم آیت‌الله حاج سیّد علی ثقةالاسلام - ارسنجان |url=http://www.arsanjan.org/item/301-%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%AB%D9%82%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85 |access-date=2 May 2023 |website=www.arsanjan.org |language=fa-ir |ref=Seyed Ali Seghatoleslam Biography}} He was engaged in teaching Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh) and Islamic sciences in Arsenjan seminaries while he was in charge of managing the seminaries.{{Cite book |last=Ebrahimi |first=Mohammad Hossein |url=https://farhangi-fars.com/1401/09/12/%d8%aa%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%b3%d9%86%d8%ac%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%85%db%8c%d8%b2%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%87%d9%85%d8%a7%db%8c%d8%b4-%d9%85%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%b3/ |title=Saeedieh School (a collection of articles on the history of Saeedieh School in Arsenjan- Biography and life of the Seghatoleslam family) |publisher=Islamic Reserves Council |year=2020 |isbn=978-622-7435-53-5 |edition=۱ |location=Ghom, Iran |pages=۳۵–۴۰ |language=fa}}
  3. Mohammad Ali Seghatoleslam Isfahani{{cite web |title=تولد مرحوم ثقة الاسلام حاجی شیخ محمدعلی اصفهانی |url=http://nbo.ir/%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86-%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A8-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%AD-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84/%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC%DB%8C-%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AE-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C__a-242-243-14218.aspx |website=nbo.ir |publisher=فرهیختگان تمدن شیعه |access-date=4 May 2023}} (1854 – 1900) was an Iranian Shia clergyman who lived in Isfahan, Iran. He was one of the great scholars and jurists of his era in Isfahan City (Isfahan province) and had complete knowledge and expertise in all branches of Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh).{{cite web |title=محمدعلی ثقه الاسلام اصفهانی |url=https://rasekhoon.net/mashahir/show/583674/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%AB%D9%82%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C |website=rasekhoon.net |access-date=4 May 2023}}
  4. Seyed Abdullah Seghatoleslam{{cite web |title=آیت اللّه ثقة الاسلام |url=https://sadatsite.ir/2020/06/09/776/ |website=sadatsite.ir |publisher=سایت رسمی سادات میرمحمدصادقی |access-date=4 May 2023 |language=fa-IR |date=9 June 2020}} (July 3, 1868 – July 8, 1962) was an Iranian Twelver Shia clergyman who lived in Isfahan City, Iran, and Najaf, Iraq. He was engaged in teaching and authoring books in Najaf City and left valuable works in Islamic sciences.{{cite web |title=عبدالله ثقة الاسلام |url=https://rasekhoon.net/mashahir/show/580688/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85 |website=rasekhoon.net |access-date=4 May 2023}}

See also

{{wiktionary|Seghatoleslam|ثقت الاسلام}}

{{commons category}}

References

Further reading

{{refbegin}}

  • Calmard, Jean. (2009). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20190716065535/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0088 Ayatollah]". In Esposito, John L. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:[https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135;jsessionid=E651FA8554314D94009D7933FB90C0ED 10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001].
  • Glassé, C. (2013). The new encyclopedia of Islam. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 71. {{ISBN|978-0-7591-0189-0}}
  • Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Dabashi, Hamid; and Vali, S. (1989). Expectation of the Millennium. SUNY Press. {{ISBN|978-0-88706-844-7}}
  • Golkar, S. (2017). Clerical militia and securitization of seminary schools in Iran. Contemporary Islam, 11(3), pp. 215–235. doi: {{doi}}. S2CID [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Clerical-militia-and-securitization-of-seminary-in-Golkar/37578e8f2c6b62559f23f77e7c4367a2fdb36231 151998952].
  • ‌AncientFaces. (n.d.). Seyed Zeinolabedin Seghatoleslam biography. [online] Available at: [https://www.ancientfaces.com/person/seyed-zeinolabedin-seghatoleslam-birth-1923-death-/192886125 Seyed-Zeinolabedin-Seghatoleslam-192886125] [Accessed 08 Apr. 2023].
  • Momen, M. (2015). Shi’i Islam. Simon and Schuster. {{ISBN|978-1-78074-788-0}}
  • Wikishia. (n.d.). Thiqat al-Islam. [online] Available at: https://en.wikishia.net/view/Thiqat_al-Islam [Accessed 08 Apr. 2023].
  • Hosseini, Seyed Mohammad Hassan. (2014). Commemoration ceremony of the late Ayatollah Seyed Ali Seghatoleslam Arsenjani. [online] Available at: [http://www.arsanjan.org/item/301-%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%AB%D9%82%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85 http://www.arsanjan.org/item/301] [Accessed 08 Apr. 2023].
  • Momen, M. (1985). An Introduction to Shi’i Islam: the history and doctrines Twelver Shi’ism. New Haven; London: Yale University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-300-03499-8}}
  • Zaare, Jafar. (2014). A panegyric upon Seyed Zeinolabedin Seghatoleslam. [online] Available at: [http://www.arsanjan.org/item/278-%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%AB%D9%82%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C http://www.arsanjan.org/item/278] [Accessed 08 Apr. 2023].
  • Ebrahimi, M.H. (2020). Saeedieh School (a collection of articles on the history of Saeedieh School in Arsenjan- Biography and life of the Seghatoleslam families). 1st ed. Shiraz, Fars Province, Iran: Islamic Reserves Council (in Persian Language) - https://www.iranfarhang.com/book/66218 {{ISBN|978-622-7435-53-5}}
  • Hermann, Denis. (1 May 2013). "[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00263206.2013.783828 Akhund Khurasani and the Iranian Constitutional Movement]". Middle Eastern Studies. 49 (3): 430–453. doi:[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00263206.2013.783828 10.1080/00263206.2013.783828]. ISSN [https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0026-3206 0026-3206]. JSTOR [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23471080 23471080]. S2CID [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Akhund-Khurasani-and-the-Iranian-Constitutional-Hermann/cbd88f15acfcf44bb5f08edd28e78424aa823fff 143672216].
  • Akhlaq, Sayed Hassan. (2023). The Making of Shia Ayatollahs. Rowman & Littlefield. {{ISBN|978-1-7936-5516-5}}
  • ‌Anvari, Hassan. (2007). فرهنگ بزرگ سخن (in Persian) (3ed.). انتشارات سخن،. p. 2033. {{ISBN|978-964-372-556-3}}.
  • موسسهٔ لغت‌نامهٔ دهخدا و مرکز بین‌المللی آموزش زبان فارسی. (n.d.). معنی ثقة. [online] Available at: https://dehkhoda.ut.ac.ir/fa/dictionary {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205182858/https://dehkhoda.ut.ac.ir/fa/dictionary |date=2020-12-05 }} [Accessed 24 May 2023].
  • ‌www.merriam-webster.com. (n.d.). Definition of AYATOLLAH. [online] Available at: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ayatollah [Accessed 22 May 2023].
  • Bearman, P.J., International Union of Academies and Al, E. (1986). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, new edition. Leiden E.J. Brill -≪&Gt. {{ISBN|978-90-04-16121-4}}
  • World Shia Muslims Population. (n.d.). Shia Muslims Population. [online] Available at: [http://shianumbers.com/shia-muslims-population.html#:~:text=Shias%20are%20around%2020%25%20of%20the%20world%20muslim http://shianumbers.com/shia-muslims-population] [Accessed 22 May 2023].
  • Ibn Durayd, Abūbakr Muḥammad b. Ḥasan (24 April 2012). Baʿlbakī, Ramzī Munīr (ed.). [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/lisan-al-arab-DUM_2430?s.num=13 Lisān al-ʿArab]. Beirut: Brill. {{ISBN|978-90-04-16121-4}}
  • Mudir Shanachi, Kazim. (2017). کتاب درایه الحدیث. Ghom, Iran: دفتر انتشارات اسلامی جامعه مدرسین حوزه علمیه قم. pp. 112–113. {{ISBN|978-964-470-365-2}}
  • Mudir Shanachi, Kazim. (1983). کتاب علم الحدیث (in Arabic) (1 ed.). Ghom, Iran: دفتر انتشارات اسلامی جامعه مدرسین حوزه علمیه قم. p. 75. {{ISBN|978-964-470-197-9}}

{{refend}}

Category:Hawza

Category:Islamic honorifics

Category:Islamic Persian honorifics

Category:Ayatollahs

Category:Religious titles

Category:Clericalism in Iran

Category:Shia Islam

Category:Family

Category:Family in Iran

Category:Shi'ite surnames

Category:Iranian families

Category:Iranian-language surnames

Category:Persian-language surnames

Category:Surnames

Category:Arabic-language honorifics