Senate (Netherlands)

Although this body is called the "Senate" in English, this is not a direct translation of its official Dutch name, the "First Chamber of the States General" or, in short, the "First Chamber". Nevertheless, and in contrast to the Second Chamber, the name Senaat is also used often in the media. "Member of the First Chamber" (Eerste Kamerlid), "member of the Senate" (senaatslid) or "senator" (senator) are used, although the first one is the official and most used term.

File:Binnenhof, The Hague 1866.jpg.]]

File:Binnenhof - Haag.jpg.]]

The first constitution of the modern Netherlands, passed in 1814, re-established a unicameral States General. As it became clear that the former Southern Netherlands would be added to the new United Kingdom of the Netherlands, a newly instituted constitutional commission was tasked with drafting a new constitution. The southern members of the constitutional commission pressed for a bicameral system because of the conviction that their nobility should be given a place in the legislature. While the northern members were not enthusiastic about the proposal, they agreed under the condition that nobility would not be a requirement for membership.{{Cite web |url=https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrpmxvt/tweekamerstelsel |title=Tweekamerstelsel |website=Parlement & Politiek |language=nl |access-date=13 January 2018}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.eerstekamer.nl/begrip/geschiedenis_eerste_kamer |title=Geschiedenis Eerste Kamer |website=Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal |language=nl |access-date=13 January 2018}} The new constitution, which came into effect on 24 August 1815, thus provided for a Senate consisting of forty to sixty members appointed by the king for life. The list of the first appointees was published on 16 September 1815 and the newly appointed chamber was first assembled on 21 September 1815 in Brussels in a joint assembly with the House of Representatives.{{Cite web |url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/repertoriumambtsdragersambtenaren1428-1861/app/instellingen/4/ |title=Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal (1815-1861) |website=Huygens Instituut |language=nl |access-date=13 January 2018}} In its early years, the Senate functioned as a bulwark of the Crown (the king and his ministers). Its members, appointed by the king from among the "most significant of the country", were mostly confidants of the king who were often called upon to veto bills that displeased him. Such bills were usually private members' bills from the House of Representatives. The Senate remained in existence after the independence of Belgium in 1830, although its membership was halved to no fewer than twenty and no more than thirty members.

Much changed in the political sphere as a result of the Constitutional Reform of 1848, which introduced direct elections for the House of Representatives, which until then had been elected by provincial councils. The constitutional commission, under the chairmanship of Johan Rudolph Thorbecke, intended for the Senate to be directly elected as well, but the predominantly conservative House of Representatives blocked this, fearing that the two chambers would be too similar. Additionally, senators were expected to judge bills with more independence and distance from daily politics, as a chambre de reflection, which was deemed impossible when they would be forced to campaign for direct election.

It was therefore decided that the Senate would henceforth be elected by provincial councils. Its 39 seats were distributed among the provinces degressively proportional to population, and a third of its members would be elected for 9-year terms every three years using a majoritarian system.{{Cite web |url=https://www.parlement.com/id/vhnnmt7mlkw5/geschiedenis_kiesstelsel_eerste_kamer |title=Geschiedenis kiesstelsel Eerste Kamer |website=Parlement & Politiek |language=nl |access-date=13 January 2018}} The position of the Senate and the criteria governing eligibility to stand for election were also among the changes. Monitoring the quality of legislation gradually came to be the main function of the Senate after 1848.{{Cite web |url=http://www.eerstekamer.nl/begrip/english_2 |title=English |website=Eerste Kamer |access-date=2 August 2014}}

The existence and functioning of the Senate have been criticised throughout history, manifested in reports of state commissions, government proposals and private member's bills calling for reform or abolition of the Senate. Abolition of the Senate was attempted by social democrats and progressive liberals in 1903, and again after World War I, but these proposals could not count on sufficient support.

However, reform came in 1922, five years after a constitutional amendment that introduced universal male suffrage and proportional representation to the House of Representatives. The constitutional amendment of 1922 brought proportional representation to the Senate as well. Rather than the seats being distributed among the provinces, the provinces were now organised into four groups of roughly equal population, each electing twelve or thirteen senators under party-list proportional representation. The term of senators was decreased to six years, with two of the four groups electing their senators every three years. The number of senators was increased from 50 to 75 in 1956, and the distribution of seats among groups of provinces was adapted to account for changes in population distribution.

The Senate was subjected to another reform in 1983. The term of senators was further reduced to four years, equal to that of Representatives. The system of groups of provinces and staggered elections was abolished in favour of quadrennial elections for the entire Senate in one nationwide constituency. The state commission which had paved the way for the constitutional reform had also recommended direct elections for the Senate, but the House of Representatives adopted a motion rejecting this proposal.{{Cite web |url=https://www.parlement.com/id/vh8lnhrqlywz/staatscommissie_cals_donner |title=Staatscommissie-Cals/Donner |website=Parlement.com |language=nl |accessdate=9 March 2024}}

Several minor changes have since been adopted. In 2010, the possibility for party lists to enter into an electoral alliance was abolished, and the number of preference votes needed for a candidate to be elected was increased from 50% to 100% of the quota. The establishment of the three electoral colleges for the Caribbean Netherlands was made possible by the constitutional amendment of 2017. The members of the Caribbean electoral colleges were elected for the first time on 20 March 2019. Citizens of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba with Dutch nationality are entitled to vote.[https://www.rijksdienstcn.com/over-de-rijksdienst-caribisch-nederland/documenten/brochures/rcn/qas-kiescollege/2019/qas-kiescollege-2019 Q&A's kiescollege 2019], Rijksdienst Caribisch Nederland 3 januari 2019, p. 1. The establishment of a non-resident electoral college was made possible by the 2022 constitutional amendment.{{cite web | url=https://www.eerstekamer.nl/wetsvoorstel/36071_wet_kiescollege_niet | title=Wet kiescollege niet-ingezetenen (36.071) }}

Any Dutch citizen aged 18 years or older who is qualified to vote can stand for election in either house of the States General. However, no one can simultaneously sit as a member in both houses.{{cite web |title=Het lidmaatschap van de Eerste Kamer - |url=https://www.eerstekamer.nl/begrip/het_lidmaatschap_van_de_eerste |website=Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal |language=nl |access-date=8 June 2023}}

{{Politics of the Netherlands}}

The 75 senators are elected every four years by the members of the States-Provincial of the country's twelve provinces and (since 2019) by electoral colleges of the Caribbean Netherlands and Dutch expatriates. The seats are distributed in one nationwide constituency using party-list proportional representation. Remainder seats are distributed using the highest averages method. The weight of a member's vote is determined by the population of the province in which the voter is a member of the States-Provincial, at a ratio of approximately 1 vote per 100 residents. The table below shows the weight of members' votes per province as of the 2019 election.{{Cite web |url=https://www.kiesraad.nl/verkiezingen/eerste-kamer |title=Eerste Kamer |website=Kiesraad.nl |date=20 April 2016 |language=nl |access-date=5 October 2018}}

The College of President and Vice-Presidents is responsible for the day-to-day administration of the Senate. It consists of the president of the Senate and two vice-presidents.{{Cite web |url=https://www.eerstekamer.nl/commissies/cvo |title=College van Voorzitter en Ondervoorzitters |website=Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal |language=nl |access-date=7 July 2023}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.eerstekamer.nl/nieuws/20230704/vos_en_croll_gekozen_tot |title=Vos en Croll gekozen tot Ondervoorzitters |website=Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal |date=4 July 2023 |language=nl |access-date=7 July 2023}}

{{further|Historic composition of the Senate of the Netherlands}}

* Reformatory Political Federation (RPF) and Reformed Political League (GPV)

• List of presidents of the Senate (Netherlands)

{{Notelist}}

{{reflist}}

{{Commons category|Eerste Kamer}}

• {{Official website|http://www.eerstekamer.nl/begrip/english_2}} (English)
• {{Official website|http://www.eerstekamer.nl/}} (Dutch)

{{Members of the Senate of the Netherlands, 2023–2027}}

{{Dutch Senate elections}}

{{National upper houses}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:States General of the Netherlands

Category:Dutch political institutions

Category:High Councils of State

Netherlands

Category:1815 establishments in the Netherlands

Category:Organisations based in The Hague