Sentinel Peak (Arizona)

{{Infobox mountain

| name = Sentinel Peak

| other_name = "A" Mountain

| photo = Sentinel Peak (Arizona).jpg

| photo_caption = The "A" on Sentinel Peak, pictured with its 2003-2013 color scheme.

| elevation_ft = 2901

| elevation_ref = {{NAVD88}}{{cite ngs |pid=CZ1850 |name=Warner |accessdate=2016-08-20}}

| prominence_ft = 267

| prominence_ref = {{cite peakbagger |pid=58452 |name=Sentinel Peak, Arizona |access-date=2016-08-20}}

| location = City of Tucson
Pima County, Arizona, U.S.

| range = Tucson Mountains

| map = USA Arizona

| map_caption = none

| map_size = 180

| label = Sentinel
Peak

| label_position =

| coordinates = {{coord|32.210268833|N|110.992278114|W|type:mountain_region:US-AZ_scale:100000_source:NGS|format=dms|display=inline,title}}

| range_coordinates =

| coordinates_ref =

| topo = USGS Tucson

| first_ascent =

| easiest_route =

}}

Sentinel Peak is a {{Convert|2,897|ft|m|abbr=on|sp=us|sigfig=1}} peak in the Tucson Mountains southwest of downtown Tucson, Arizona, United States. The valley's first inhabitants grew crops at the mountain's base, along the Santa Cruz River. The name "Tucson" is derived from the O'odham {{Lang|ood|Cuk Ṣon}} ({{IPA|ood|tʃʊk ʂɔːn|}}), meaning "the base [of the mountain] is black".{{cite book | last = Mathiot | first = Madeleine | title = A Dictionary of Papago Usage | publisher = Indiana University |location = Bloomington, IN| volume = 1: B-K, Vol. 2: L-Z | date = 1973 | url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Dictionary_of_Papago_Usage/Ej5ZAAAAMAAJ | isbn = 9780877501688}}{{cite book |last1=Saxton |first1=Dean |last2=Saxton |first2=Lucille |last3=Enos |first3=Susie |title=Tohono O'odham/Pima to English, English to Tohono O'odham/Pima Dictionary |date=1983 |publisher=The University of Arizona Press |location=Tucson, AZ |isbn=978-0-8165-1942-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dOjZITU0N8AC}} In the 1910s, University of Arizona students used local basalt rock to construct a {{Convert|160|ft|m|abbr=on|sp=us|sigfig=1}} tall block "A" on the mountain's east face, near its summit, giving the peak its other name, "A" Mountain. The peak is part of a 272-acre (110 hectares) park, the largest natural resource park in the City of Tucson.{{cite news |title=Sentinel Peak Park gets an upgrade |last=Davis |first=Tony |date=August 5, 2013 |newspaper=Arizona Daily Star |url=https://tucson.com/news/blogs/desertblog/sentinel-peak-park-gets-an-upgrade/article_84089f78-fe05-11e2-869e-0019bb2963f4.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213005718/https://tucson.com/news/blogs/desertblog/sentinel-peak-park-gets-an-upgrade/article_84089f78-fe05-11e2-869e-0019bb2963f4.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 13, 2019 }}

Early history

The fertile land at the base of Sentinel Peak was used for agriculture from {{Circa|2000 BCE}} until the 1930s. Bedrock mortars found on the sides of the peak are believed to have been used to grind corn and mesquite beans into flour. In the 1690s, the O'odham people living in the area were visited by Eusebio Francisco Kino, who established the nearby Mission San Xavier del Bac. After Presidio San Agustín del Tucsón was constructed in 1775, sentinels were stationed on the peak to watch for raiding Apaches. Mission Garden, a living agricultural museum at the foot of Sentinel Peak, celebrates this history.

Geology

Sentinel Peak is made up of several layers of igneous rock representing various types of volcanic activity, though the mountain itself is not a volcano. It is one of a cluster of outcroppings at the eastern edge of the Tucson Mountains that are primarily the remnants of 20–30 million-year-old (Ma) lava flows that once extended west towards the Tucson Mountains and east into the Tucson Basin, where the city is now.{{citation |title=Bedrock Geolocgic Map of Sentinel Peak (A-Mountain) and Tumamoc Hill, Pima County, Arizona |url=http://repository.azgs.az.gov/sites/default/files/dlio/files/2010/u15/DGM-29map.pdf |author1=Spencer, J.E. |author2=Moore, E.M. |author3=Trapp, R.A. |publisher=Arizona Geological Survey |date=February 2003}} Erosion and faulting are responsible for the peak's conical shape.{{Citation needed|date=September 2016}}

The layer of rock at the peak of the hill is a basaltic andesite dating to 23–24 Ma. This caps a {{Convert|30–36|m|ft|abbr=on}}-thick layer of tuff (compacted volcanic ash) above another layer of basaltic andesite, both dating to 26–28 Ma. Tuffs and andesite exposed at the base of the hill, on the south side, date to approximately 60 Ma.

Volcanic ash and breccia, along with ancient lava beds, or lahars, can also be found on the mountain, further evidence of a once active volcanic field that formed the Tucson Mountain range.{{Citation needed|date=September 2016}}

Etymology

On October 3, 2016, in the Arizona Daily Star newspaper, historian David Leighton explained the origin of the name Sentinel Peak:

He wrote that in the very early days of Tucson, an Indian fortification was constructed at the top of a small mountain that would come to be called Sentinel Peak – also sometimes referred to as Picket Post Butte. This Indian fortification in time became known as the sentinel station because a sentinel or guard was posted there to watch for approaching enemies, likely Apache Indians. During the U.S. Civil War, armed guards or soldiers were posted at the sentinel station and a canvas was stretched across the stone fortification, to keep the sun from hitting directly on the men posted there.

By 1883, only ruins of the fortification remained. The remains included, "A circular wall, about 3 feet thick and made of boulders, [that] enclosed an area about 8 feet in diameter. North of the circular structure was a small wall, roughly two feet high and about 10 feet long. To the east were traces of another, smaller circular wall."

In 1925, the remains of the fortifications still existed at the top of what by then was being called "A" Mountain, although it is unknown what exactly was left at that point.

The origin of the name Sentinel Peak, according to Leighton, "comes from the sentinel station and the sentinel stationed there."{{Cite web |last=Leighton |first=David |date=Oct 3, 2016 |title=Street Smarts: Tale of road up "A" Mountain includes murder, adultery and dirty deals | Blogs | tucson.com |url=https://tucson.com/news/blogs/street-smarts-tale-of-road-up-a-mountain-includes-murder/article_6f0ff488-89ab-11e6-85d2-f36d39283de1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419194955/https://tucson.com/news/blogs/street-smarts-tale-of-road-up-a-mountain-includes-murder/article_6f0ff488-89ab-11e6-85d2-f36d39283de1.html |archive-date=2019-04-19}}

The "A"

After Arizona's 7–6 victory over Pomona College in 1914, a civil engineering student on the team convinced one of his professors to make a class project of the survey and design for a huge block "A" on Sentinel Peak. Students carried the project to completion on March 4, 1916, when the {{Convert|70|ft|m|abbr=on|sp=us|sigfig=1}} wide, {{Convert|160|ft|m|abbr=on|sp=us|sigfig=1}} tall "A" was whitewashed on the east side of the peak. The basalt rock used in the construction of the "A" was hauled from a quarry at the mountain's base, which supplied stone for many foundations and walls throughout Tucson, including the wall surrounding the University of Arizona campus.{{cite web |url=http://www.arizona.edu/about/ua-history-traditions|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311172702/http://www.arizona.edu/about/ua-history-traditions|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-03-11|title=UA History & Traditions{{snd}}"A" Mountain |website=arizona.edu |publisher=The University of Arizona}}

The "A" has traditionally been painted white. On March 23, 2003, four days after the start of the Iraq War, it was painted black in protest. Two weeks later, following much public debate, the Tucson City Council resolved to have the "A" painted red, white, and blue in honor of American troops. A decade later, the council decided to restore it to its traditional white.{{cite news |title=Big 'A' will revert to white, so let's color this battle over |last=Steller |first=Tim |newspaper=Arizona Daily Star |date=April 14, 2013 |url=http://tucson.com/news/local/tim-steller-big-a-will-revert-to-white-so-let/article_5ffe3c11-d694-56da-be46-60c2a5d3c44e.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308174522/http://tucson.com/news/local/tim-steller-big-a-will-revert-to-white-so-let/article_5ffe3c11-d694-56da-be46-60c2a5d3c44e.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 8, 2016 }} The "A" has on occasion been painted green for St. Patrick's Day.{{cite news |title=Two businesses step in, redo 'A' on Sentinel Peak |newspaper=Arizona Daily Star |date=April 6, 2008 |url=http://tucson.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/two-businesses-step-in-redo-a-on-sentinel-peak/article_c5e613e4-19fc-5d89-bcb3-b3a376077900.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309163125/http://tucson.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/two-businesses-step-in-redo-a-on-sentinel-peak/article_c5e613e4-19fc-5d89-bcb3-b3a376077900.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 9, 2016 }} On April 30, 2018, it was painted red in support of the Red for Ed movement,{{Cite web |date=2018-05-01 |title=Tucson's "A" Mountain painted red in support of #RedforEd |url=https://tucson.com/news/local/tucsons-a-mountain-painted-red-in-support-of-redfored/collection_7b070910-4d55-11e8-a5cb-0bbc06b83a7f.html |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Arizona Daily Star |language=en}} and on May 8, 2020, it was painted blue to honor local healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.{{Cite web |last=Greaber |first=Joey |date=8 May 2020 |title="A" Mountain painted blue to honor local health care workers |url=https://www.kgun9.com/news/coronavirus/a-mountain-painted-blue-to-honor-local-health-care-workers |website=KGUN-TV}}{{cite tweet|number=1258816867008778240|user=TucsonRomero|title=Today the City of Tucson, in...|author=Regina Romero|date=8 May 2020}} On May 1, 2024, it was vandalized, having been painted the colors of the Palestinian flag in protest of the Gaza war, although it was reverted shortly afterwards.{{cite web |last1=Jackson |first1=Zachary |title=A Mountain vandalized with painting of flag of Palestine |url=https://www.kvoa.com/news/a-mountain-vandalized-with-painting-of-flag-of-palestine/article_acb6c168-07c5-11ef-9284-b7b873fa02c9.html |website=KVOA |date=May 2024 |publisher=KVOA News 4 Tucson |access-date=1 May 2024}}

Arizona State University (ASU) has a more recently created "A" Mountain (Tempe Butte) near the school's football stadium. During the week of the Arizona – ASU Territorial Cup game, rival fans and students have tried and at times succeeded in painting the "A" of the opposing school with their own school colors.{{cite news |title=Big 'A' will revert to white, so let's color this battle over |last=Steller |first=Tim |newspaper=Arizona Daily Star |date=April 14, 2013 |url=http://tucson.com/news/local/tim-steller-big-a-will-revert-to-white-so-let/article_5ffe3c11-d694-56da-be46-60c2a5d3c44e.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308174522/http://tucson.com/news/local/tim-steller-big-a-will-revert-to-white-so-let/article_5ffe3c11-d694-56da-be46-60c2a5d3c44e.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 8, 2016 }}

Gallery

File:Sentinel Peak Tucson Arizona.JPG|Dense stands of saguaros at the base of Sentinel Peak

File:Santa Cruz River Flood Tucson Arizona 1915.jpg|Sentinel Peak, standing behind a wrecked bridge along the Santa Cruz River during the flood of 1915

File:Tumamoc Hill and A Mountain from Huerfano Butte area 2013.jpg|"A" Mountain (right) and Tumamoc Hill (left) in the distance, looking west across the Tucson Valley

File:TucsonAMountainCity.jpg|Tucson as seen from Sentinel Peak