Sha'ar HaAmakim

File:Hellenistic Site in kibbutz Sha'ar-Ha'Amakim 1.jpg

Human habitation in the area dates at least as far back as the Hellenistic period.{{cite book

| last1 = Segal

| first1 = Arthur

| last2 = Młynarczyk

| first2 = Jolanta

| last3 = Burdajewicz

| first3 = Mariusz

| last4 = Bar-Oz

| first4 = Guy

| year = 2009

| title = Excavations of the Hellenistic site in Kibbutz Sha'ar-Ha'Amakim

| isbn = 9789659041879

| location = Haifa

| publisher = Zinman Institute of Archaeology, University of Haifa

}} Although the site, in recent history, has borne the name of Ḫirbet el-Ḥârithîye, it is thought by modern-day archaeologists to have been the Second Temple-period site known as Geba / Gibea ({{langx|el| Γάβα}}), based on Josephus' description of distances between Geba and Simonias and Beit She'arim (Roman-era Jewish village) in Lower Galilee.Dvorjetski, Esti (2009)Mazar (Maisler), B. (1957), p. 19; HUCA xxiv (1952/3), pp. 75–81; {{cite book|title=Map of Roman Palestine |first=M.|last=Avi-Yonah|author-link=Michael Avi-Yonah|location=London|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1940|page=38|language=en }}Cf. Josephus, Vita § [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0150%3Awhiston+section%3D24 24]; The Jewish War ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0148%3Abook%3D3%3Awhiston+chapter%3D3%3Awhiston+section%3D1 3.3.1])

In 1283, during the hudna ("truce") between the Crusaders based in Acre and the Mamluk sultan al-Mansur Qalawun, this location was named el Harathiyah and was described as part of the domain of the Crusaders.Barag, 1979, p. 204

During the Ottoman era, a Muslim village at the site was named el Hâritheh.”the ploughed land”, Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/109/mode/1up 109] The village appeared as El Harti on the map of Pierre Jacotin compiled in 1799.Karmon, 1960, p. [http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf 163] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928215620/http://jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf |date=28 September 2018 }} In 1859, the population was recorded as 120 with tillable land of 12 feddans.Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/270/mode/1up 270] In 1875, Victor Guérin reported about 40 houses.Guérin, 1880, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr01unkngoog#page/n412/mode/1up 399]-400 In 1882, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine described it as an adobe hamlet.

A population list from about 1887 showed that Harithiyeh had about 120 inhabitants; all Muslims.Schumacher, 1888, p. [https://archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme19pale#page/n200/mode/1up 175]

File:נוף בשער-העמקים-JNF015213.jpeg

In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, the Al Zubaidat, who cultivated the Hartieh land, numbered 363, all Muslims.Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Haifa, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n36/mode/1up 34]

The area was acquired by the Jewish community as part of the Sursock Purchase. In 1925 a Zionist organisation purchased 50 feddans in Hartieh from the Sursock family of Beirut. At the time, there were 60 families living there.List of villages sold by Sursocks and their partners to the Zionists since British occupation of Palestine Evidence to the Shaw Commission, 1930 In the 1931 census, the Arab Zubeidat was counted under the Shefa-'Amr suburbs.Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 90].

From 1931, and lasting several years, the Jewish Agency struggled to evict the Arab El Zubeidat, who were tenant farmers at Hartiya.Avneri, 1984, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8Teb4dKHQcoC&pg=PA156 156-7]{{cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/written-answers/1935/feb/26/palestine-hartieh-lands-disturbance|title=PALESTINE (HARTIEH LANDS, DISTURBANCE). (Hansard, 26 February 1935)|website=api.parliament.uk}}{{cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1936/mar/24/palestine|title=PALESTINE. (Hansard, 24 March 1936)|website=api.parliament.uk}}[http://forward.com/news/333020/bernie-sanders-stint-at-stalinist-kibbutz-draws-red-baiting-from-right/ Bernie Sanders Stint at 'Stalinist' Kibbutz Draws Red-Baiting From Right], Nathan Guttman, February 5, 2016 The Forward According to Avneri, Hartiya land was to become Sha'ar HaAmakim.

According to the Department of Statistics, however, Sha'ar HaAmakim had previously been part of Sheikh Bureik.

Kibbutz Sha'ar HaAmakim was founded in 1935 by immigrants from Romania and Yugoslavia. One of its founders was Aharon Cohen,{{cite book | last=Almogi | first=Yosef | title=Total commitment | publisher=Herzl Press | location=New York | year=1982 | isbn=978-0-8453-4749-2 | oclc=8431597 | page=[https://archive.org/details/totalcommitment0000almo/page/23 23] | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/totalcommitment0000almo/page/23 }} later to be convicted of spying for the Soviet Union. Its name was derived from the nearby confluence of the Jezreel and Zevulun valleys.[http://shseeds.co.il/en/history History] Sha'ar HaAmakim Seeds By the 1945 statistics it had a population of 360, all Jews.Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p15.jpg 15]Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Haifa/Page-049.jpg 49]

Sha'ar HaAmakim hosted volunteers from around the world, including France and the United States, who worked at the kibbutz and participated in cultural exchanges.{{cite news

| last = Erlanger

| first = Steven

| date = February 5, 2016

| title = Bernie Sanders's Kibbutz Found. Surprise: It's Socialist.

| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/06/us/politics/bernie-sanders-kibbutz.html

| newspaper = The New York Times

| access-date = February 6, 2016

}} In the 1960s, there were up to 100 volunteers each year.{{cite news

| last = Sales

| first = Ben

| date = February 8, 2016

| title = 50 years on, Bernie Sanders still champions values of his Israeli kibbutz

| url = http://www.jta.org/2016/02/08/news-opinion/politics/50-years-on-bernie-sanders-still-champions-values-of-his-israeli-kibbutz

| newspaper = Jewish Telegraphic Agency

| access-date = February 8, 2016

}} Bernie Sanders spent time at the kibbutz for several months in 1963.{{cite web|last1=Aderet|first1=Ofer|title=Mystery Solved? Haaretz Archive Reveals Which Kibbutz Bernie Sanders Volunteered On|url=http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.701513|website=Haaretz|access-date=5 February 2016|date=4 February 2016}}

According to a 2016 report, the kibbutz derives most of its income from its solar water heater factory. Additional sources of income include agriculture, such as dairy farming. For over five decades, the kibbutz has produced and processed sunflower seeds which it markets under its name both in Israel and for export.{{cite web

| url =http://shseeds.co.il/en/

| author=

| title =Shaar Haamakim Seeds

| publisher =Sha'ar Ha'amakim Seeds, Ltd

| access-date =February 6, 2016}} It also has a fish pond and orchards producing apples, peaches, and pears.

{{reflist}}

{{refbegin|30em}}

• {{cite book |title=The Claim of Dispossession: Jewish Land-settlement and the Arabs, 1878-1948 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Teb4dKHQcoC |first=Arieh L. |last=Avneri |year=1984 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=0-87855-964-7 }}
• {{cite journal | author = Barag, Dan | title = A new source concerning the ultimate borders of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem | journal = Israel Exploration Journal | volume = 29 | year = 1979 | pages = 197–217}}
• {{cite book| editor = Barron, J.B.| title = Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922| url = https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922| publisher = Government of Palestine| year = 1923}}
• {{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.|author-link1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H.H.|author-link2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp01conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund|volume=1}}
• {{Citation |contribution=Between the Valley of Zebulun and the Valley of Jezreel: the Historical Geography of Geva-Geba-Gaba-Jaba' |title=Excavations of the Hellenistic site in Kibbutz Sha'ar-Ha'Amakim (Gaba) 1984-1998 |last1=Dvorjetski |first1=Esti |publisher=Zinman Institute of Archaeology: University of Haifa|place=Haifa |year=2009 }}
• {{cite book|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945|url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics|year=1945}}
• {{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.|author-link=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr01unkngoog|volume=3: Galilee, pt. 1|year=1880|publisher=L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=fr}}
• {{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first=S.|last=Hadawi|author-link=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center}}
• {{cite journal|author = Karmon, Y.|title = An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine|url = http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf|journal = Israel Exploration Journal|volume = 10|issue = 3,4|year = 1960|pages = 155–173; 244–253|access-date = 26 November 2015|archive-date = 28 September 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180928215620/http://jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf|url-status = dead}}
• {{cite book|title=Beth She'arim - Report on the Excavations during 1936–40 |first1=B.|last1=Mazar (Maisler)|author-link=Benjamin Mazar|location=Jerusalem|volume=1 (The Catacombs I–IV)|publisher=Israel Exploration Society|year=1957|language=he |oclc=492594574 }} (reprinted from 1944 edition)
• {{cite book | editor = Mills, E. | title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas | url = https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas | publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932 }}
• {{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E.H.|author-link=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund}}
• {{cite journal | last = Schumacher | first = G. | author-link = Gottlieb Schumacher | title = Population list of the Liwa of Akka | journal = Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund | volume = 20 | pages = 169–191 | url = https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme19pale | year = 1888 }}

{{refend}}

{{Commons category}}

• {{Official website}} {{in lang|he}}
• Survey of Western Palestine, Map 5: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8368 IAA], Wikimedia commons
• [https://haifa-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/collectionDiscovery?vid=HAU&inst=972HAI_MAIN&collectionId=81165294680002791&lang=en_US Kibbutz Sha'ar HaAmakim Collection] (in Hebrew) on the Digital collections of Younes and Soraya Nazarian Library, University of Haifa

{{Zevulun Regional Council}}

{{Authority control}}

{{portal bar|Israel}}

Category:Kibbutzim

Category:Kibbutz Movement

Category:Populated places established in 1935

Category:Populated places in Haifa District

Category:Romanian-Jewish culture in Israel

Category:1935 establishments in Mandatory Palestine

Category:Yugoslav-Jewish culture in Israel