Shabaka (window)

File:Şəki xan sarayının kiçik otağında şəbəkə pəncərə.jpg

Shebeke ({{langx|az|Şəbəkə}}) - are windows filled with coloured glass, created by Azerbaijani folk craftsmen from small wooden parts without glue and nails.{{cite book

|first=Камил

|last=Мамед-заде

|authorlink=Мамед-заде Камил Маммедали оглы

|title= Строительное искусство Азербайджана: с древнейших времен до XIX в.

|year=1983

|location=Baku

|publisher=Elm

|url=https://ebooks.az/view/dtUVPAEO.pdf

}}{{cite web|url=http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/62_folder/62_articles/62_shaki.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010306014258/http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/62_folder/62_articles/62_shaki.html|archivedate=March 6, 2001|title=Shaki: Paradise in the Caucasus Foothills|author=Azad Sharifov|date=1998|publisher=azer.com|accessdate=June 18, 2021|language=en}}{{cite web|url=https://www.vokrugsveta.ru/vs/article/5583/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830050421/https://www.vokrugsveta.ru/vs/article/5583/|archivedate=August 30, 2009

|title=Шебеке|author= Александр Миловский|publisher=vokrugsveta.ru|accessdate=June 18, 2021|language=ru}}

The building of the Sheki Khans Palace, shebeke fills walls, window openings of halls and rooms. Geometrically, shebeke windows fit with the general composition of the main facade of the palace. The continuous stained-glass shebeke-windows of the central halls and side rooms overlook the facade of the palace. It is believed that the replacement of the outer walls of the halls of the both floors and the upper rooms by lifting sashes-stained-glass windows is a feature of this ceremonial pavilion architecture.Л. С. Бретеницкий, Б. В. Веймарн. Искусство Азербайджана IV—XVIII веков. — М.: Искусство, 1976.

Numerous residential stone houses of the 18th-19th centuries, decorated with shebeke, were also met in the city of Shusha.{{cite book|title=Great Soviet Encyclopedia/ ШУША

|year= |location=Moscow |publisher=Сове́тская энциклопе́дия |url=https://slovar.cc/enc/bse/2061374.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307230549/https://slovar.cc/enc/bse/2061374.html|archive-date= 2015-03-07}}

Shebeke art

It is an intangible cultural heritage that has an artistic constructive form in the Middle Eastern architecture and in the decorative arts and crafts. It has been used in the architecture of Azerbaijan since the 11th-12th centuries. A masterpiece of the decorative art is the flatness consisting of small glass pieces assembled by the master with wood elements that fix each other without glue or nails. The main "secret" of this art consists of the transfer of wooden parts with a ledge and an indentation between which small glass pieces are inserted. Parts of the tree are made from solid wood species - boxwood, walnut, beech, and oak. Shebeke patterns, meaning lattice, symbolize the Sun, the energy of life, the eternal flow of the time and the infinity of the universe.{{cite web|url=https://milliclub.az/sebir-seneti/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618190521/https://milliclub.az/sebir-seneti/|archivedate=June 18, 2021|title=Səbir sənəti|author= Xalidə Şirinova|date=August 21, 2020 |publisher=milliclub.az|accessdate=June 18, 2021|language=az}}

Shebeke structure

The surface dimensions of the shebeke can vary from a few square centimetres to several square meters, depending on the functional purpose of the items. Based on the connection with the architecture, the shebeke works of art can be classified in two directions: part of an architectural structure - a door, window, staircase; and individual interior items such as screen, lamp, chest, cabinet.{{cite web|url=https://aquarells.ru/prosto-interesno/shebeke|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714180739/https://aquarells.ru/prosto-interesno/shebeke|archivedate=July 14, 2019|title=Шебеке|author=Марина |date=January 29, 2015|publisher=aquarells.ru|accessdate=June 18, 2021|language=ru}} Since the foundation of the ornament is made up of more precise geometric figures, there is another classification according to compositions: "jafari", "sekkiz", "onalty", "gullyabi", "shamsi", "gelu", and also "bendi-rumi".{{cite web

|url =https://www.liveinternet.ru/users/leka_ky/post402977715/

|title =Уникальное творение - шебеке

|date =November 23, 2016

|publisher =liveinternet.ru

|accessdate =June 18, 2021

|language =ru

}}

Masters of art

Bearers of the art of shebeke and its symbols are folk masters. Famous folk craftsmen include Mekhti Mekhtiyev (19th century), Shahbuzla Abuzer Badalov (18th-19th centuries), Abbasgulu

Sheki (19th century). The revival of this art in the twentieth century was facilitated by Abdulhuseyn Babaev (1877-1961), Ashraf Rasulov (1928-1997).

At the moment, the development of art is promoted by Ashraf Rasulovs son Tofig{{cite web|url=https://azertag.az/ru/xeber/SHekinskii_master_Tofig_Rasulov_sozdaet_kovrovyi_shebeke_ne_imeyushchii_analoga_v_mire_VIDEO-1231699 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617111819/https://azertag.az/ru/xeber/SHekinskii_master_Tofig_Rasulov_sozdaet_kovrovyi_shebeke_ne_imeyushchii_analoga_v_mire_VIDEO-1231699|archivedate =June 17, 2019|title=Шекинский мастер Тофиг Расулов создает ковровый шебеке, не имеющий аналога в мире|author=Mustafa Dadashov|date=January 9, 2019|publisher=Azerbaijan State News Agency|accessdate=June 18, 2021|language=ru}} (1961) and his grandson Ilgar (1990). Also, Soltan Ismailov and Huseyn Mustafazade (Sheki), Jabir Jabbarov (Ordubad), Rafik Allahverdiyev (Shusha) stand out in this area.

Restoration

In the 1950s and 1960s. under the direction of Ashraf Rasulov, the Sheki Khans Palace was restored for the first time. In 2001, the window shebeke of the Juma and Ambaras mosques

(17th-18th centuries) in Ordubad were restored under the lead of the master Jabir Jabbarov.

Huseyn Mustafazadeh, in 2002-2004, according to an agreement with the German company "Den Cmalcoh Ege MEK Gembelg GMB", participated in the restoration of the Palace of Sheki Khans. As a result, the doors and windows of the palace were restored, as well as most of the ceiling.

Shebeke art in Azerbaijan

The word “shebeke”, in translation from the Azerbaijani language, means “net”, “lattice”.{{cite web

|url =https://ru.oxu.az/society/317216

|archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20190714172619/https://ru.oxu.az/society/317216

|archivedate =July 14, 2019

|title =Искусство шебеке: шедевры без использования клея и гвоздей

|author =Илькин Тунджай

|date =June 18, 2019

|publisher =oxu.az

|accessdate =June 18, 2021

|language =ru

}}

On the territory of Azerbaijan, shebeke as an art form was widespread in cities such as Sheki, Shusha, Ordubad, Baku, Ganja, Lankaran, Nakhichevan and Derbent (Russian Federation).{{cite web

|url =http://www.fondartproject.ru/artprocess/iskusstvo-i-simvolika-shebeke/

|archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20160910171241/http://www.fondartproject.ru/artprocess/iskusstvo-i-simvolika-shebeke/

|archivedate =September 10, 2016

|title =Искусство и символика шебеке

|author =Эртегин Саламзаде

|date =May 12, 2014

|publisher =fondartproject.ru

|accessdate =June 18, 2021

|language =ru

}} The main center of Shebeke art is Sheki, where this tradition is still presented in its pure, classic form. Samples of this kind of art dated with 18th-19th centuries are concentrated here. A classic example of this art form is the Sheki Khans Palace (1762). {{Cite news

| title = Shaki-Paradise in the Caucasus Foothills

| url=http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/62_folder/62_articles/62_shaki.html

| publisher=Azerbaijan International

| date= 1998

}}Л. С. Бретеницкий, Б. В. Веймарн. Искусство Азербайджана IV—XVIII веков. — М.: Искусство, 1976.{{cite web

|url =http://anl.az/down/meqale/azerizv/2013/iyul/318841.htm

|archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20131031223450/http://anl.az/down/meqale/azerizv/2013/iyul/318841.htm

|archivedate =October 31, 2013

|title =Волшебные витражи — без гвоздя и клея

|author =Самира Кязимова

|date =July 17, 2013

|publisher =Азербайджанские известия

|accessdate =June 18, 2021

|language =ru

}}

Shebeke art and its symbolism differ to some extent throughout the regions of Azerbaijan. For example, from the point of view of the manufacturing technology, the Ordubad craftsmen preferred the simplicity of the geometric shapes and an ascetic colour scheme. However, despite this, in the almost all regions of the country, the coloured glass is the main material.