Shadow person

{{Short description|Perception of a patch of shadow as a living, humanoid figure}}

{{Redirect|Shadow People|the 2013 film|Shadow People (film){{!}}Shadow People (film)||The Shadow People (disambiguation){{!}}The Shadow People}}

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File:Shadowman-3.jpg

A shadow person (also known as a shadow figure or black mass) is a popular subject in circles of the paranormal and supernatural detailing beings resembling animate human shadows, sometimes interpreted as the presence of a spirit.{{cite book|last=Ahlquist|first=Diane|title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Life After Death|year=2007|publisher=Penguin Group|location=USA|isbn=978-1-59257-651-7|page=122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lkscwxGSoAC&pg=PA122 }}

History and folklore

A number of religions, legends, and belief systems describe supernatural entities such as shades of the underworld, and various shadowy humanoids have long been a staple of folklore and ghost stories, such as the Islamic Jinn and the Choctaw Nalusa Chito.{{Cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Marie D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=No8SDgAAQBAJ&dq=Shadow+person+Jinn&pg=PT183 |title=Demons, the Devil, and Fallen Angels |last2=Flaxman |first2=Larry |date=2017-09-01 |publisher=Visible Ink Press |isbn=978-1-57859-667-6 |language=en}}

The Coast to Coast AM late night radio talk show helped popularize modern beliefs in shadow people. The first time the topic of shadow people was discussed at length on the program was April 12, 2001, when host Art Bell interviewed a man pretending to be a Native American elder, Thunder Strikes, who is also known as Harley "SwiftDeer" Reagan. During the show, listeners were encouraged to submit drawings of shadow people that they had seen and a large number of these drawings were immediately shared publicly on the show's website.{{cite web|last1=Bell|title=Art Bell - Shadow People|archive-date=September 25, 2001|url=http://artbell.com/shadows.html|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20010925192530/http://www.artbell.com/shadows.html|access-date=3 October 2014}}

In October that year, Heidi Hollis published her first book on the topic of shadow people,{{cite book|author=Heidi Hollis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YyAXPQAACAAJ |title=The Secret War: The Heavens Speak of the Battle |publisher=iUniverse |date=October 1, 2001 |isbn=9780595203314}} and later became a regular guest on Coast to Coast.{{cite web|title = Heidi Hollis - Guests|url = http://www.coasttocoastam.com/guest/hollis-heidi/5884|work = Coast to Coast AM|access-date = 2016-01-12}} Hollis describes shadow people as dark silhouettes with human shapes and profiles that flicker in and out of peripheral vision, and claims that people have reported the figures attempting to "jump on their chest and choke them".{{cite web | url=http://www.coasttocoastam.com/show/2008/07/23 | title=Shadow People & the "Hat Man" | work=Coast to Coast AM | date=2008-03-07 | access-date=2013-04-25}} She believes the figures to be negative aliens that can be repelled by various means, including invoking "the Name of Jesus".{{cite web | url=http://www.coasttocoastam.com/show/2006/03/27 | title=Shadow Beings | work=Coast to Coast AM | date=2006-03-27 | access-date=2013-04-25}}

Although participants in online discussion forums devoted to paranormal and supernatural topics describe them as menacing, other believers and paranormal authors do not agree whether shadow people are either evil, helpful, or neutral, and some even speculate that shadow people may be the extra-dimensional inhabitants of another universe.{{cite book|author=Michael Kinsella|title=Legend-Tripping Online: Supernatural Folklore and the Search for Ong's Hat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aBK8Nr4edm4C&pg=PA117|access-date=9 February 2013|date=17 May 2011|publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi|isbn=978-1-60473-983-1|pages=117–}}{{cite book|author=Greg Jenkins|title=Florida's Ghostly Legends and Haunted Folklore: South and central Florida|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6icr8PSno5MC&q=shadow+people|access-date=14 November 2011|date=1 February 2005|publisher=Pineapple Press Inc|isbn=978-1-56164-327-1}} Some paranormal investigators and authors such as Chad Stambaugh claim to have recorded images of shadow people on video.{{cite web|last=Luiz|first=Joseph|title=Paranormal investigator holds book signing|url=http://www.hanfordsentinel.com/news/local/paranormal-investigator-holds-book-signing/article_16ce0612-788d-11e2-8b09-0019bb2963f4.html|date=February 18, 2013|publisher=Hanford Sentinel|access-date=13 March 2013}}

Shadow people feature in two episodes of ITV paranormal documentary series Extreme Ghost Stories, where the phenomenon is described as a "black mass".Extreme Ghost Stories. ITV. 2006. Episodes 1 and 2.

=The "Hat Man"=

One example of a particular shadow person is the "Hat Man", who shares the characteristics of general shadow people but is named for a fedora or other brimmed hat on his head. Descriptions of the Hat Man date back to as early as the late 2000s.{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/hat-man-benadryl-tiktok-monster-1234620397/|title=How the 'Hat Man' Went From Benadryl Joke to TikTok Horror Villain|last=Klee|first=Miles|date=November 2, 2022|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=October 10, 2023}} The Hat Man is commonly associated with sleep paralysis and the abuse of the antihistamine medicine diphenhydramine, commonly sold under the brand name Benadryl. He is typically described as having very little or no discernible features, although some witnesses have claimed they can "feel him staring" at them.

Scientific explanations

Several physiological and psychological conditions have been used to account for reported experiences of shadowy shapes seeming alive. A sleep paralysis sufferer may perceive a "shadowy or indistinct shape" approaching them when they lie awake paralyzed and become increasingly alarmed.{{cite book|author=Shelley Adler|title=Sleep Paralysis: Night-mares, Nocebos, and the Mind-Body Connection|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_t63WJiZb3cC&pg=PA3|access-date=10 February 2013|date=15 January 2011|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-5237-8|pages=3–|quote=In the field of sleep research, this experience is termed sleep paralysis: an individual, in the process of falling asleep or awakening, finds himself or herself completely awake, but unable to move or speak…Frequently, he or she sees a shadowy or indistinct shape approaching and becomes increasingly terrified.}}

A person experiencing heightened emotion, such as while walking alone on a dark night, may incorrectly perceive a patch of shadow as an attacker.{{cite book|author1=Clare Oakley|author2=Amit Malik|title=Rapid Psychiatry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q50UA-GUbL4C&pg=PA6|access-date=10 February 2013|date=15 November 2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-29418-5|pages=6–}}

Many methamphetamine addicts report the appearance of "shadow people" after prolonged periods of sleep deprivation.{{cite book | title=Shadow People: How Meth-driven Crime Is Eating At the Heart of Rural America | publisher=Coalition for Investigative Journalism | author=Anderson, Scott Thomas | year=2012 | isbn=978-0615551913}}{{cite book|author=Herbert C. Covey|title=The Methamphetamine Crisis: Strategies to Save Addicts, Families, And Communities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yFGJV5XSNhYC&pg=PA17|access-date=9 February 2013|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-99322-1|pages=17–}} Psychiatrist Jack Potts suggests that methamphetamine usage adds a "conspiratorial component" to the sleep deprivation hallucinations. One interviewed subject said that "You don't see shadow dogs or shadow birds or shadow cars. You see shadow people. Standing in doorways, walking behind you, coming at you on the sidewalk."{{cite web | url=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/news/methology-part-i-6422539 | title=Methology - Part I | publisher=Phoenix New Times | date=18 December 1997 | access-date=19 August 2015 | author=Rubin, Paul}} These hallucinations have been directly compared to the paranormal entities described in folklore.{{cite journal | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51568777 | title=Methamphetamine, Perceptual Disturbances, and the Peripheral Drift Illusion | author=Vila-Rodriguez, Fidel | journal=American Journal on Addictions | volume=20 | issue=5 | page=490 |date=September 2011 | doi=10.1111/j.1521-0391.2011.00161.x| pmid=21838855 | doi-access=free }}

Shadow people are commonly reported by people under the effects of deliriant substances such as datura, diphenhydramine, and benzydamine.

Finally, visual hallucinations, such as those caused by schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, may appear to be shadowy figures at the edge of peripheral vision.{{Cite web|url=https://screening.mhanational.org/content/i-see-ghosts-or-shadows|title=I see ghosts or shadows | MHA Screening - Mental Health America}}

In popular culture

An episode of the 1985 Twilight Zone series titled "The Shadow Man" dealt with a teenage boy who had a shadow person living under his bed.{{cite web|url=http://www.shocktillyoudrop.com/news/features/389811-interview-joe-dante-reflects-80s-twilight-zone-episode-shadow-man/|title=Interview: Joe Dante Reflects on '80's TWILIGHT ZONE Episode, 'The Shadow Man'|last=Alexander|first=Chris|work=Shock Till You Drop|date=5 November 2015|access-date=13 January 2016}} The episode portrayed the shadow man as fitting the "hat man" appearance commonly ascribed to shadow people and added to the mythology that shadow people can kill humans but will not harm those under whose beds they live.
In the 1998 video game LSD: Dream Emulator, a humanoid figure commonly known as the Gray Man may appear in some dreams, who, if touched, undoes all dream progress and erases saved flashback data. The figure, in both appearance and roles in dreams, is similar to that of the "Hat Man" phenomenon.{{Cite web |last=C |first=Luiz H. |date=2023-03-23 |title='LSD: Dream Emulator' – The Surreal Game and Its Spooky Conspiracy Theories 25 Years Later |url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/video-games/3754866/lsd-dream-emulator-25-years-later/ |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=Bloody Disgusting! |language=en-US}}
Shadow people, described as "Shadow Men", feature prominently in the 2007 novel John Dies at the End. When they kill a person, that person is retroactively erased from existence, and history is rewritten as though they were never born.{{cite web|last=Bergin|first=Nicholas|title='John Dies at the End' has limited showing in Omaha|url=http://journalstar.com/entertainment/movies/john-dies-at-the-end-has-limited-showing-in-omaha/article_3110e9ad-f575-5fc7-b561-37597da78fda.html|work=March 07, 2013|date=7 March 2013 |publisher=Lincoln Journal Star|access-date=13 March 2013}}
In a 2012 episode of A&E's Intervention series, the subject Skyler is plagued by "shadow people", sometimes called "phase people", and sprays a mist to unveil them in the refractions.Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/rLHQw34ZYlo Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20140216061210/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rLHQw34ZYlo Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rLHQw34ZYlo| title = 卍BATH SALTS INTERVENTION卍 | website=YouTube| date = 22 October 2012 }}{{cbignore}} He also builds weapons to fight them and alleges that they are using stolen technology to telepathically communicate with certain individuals.{{Cite episode|title=Skyler / Jessa|url=https://www.aetv.com/shows/intervention/season-11/episode-8|series=Intervention|series-link=Intervention (TV series)|season=11|number=8|network=A&E|date=2012-02-20|access-date=2019-11-22}}
In the online game Deep Sleep and its sequels, shadow people have existed since the dawn of the human race and lurk in lucid dreams. Players who realize that they are asleep can be paralyzed and possessed, and the character's dream self will be turned into a shadow person.{{cite web|url=http://www.adventuregamers.com/articles/view/27007/page2|title=Following Freeware: July 2014 releases|author=|work=Adventure Gamers|date=29 August 2014|access-date=30 August 2014}}
The 2013 horror film Shadow People depicts a fictional sleep study conducted during the 1970s in which patients report seeing shadowy intruders before dying in their sleep. The film follows a radio host and CDC investigator who research the story, and the story is claimed to be based on true events.{{cite web|last=Liebman|first=Martin|title=Believe in the boogeyman? Prepare to die.|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Shadow-People-Blu-ray/63247/#Review|work=Shadow People Blu-ray Review|publisher=www.blu-ray.com/|access-date=7 April 2013|date=March 19, 2013}}
The Nightmare is a 2015 documentary that discusses the causes of sleep paralysis as seen through extensive interviews with participants, and the experiences are re-enacted by professional actors. It proposes that such cultural phenomena as alien abduction, the near death experience and shadow people can, in many cases, be attributed to sleep paralysis.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/05/movies/review-the-nightmare-rodney-aschers-look-at-sleep-paralysis.html|title=Review: 'The Nightmare,' Rodney Ascher's Look at Sleep Paralysis|last=Kenigsberg|first=Ben|work=The New York Times|date=June 4, 2015|access-date=October 13, 2020}} The "real-life" horror film debuted at the Sundance Film Festival on January 26 and premiered in theatres on June 5.
The song "The Shadow Man Incident" by the band Dream Theater, from their 2025 album Parasomnia, deals with shadow people.