Shahada#Conditions

The declaration reads:{{cite book|author=Malise Ruthven|title=Historical Atlas of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wT1xGHPyMA8C&pg=PA14|date=January 2004|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-01385-8|page=14|access-date=12 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925052609/https://books.google.com/books?id=wT1xGHPyMA8C&pg=PA14|archive-date=25 September 2015|url-status=live}}{{cite book|author=Richard C. Martín|title=Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xL9YAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA723|publisher=Granite Hill Publishers|isbn=978-0-02-865603-8|page=723}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{cite book|author=Frederick Mathewson Denny|title=An Introduction to Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yU3uAAAAMAAJ&q=%22There+is+no+deity+but+God,+Muhammad+is+the+Messenger+of+God.%22+Shahada|year=2006|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-183563-4|page=409|access-date=11 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805215947/https://books.google.com/books?id=yU3uAAAAMAAJ&q=%22There+is+no+deity+but+God,+Muhammad+is+the+Messenger+of+God.%22+Shahada&dq=%22There+is+no+deity+but+God,+Muhammad+is+the+Messenger+of+God.%22+Shahada&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1LqzVLSHIoqtU6TNgKAB&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBjgU|archive-date=5 August 2018|url-status=live}}{{cite journal | last =Mohammad | first =Noor| title =The Doctrine of Jihad: An Introduction| journal = Journal of Law and Religion| volume =3 | issue = 2| pages =381–397 | date =1985 | jstor = 1051182| doi =10.2307/1051182 | s2cid =159793899}}

{{Verse translation|lang=ar|italicsoff=y|{{Script/Arabic|لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ}}

|{{literal translation|There is no god but God}}}}

{{Verse translation|lang=ar|italicsoff=y|{{Script/Arabic|مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ ٱللَّٰهِ}}|{{literal translation|Muhammad is the Messenger of God}}}}

The above two statements are commonly prefaced by the phrase {{transliteration|ar|ašhadu ʾan}} ({{Literal translation|I bear witness that}}), yielding the full form:

{{Verse translation|lang=ar|italicsoff=y|{{Script/Arabic|أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱللَّٰهُ وَأَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ ٱللَّٰهِ}}|{{literal translation|I bear witness that there is no god but God, and I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of God.}}
{{small|{{Audio|Shahadah.ogg|Audio}}}}}}

The Shahada can be translated into English as "There is no god but God. Muhammad is the messenger of God."{{cite book |last=Rippin |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Rippin|title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |year= 2005|isbn=978-0-415-34882-9 |publisher= Routledge|page=259 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1KTX7M-Mr-YC}} In English, capitalization of a word's initial letter indicates that it is a proper noun; that is, the name of a unique entity. If it is a noun with a lower case initial letter it is a "common noun"; that is a name which is not unique to an entity, but, instead, could apply to a number of members of a set.{{cite book |last=Cummings |first= Louise|title= Working with English Grammar|year=2018 |isbn=978-1-108-41577-4 |publisher= Cambridge University Press|pages=74–75 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dORfDwAAQBAJ}} The orthography of the translation therefore replicates the original Arabic meaning so that god is a common noun and God is a unique proper name.{{cite book|last=Lewis |first=Franklin D. |editor-last1=Lawrence |editor-first1= Bruce B. |editor-last2=Cornell |editor-first2=Vincent J. |chapter= The Spirituality of Persian Islamic Poetry |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vGKdEAAAQBAJ|title=The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Islamic Spirituality |year=2022 |publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-470-67420-8|page=397}}

The noun {{transliteration|ar|shahādah}} ({{lang|ar|شَهَادَة}}), from the verb {{transliteration|ar|šahida}} ({{IPA|ar|ʃa.hi.da|}} {{lang|ar|شَهِدَ}}), from the root {{transliteration|ar|š-h-d}} ({{lang|ar|ش-ه-د}}) meaning "to observe, witness, testify", translates as "testimony" in both the everyday and the legal senses.{{cite book|last=Wehr|first=Hans|author2=J. Milton Cowan|title=A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic|url=https://archive.org/details/Dict_Wehr.pdf|year=1976|pages=488–489|access-date=26 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221083021/https://archive.org/details/Dict_Wehr.pdf|archive-date=21 December 2015|url-status=live}}{{refn|group=note|The related noun {{transliteration|ar|Shahīd}} ({{IPA|ar|ʃaˈhiːd|}} {{lang|ar|شَهِيد}}), which is used in the Quran mainly in the sense "witness", has paralleled in its development the Greek {{transliteration|grc|martys}} ({{lang|grc|μάρτυς}}) in that it may mean both "witness" and "martyr".David Cook, Martyrdom (Shahada) [https://archive.today/20140715080050/http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0124.xml Oxford Bibliographies] . {{isbn|9780195390155}}.The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume IX, Klijkebrille, 1997, p. 201. Similarly, {{transliteration|ar|shahāda}} may also mean "martyrdom" although in modern Arabic the more commonly used word for "martyrdom" is another derivative of the same root, {{transliteration|ar|istišhād}} ({{lang|ar|ٱسْتِشْهَاد}}).{{cite book|author=John Wortabet|author2=Harvey Porter|title=English-Arabic and Arabic-English Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fju5UH9dO3YC&pg=PA238|date=1 September 2003|publisher=Asian Educational Services|page=238|isbn=978-81-206-1768-1|access-date=26 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429014317/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fju5UH9dO3YC&pg=PA238|archive-date=29 April 2016|url-status=live}}}} The Islamic creed is also called, in the dual form, {{transliteration|ar|shahādatān}} ({{lang|ar|شَهَادَتَان}}, literally "two testimonies"). The expression {{transliteration|ar|al-šahīd}} ({{lang|ar|ٱلْشَّهِيد}}, "the Witness") is used in the Quran as one of the "titles of God".{{sfn|Cornell|2007|p=8}}

In Sunni Islam, the Shahada has two parts: {{transliteration|ar|'lā ʾilāha ʾillā -llāh'}} ("There is no deity except God"), and {{transliteration|ar|'muḥammadun rasūlu llāh'}} ("Muhammad is the Messenger of God"),{{sfn|Lindsay|2005|p=140–141}} which are sometimes referred to as the first Shahada and the second Shahada.{{sfn|Cornell|2007|p=9}} The first statement of the Shahada is also known as the {{transliteration|ar|tahlīl}}.{{cite book|author=Michael Anthony Sells|title=Approaching the Qur'an: The Early Revelations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EYCFTVDDKmkC|year=1999|publisher=White Cloud Press|page=151|isbn=978-1-883991-26-5}}

In Shia Islam, the Shahada also has an optional third part, a phrase concerning Ali, the first Shia imam and the fourth Rashidun caliph of Sunni Islam: {{lang|ar|وَعَلِيٌّ وَلِيُّ ٱللَّٰهِ}} ({{transliteration|ar|DIN|wa ʿaliyyun waliyyu llāh}} {{IPA|ar|wa.ʕa.lijːun wa.lijːu‿ɫ.ɫaː.h|}}), which translates to "Ali is the {{transliteration|ar|wali}} of God".

In the Quran, the first statement of the Shahadah takes the form lā ʾilāha ʾillā llāh twice (37:35, 47:19), and ʾallāhu lā ʾilāha ʾillā huwa (God, there is no deity but Him) much more often.Nasr et al (2015). The Study Quran. HarperOne. p. 110. (Footnote 255) It appears in the shorter form lā ʾilāha ʾillā huwa (There is no deity but Him) in many places.Nasr et al (2015). The Study Quran. HarperOne. p. 1356. (Footnote 22) It appears in these forms about 30 times in the Quran. It is never attached with the second part, and any mention of Ali, who is particularly important to Shia Muslims, is absent from the Quran.Edip Yuksel, et al (2007). Quran: A Reformist Translation. Brainbrow Press. Footnote 3:18.

Islam's monotheistic nature is reflected in the first sentence of the Shahada, which declares belief in the oneness of God and that he is the only entity truly worthy of worship.{{sfn|Cornell|2007|p=9}} The second sentence of the Shahada indicates the means by which God has offered guidance to human beings.{{sfn|Cornell|2007|p=10}} The verse reminds Muslims that they accept not only the prophecy of Muhammad but also the long line of prophets who preceded him.{{sfn|Cornell|2007|p=10}} While the first part is seen as a cosmic truth, the second is specific to Islam, as it is understood that members of the older Abrahamic religions do not view Muhammad as one of their prophets.{{sfn|Cornell|2007|p=10}}

The Shahada is a statement of both ritual and worship. In a well-known hadith, Muhammad defines Islam as witnessing that there is no deity but God and that Muhammad is God's Messenger, giving of alms (zakat), performing the ritual prayer, fasting during the month of Ramadan, and making a pilgrimage to the Kaaba: the Five Pillars of Islam are inherent in this declaration of faith.{{sfn|Cornell|2007|p=9}}{{sfn|Lindsay|2005|p=149}}

{{Aqidah|Five Pillars}}

Recitation of the Shahadah is the most common statement of faith for Muslims. Sunnis,{{sfn|Cornell|2007|p=8}} Shia Twelvers, as well as Isma'ilis{{cite web |url=http://www.al-islam.org/reflectionsnewmuslim/8.htm |title=Seeking the Straight Path: Reflections of a New Muslim |access-date=9 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716033840/http://www.al-islam.org/reflectionsnewmuslim/8.htm |archive-date=16 July 2007 |url-status=live }} consider it as one of the Five Pillars of Islam. It is whispered by the father into the ear of a newborn child,{{sfn|Cornell|2007|p=8}} and it is whispered into the ear of a dying person.{{cite book|author=Azim Nanji|title=The Penguin Dictionary of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XBLv1MmmOxkC&pg=PT101|year=2008|publisher=Penguin UK|page=101|isbn=978-0-14-192086-3|access-date=27 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423050956/https://books.google.com/books?id=XBLv1MmmOxkC&pg=PT101|archive-date=23 April 2016|url-status=live}} The five canonical daily prayers each include a recitation of the Shahada.{{sfn|Cornell|2007|p=10}} Recitation of the Shahada is also the only formal step in conversion to Islam.{{sfn|Cornell|2007|p=8}} This occasion often attracts witnesses and sometimes includes a celebration to welcome the converts into their new faith.{{sfn|Cornell|2007|p=9}} In accordance with the central importance played by the notion of intention ({{langx|ar|نِيَّة|link=no}}, niyyah) in Islamic doctrine, the recitation of the Shahada must reflect understanding of its import and heartfelt sincerity.{{cite book|author=Andrew Rippin|title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1KTX7M-Mr-YC&pg=PA104|year=2005|publisher=Psychology Press|pages=104–105|isbn=978-0-415-34888-1|access-date=27 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422235146/https://books.google.com/books?id=1KTX7M-Mr-YC&pg=PA104|archive-date=22 April 2016|url-status=live}}{{cite book|author=Ignác Goldziher|title=Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6zeStDQZOSgC&pg=PA18|year=1981|publisher=Princeton University Press|pages=18–19|isbn=978-0-691-10099-9|access-date=27 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422235321/https://books.google.com/books?id=6zeStDQZOSgC&pg=PA18|archive-date=22 April 2016|url-status=live}} Intention is what differentiates acts of devotion from mundane acts and a simple reading of the Shahada from invoking it as a ritual activity.

Though the two statements of the Shahada are both present in the Quran (for instance, 37:35 and 48:29), they are not found there side by side as in the Shahada formula,{{sfn|Lindsay|2005|p=140–141}} but are present in the Hadiths.Sahih al-Bukhari 8Sahih Muslim 8aJami` at-Tirmidhi 2609Sahih Muslim 16c Versions of both phrases began to appear on coins and in monumental architecture in the late seventh century, which suggests that it had not been officially established as a ritual statement of faith until then.{{sfn|Lindsay|2005|p=140–141}} An inscription in the Dome of the Rock (est. 692) in Jerusalem reads: "There is no deity but God alone; He has no partner with him; Muhammad is the Messenger of God".{{sfn|Lindsay|2005|p=140–141}} Another variant appears on coins minted after the reign of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, the fifth Umayyad caliph: "Muhammad is the Servant of God and His messenger".{{sfn|Lindsay|2005|p=140–141}} Material evidence from the 690s documents the existence of differing versions of the Shahada in different regions as opposed to what would standardize into a uniform version in later periods.{{Cite journal |last1=Jere L. Bacharach |last2=Sherif Anwar |date=2012-11-01 |title=Early Versions of the shahāda: A Tombstone from Aswan of 71 A.H., the Dome of the Rock, and Contemporary Coinage |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/islam-2012-0003/html |journal=Der Islam |language=en |volume=89 |issue=1–2 |pages=60–69 |doi=10.1515/islam-2012-0003 |issn=1613-0928 |archive-date=18 March 2024 |access-date=18 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318195423/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/islam-2012-0003/html |url-status=live }} Although it is not clear when the Shahada first came into common use among Muslims, it is clear that the sentiments it expresses were part of the Quran and Islamic doctrine from the earliest period.{{sfn|Lindsay|2005|p=140–141}}

The Shahada has been traditionally recited in the Sufi ceremony of dhikr ({{langx|ar|ذِکْر|link=no}}, "remembrance"), a ritual that resembles mantras found in many other religious traditions.{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam|author=Ian Richard Netton|date=19 December 2013|page=143|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-17960-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bYtmAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA143|access-date=27 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422225241/https://books.google.com/books?id=bYtmAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA143|archive-date=22 April 2016|url-status=live}} During the ceremony, the Shahada may be repeated thousands of times, sometimes in the shortened form of the first phrase where the word 'Allah' ("God") is replaced by 'huwa' ("Him"). The chanting of the Shahada sometimes provides a rhythmic background for singing.{{cite book|title=Among the Jasmine Trees: Music and Modernity in Contemporary Syria|author=Jonathan Holt Shannon|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|year=2006|pages=110–111|isbn=978-0-8195-6798-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=018rXo5ieDcC&pg=PA110|access-date=27 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422234900/https://books.google.com/books?id=018rXo5ieDcC&pg=PA110|archive-date=22 April 2016|url-status=live}}

Due to the fact that the Alawites, an ethnoreligious sect of Islam, believe that Ali ibn Abi Talib, the "first Imam" in the Twelver school, as the physical manifestation of God and due to this, they don't take the shahada as other groups within Islam.{{Cite book |last=Nisan |first=Mordechai |title=Minorities in the Middle East |publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc. |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7864-1375-1 |edition=2nd |pages=116 |chapter=6: Alawites: To Power and the Unknown |quote='Alawite religious faith, that is the belief-system of the Nusairi sect, is rooted in a doctrine whose ideas reflect multiple theological and philo-sophical influences. ... Greek or gnostic conceptions of the divinity intersperse with human incarnation as a key element in its theology.}} Instead, they state the shahada as "there is no God but Ali" in accordance to their belief.{{cite book |author1=Madeleine Pelner Cosman |title=Handbook to Life in the Medieval World, 3-Volume Set |author2=Linda Gale Jones |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4381-0907-7 |page=407 |chapter=The Nusayriyya Alawis |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Jf5t1vFw1QC&pg=PA407}} Due to this and their belief in Ali as the physical manifestation of God, they weren't thought of as Muslims as it was considered idolatrous, this changed in 1932 when the Grand Mufti of Palestine, Amin al-Husseini, issued a fatwa seeking to undermine the foundations of French colonialism in French Syria by offering the Alawites equal treatment in an independent Syria.{{Cite web |last=Balanche |first=Fabrice |date=2024-12-31 |title=Alawites Under Threat in Syria? |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/alawites-under-threat-syria |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy |language=en |archive-date=4 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104113924/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/alawites-under-threat-syria |url-status=live }}

The Shahada appears as an architectural element in Islamic buildings around the world, such as those in Jerusalem, Cairo, and Istanbul.{{sfn|Lindsay|2005|p=140–141}}{{cite book|title=Islamic Architecture in Cairo: An Introduction|author=Doris Behrens-Abouseif|publisher=Brill|year=1989|page=54|isbn=978-90-04-09626-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=INsmT6zjAl8C&pg=PA54|access-date=27 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422235344/https://books.google.com/books?id=INsmT6zjAl8C&pg=PA54|archive-date=22 April 2016|url-status=live}}{{cite book|title=An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture|editor=Oleg Grabar |publisher=Brill|year=1985|page=110|isbn=978-90-04-07611-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xu_L_FJRvUIC&pg=PA110|access-date=27 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422212417/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xu_L_FJRvUIC&pg=PA110|archive-date=22 April 2016|url-status=live}}

Late-medieval and Renaissance European art displays a fascination with Middle Eastern motifs in general and the Arabic script in particular, as indicated by its use, without concern for its content, in painting, architecture and book illustrations.{{cite book|title=The Renaissance and the Ottoman World|author=Eva Baer|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|year=2013|pages=41–43|isbn=978-1-4724-0991-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eqaV2Xtf7KcC&pg=PA41|access-date=27 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422225104/https://books.google.com/books?id=eqaV2Xtf7KcC&pg=PA41|archive-date=22 April 2016|url-status=live}}{{cite book |title=Ayyubid Metalwork With Christian Images|author=Anna Contadini, Claire Norton|publisher=Brill|year=1989 |page=47|isbn=978-90-04-08962-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ7ZIpb-TAgC&pg=PA47}}

{{Further|Islamic flags|Black Standard}}

File:Hellenic War Museum Banners (27977335343).jpg

The Shahada is found on some Islamic flags. For an example Wahhabis have used the Shahada on their flags since the 18th century.{{cite book|author=Firefly Books|title=Firefly Guide to Flags of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FsxaAAAAYAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Firefly Books|isbn=978-1-55297-813-9|access-date=19 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618174628/https://books.google.com/books?id=FsxaAAAAYAAJ|archive-date=18 June 2018|url-status=live}} The Ottoman army often used verses from the Quran and Shahada on their flags. This tradition continued during the First World War. When Ottoman Turkey joined the war on the side of the Central Powers in 1914, it declared a jihad against the Entente States. The modern Ottoman Turkish army used the Ottoman state coat of arms on one side of their standard regimental flags and Shahada on the other. The Ottoman regimental flags consisted of gold writings and the state emblem on a red background. After the empire was abolished in 1922, this practice continued for a while in modern Turkey.{{cite web|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C158080?image=1|language=english|publisher=Australian War Memorial|title=Regimental standard the 46th Turkish Infantry Regiment captured near Damascus, 1918|quote= The other side of the standard is also embroidered in gold and shows two texts from the Koran written in arabic script. They translate as 'There is no god but God' and 'Mohammed, the Messenger of God'. The standard would originally have been attached to a pole surmounted by a nickel plated crescent moon and brass star. Two gold bullion and crimson silk cords and tassels would also have been attached to the pole. The side of the standard bearing the sultan's toghra has been damaged by over-exposure to light.|access-date=12 December 2024|archive-date=28 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228111428/https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C158080?image=1|url-status=live}}

In 1902, Ibn Saud, leader of the House of Saud and the future founder of Saudi Arabia, added a sword to this flag. The modern Flag of Saudi Arabia was introduced in 1973.{{cite web|title=Saudi Arabia Flag and Description|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/flags/countrys/mideast/saudiarb.htm|publisher=World Atlas|access-date=22 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622133420/http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/flags/countrys/mideast/saudiarb.htm|archive-date=22 June 2015|url-status=live}} The Flag of Somaliland has a horizontal strip of green, white and red with the Shahada inscribed in white on the green strip.{{cite book|author1=James B. Minahan|title=Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z|date=30 May 2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-07696-1|page=806}}

The flag of Afghanistan under the Taliban is a white flag with the Shahada inscribed in black. The various jihadist black flags used by Islamic insurgents since the 2000s have often followed this example. The Shahada written on a green background has been used by supporters of Hamas since about 2000.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}} The 2004 draft constitution of Afghanistan proposed a flag featuring the Shahada in white script centered on a red background. In 2006, the Islamic State of Iraq designed its flag using the Shahada phrase written in white on black background. The font used is supposedly similar to the font used as seal on the original letters written on Muhammad's behalf.{{cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/09/isis-flag-apocalypse/406498/|title=How ISIS Got Its Flag|first=William|last=McCants|work=The Atlantic|date=22 September 2015|access-date=23 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123164753/http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/09/isis-flag-apocalypse/406498/|archive-date=23 November 2015|url-status=live}}

{{gallery

|align=center

|whitebg=no

|width=160 | height=170

|File:HGM Türkische Standarte 1683.jpg|Shahada Flag of Ottoman Army in Battle of Vienna (1683)

|File:Οθωμανικό λάβαρο το οποίο απέσπασαν οι Βενετοί ως τρόπαιο όταν εκ - Peeters Jacob - 1690.jpg|Shahada Flag of Ottoman Army in Morea (1690)

|File:Ottoman Regiment Flag.svg|One Side of Ottoman Turkish Regimental Standard with Shahada which used in World War 1 (1914)

}}

{{gallery

|align=center

|whitebg=no

|width=160 | height=170

|File:Flag of the Taliban.svg|Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan

|File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

|File:Flag of Somaliland.svg|Republic of Somaliland (unrecognized)

|File:Flag of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (1918-1927).svg|Kingdom of Yemen (1923–27)

|File:Flag of Afghanistan (1992).svg|Islamic State of Afghanistan (1992)

|File:Flag of Afghanistan (2013–2021).svg|Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2004–21)

}}

{{Portal|Islam}}

{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}

• Adhan
• Aqidah
• Bismala
• Dhikr
• Glossary of Islam
• Iqama
• Peace be upon him
• Salawat
• Shema Yisrael
• Six Kalimas
• Takbir
• Tashahhud

{{Div col end}}

{{Reflist|group=note}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{cite book |first=Vincent J. |last=Cornell |title=Voices of Islam |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y_eGWvPTtikC |pages=1400 |isbn=978-0-275-98733-6 }}
• {{cite book |first=James E. |last=Lindsay |title=Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-32270-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J0WnWABM34C&q=shahada |year=2005 }}
• {{cite book |author = Arthur J. Magida |title = Opening the Doors of Wonder: Reflections on Religious Rites of Passage |date = 18 October 2006 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn = 978-0-520-94171-7 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1-yQkXtrz9oC&q=shahada}}

{{sisterlinks|d=Q41831|c=Category:Shahada|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=Shahada|wikt=Shahada|species=no}}

• [https://www.scribd.com/doc/55433066/The-Shahadah-as-Truth-and-as-Way-Samsel "The Shahadah as Truth and as Way"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108012550/https://www.scribd.com/doc/55433066/The-Shahadah-as-Truth-and-as-Way-Samsel |date=8 November 2014 }}.
• {{cite web|url=http://www.essaouira.nu/culture_arabic.htm|title=Arabic phrases and about Islam|publisher=Essaouira|access-date=12 July 2014|archive-date=6 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106013410/http://www.essaouira.nu/culture_arabic.htm|url-status=dead}}

{{Islam topics |collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Five Pillars of Islam

Category:Islamic creed

Category:Shibboleths

Category:Islamic belief and doctrine

Category:Arabic words and phrases

Category:Islamic terminology

Category:Religious formulas

Category:Dhikr