dhikr

Several verses in the Quran emphasize the importance of remembering the will of God by saying phrases such as "God willing" "God knows best," and "If it is your will.' This is the basis for dhikr. Surah al-Kahf (18), Ayah 24 states a person who forgets to say, "God willing", should immediately remember God by saying, "Maybe my Lord will guide me to [something] more akin to rectitude than this."{{Cite quran|18|24|s=ns}} Other verses include Surah al-Ahzab (33), Ayah 41, "O you who have faith! Remember Allah with frequent remembrance",{{Cite quran|33|41|s=ns}} and Surah ar-Ra'd (13), Ayah 28, "those who have faith, and whose hearts find rest in the remembrance of Allah. Look! The hearts find rest in Allah's remembrance!"{{Cite quran|13|28|s=ns}}

Sufi dhikr most commonly involves the repetition of the Names of Allah. This practice is central to Sufi spiritual exercises and is intended to foster a deeper connection with the Divine. The Names of Allah, also known as Asma'ul Husna, represent various attributes of God, such as "Ar-Rahman" (The Most Merciful) and "Al-Karim" (The Generous). By invoking these names, practitioners aim to internalize the qualities they represent, cultivate a state of spiritual purity, and draw closer to God. The repetitive nature of dhikr helps to quiet the mind, focus the heart, and create a sense of inner peace and presence. To Sufis, dhikr is seen as a way to gain spiritual enlightenment and achieve annihilation of self (fana) to seek permanence in God.{{Cite journal |last=Engineer |first=Irfan |date=2021 |title=Sufism: In the Spirit of Eastern Spiritual Traditions |url=https://mu.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/92-107-Sufism-In-the-Spirit-of-the-Eastern-Spiritual-Traditions.-Irfan-Engineer.pdf |journal=Sambhāṣaṇ |volume=2 |issue=1 and 2 |via=Center for the Study of Society & Secularism}} All Muslim sects endorse individual rosaries as a method dhikr and meditation, the goal of which is to obtain a feeling of peace, separation from worldly values (dunya), and, in general, strengthen Iman (faith). The main purpose of dhikr is to fill the heart with spiritual meaning and not simply chant the invocations with an empty heart and absent mind. When performed with awareness, the heart then becomes receptive to the activity of the tongue and is aware of God's presence.{{Cite journal |last=Ali |first=Mukhtar |date=2017-01-01 |title=The Power of the Spoken Word Prayer, Invocation, and Supplication in Islam |url=https://www.academia.edu/43247510 |journal=Spirituality and the Good Life: Philosophical Approaches|doi=10.1017/9781316459461.009 }}

{{Cite web |title=Deeper into Dhikr: A Companion Guide |url=https://yaqeeninstitute.org/omar-suleiman/deeper-into-dhikr-a-companion-guide |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research |language=en}}

There are numerous conventional phrases and expressions invoking God.

Reciting the Quran sincerely is also considered a kind of Dhikr. For example:

• Reciting Surah al-Ikhlas (112) is equal to one-third of the Quran.{{Cite web |title=Sahih al-Bukhari 5013 - Virtues of the Qur'an - كتاب فضائل القرآن - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) |url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari:5013 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=sunnah.com}}
• Reciting Surah al-Ikhlas (112) 10 times gives a palace in Heaven, and 20 times grants two palaces.{{Cite web |title=Mishkat al-Masabih 2185 - The Excellent Qualities of the Qur'an - كتاب فضائل القرآن - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) |url=https://sunnah.com/mishkat:2185 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=sunnah.com}}
• Reciting Surah al-Kafirun (109) is equal to one-fourth of the Quran.{{Cite web |title=Jami' at-Tirmidhi 2893 - Chapters on The Virtues of the Qur'an - كتاب ثواب القرآن عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) |url=https://sunnah.com/tirmidhi:2893 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=sunnah.com}}
• Reciting Surah an-Nasr (110) is equal to one-fourth of the Quran.{{Cite web |title=Jami' at-Tirmidhi 2895 - Chapters on The Virtues of the Qur'an - كتاب ثواب القرآن عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) |url=https://sunnah.com/tirmidhi:2895 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=sunnah.com}}{{cite book|title=Tafsir Ibn Kathir}}
• Reciting Surah az-Zalzalah (99) is equal to half of the Quran.

{{See also|Dua}}

"It is truly I. I am Allah! There is no god [worthy of worship] except Me. So worship Me [alone], and establish prayer for My remembrance" — Surah Taha, Ayah 14{{Cite web |title=Surah Taha - 1-135 |url=https://quran.com/taha |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=Quran.com |language=en}}

"O believers! Always remember Allah often" — Surah Al- Ahzab, Ayah 41{{Cite web |title=Surah Al-Ahzab - 41 |url=https://quran.com/al-ahzab/41 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=Quran.com |language=en}}

"Indeed, in the creation of the heavens and the earth and the alternation of the day and night there are signs for people of reason. [They are] those who remember Allah while standing, sitting, and lying on their sides, and reflect on the creation of the heavens and the earth [and pray], 'Our Lord! You have not created [all of] this without purpose. Glory be to You! Protect us from the torment of the Fire'" — Surah Al 'Imran, Ayat 190-191{{Cite web |title=Surah Ali 'Imran - 1-200 |url=https://quran.com/ali-imran |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=Quran.com |language=en}}

Narrated by Abu Al-Darda that the Messenger of Allah said:{{Quran}}"Shall I tell you about the best of deeds, the most pure in the Sight of your Lord, about the one that is of the highest order and is far better for you than spending gold and silver, even better for you than meeting your enemies in the battlefield where you strike at their necks and they at yours?" The companions replied, "Yes, O Messenger of Allah!" He replied, 'Remembrance of Allah."

—Jami Al-Tirmidhi 3337{{Cite web |title=Jami' at-Tirmidhi 3377 - Chapters on Supplication - كتاب الدعوات عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) |url=https://sunnah.com/tirmidhi:3377 |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=sunnah.com}}

Narrated by Abu Hurairah that the Messenger of Allah said:

"People will not sit in an assembly in which they remember Allah without the angels surrounding them, mercy covering them, and Allah mentioning them among those who are with Him."

— Bulugh Al-Maram: Book 16, Hadith 1540{{Cite web |title=Hadith - The Comprehensive Book - Bulugh al-Maram - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) |url=https://sunnah.com/bulugh/16/104#:~:text=Abu%20Hurairah%20(RAA)%20narrated%20that,Him.%E2%80%9D%20Related%20by%20Muslim. |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=sunnah.com}}

Narrated by Abu Hurairah that the Messenger of Allah said:

"Lo! Indeed the world is cursed. What is in it is cursed, except for remembrance of Allah, what is conducive to that, the knowledgeable person and the learning person."

—Jami Al-Tirmidhi 2322{{Cite web |title=Jami' at-Tirmidhi 2322 - Chapters On Zuhd - كتاب الزهد عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) |url=https://sunnah.com/tirmidhi:2322 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=sunnah.com}}

Narrated by Abdullah bin Busr that the Messenger of Allah said:

"'Always keep your tongue moist with the remembrance of Allah, the Mighty and Sublime.'"

—Sunan Ibn Majah 3793{{Cite web |title=Sunan Ibn Majah 3793 - Etiquette - كتاب الأدب - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) |url=https://sunnah.com/ibnmajah:3793 |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=sunnah.com}}

Narrated by Mu'adh ibn Jabal that the Messenger of Allah said:

"The People of Paradise will not regret except one thing alone: the house that passed them by and in which they made no remembrance of Allah."

—Shu'ab al-Iman: Book 1, Hadith 392{{Cite web |title=Dhikr, remembrance of God — As-Sunnah Foundation of America |url=https://sunnah.org/2008/07/18/dhikr-remembrance-of-god/ |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=sunnah.org|date=18 July 2008 }}

The Islamic prophet Muhammad is reported to have taught his daughter Fatimah bint Rasul Allah a special manner of Dhikr which is known as the "Tasbih of Fatimah".{{Cite web |title=Riyad as-Salihin 1459 - The Book of the Remembrance of Allah - كتاب الأذكار - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) |url=https://sunnah.com/riyadussalihin:1459 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=sunnah.com}} This consists of:

1. 33 repetitions of Subhan Allah ({{lang|ar|سُبْحَانَ ٱللَّٰهِ}}), meaning "Glorified is God". This saying is known as Tasbih ({{lang|ar|تَسْبِيح}}).
2. 33 repetitions of Alhamdulillah ({{lang|ar|ٱلْحَمْدُ لِلَّٰهِ}}), meaning "All Praise belongs to God". This saying is known as Tahmid ({{lang|ar|تَحْمِيد}}).
3. 34 repetitions of Takbir (ٱللَّٰهُ أَكْبَرُ), meaning "God is Greater [than everything]". This saying is known as Takbir ({{lang|ar|تَكْبِير}}).

The Shia way of doing the Tasbih of Fatimah is:

1. 34 repetitions of Takbir (ٱللَّٰهُ أَكْبَرُ), meaning "God is Greater [than everything]". This saying is known as Takbir ({{lang|ar|تَكْبِير}}).
2. 33 repetitions of Alhamdulillah ({{lang|ar|ٱلْحَمْدُ لِلَّٰهِ}}), meaning "All Praise belongs to God". This saying is known as Tahmid ({{lang|ar|تَحْمِيد}}).
3. 33 repetitions of Subhan Allah ({{lang|ar|سُبْحَانَ ٱللَّٰهِ}}), meaning "Glorified is God". This saying is known as Tasbih ({{lang|ar|تَسْبِيح}}).
4. Saying one time at the end: La ilaha il Allah (There is no god but Allah).

File:White Tasbih.jpg that Muslims use to track their count for dhikr.]]

Like many other religions, the use of rosaries is also recommended when remembering God. Since it can get difficult to keep track of the counting of the prayers, the beads are used to keep track so that the person reciting the prayer can turn all of their focus on what is actually being said - as it can become difficult to concentrate simultaneously on the number and phrasing when one is doing so a substantial number of times.{{Cite book |last=Kelly |first=Elizabeth |title=The Rosary: A Path into Prayer |publisher=Loyola Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0829420241 |edition=1st |location=Chicago, Illinois |language=English}} Similarly, as dhikr involves the repetition of particular phrases a specific number of times, prayer beads are used to keep track of the count.

Known also as Tasbih, these are usually Misbaha (prayer beads) upon a string, 33, 99, or 100 in number, which correspond to the names of God in Islam and other recitations. The beads are used to keep track of the number of recitations that make up the dhikr.{{Cite book |last=Gibb |first=H. A. R. |title=The encyclopaedia of Islam |publisher=Brill |year=1960–2009 |isbn=90-04-16121-X |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |pages=223–224}}

In the United States, Muslim inmates are allowed to utilize prayer beads for therapeutic effects.{{Cite web|url=http://www.law.buffalo.edu/Academics/courses/704/prisonlaw/readings/9alameen.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311210028/http://www.law.buffalo.edu/Academics/courses/704/prisonlaw/readings/9alameen.html|url-status=dead|title=United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York|archivedate=March 11, 2007}} In Alameen v. Coughlin, 892 F. Supp. 440 (E.D.N.Y 1995), Imam Hamzah S. Alameen, a/k/a Gilbert Henry, and Robert Golden brought suit against Thomas A. Coughlin III, etc., et alia (Head of the Department of Corrections) in the State of New York pursuant to 42 USC Section 1983.{{Cite web|title=Alameen v. Coughlin, 892 F. Supp. 440 (E.D.N.Y. 1995)|url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/892/440/2294928/|access-date=2020-11-28|website=Justia Law|language=en}} The plaintiffs argued that prisoners have a First Amendment Constitutional right to pursue Islamic healing therapy called KASM (قاسَمَهُ | qaasama | taking an oath ) which uses prayer beads. The rosary of oaths, which Alameen developed, was used to successfully rehabilitate inmates suffering from co-occurring mental health challenges and substance abuse issues during the 1990s. All people, including Muslims and Catholics, were allowed to use prayer beads inside prisons, lest their freedom of religion be violated when the prison administration forbade their possession as contraband in the penal system. The practice of carrying prayer beads became controversial when gang members began carrying specific colors of prayer beads to identify themselves{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}.

File:Maddahs meeting Ali Khamenei (13951229 6736010).jpgian Maddahs/Dhakirs, in a gathering]]

A "dhakir" ({{lang|ar|ذَاكِر}}) or "Zaker" (literally "mentioner"' a speaker who refers to something briefly/incidentally),[https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/mentioner Mentioner (in dictionary)] vocabulary.com Retrieved 12 Jan 2019[https://www.definitions.net/definition/mentioner Definitions for mentioner] definitions.net Retrieved 12 Jan 2019 or reminder,[http://www.vajehyab.com/amid/%D8%B0%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1 Dhakir] vajehyab.com Retrieved 12 Jan 2019 is considered a maddah who reminds the remembering of Allah (and His Dhikr) for people, and he himself should also be reciter of dhikhr; namely, not only he ought to be a recital of Dhikr, but also he should put the audience in the situation of dhikr reminding (of Allah and likewise Ahl al-Bayt).[http://www.maddahi.com/?p=494 The definition of Dhakiri] maddahi.com Retrieved 12 Jan 2019 Idiomatically, the term means "praiser of God" or "professional narrator of the tragedies of Karbala (and Ahl al-Bayt)". To some extent, it can mean Maddah/panegyrist too.[http://www.vajehyab.com/moein/%D8%B0%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1 (The meaning of) Dhakir] vajehyab.com[https://dictionary.abadis.ir/fatofa/%D8%B0%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1/ Dhakir (meaning of)] dictionary.abadis.ir Retrieved 12 Jan 2019

The root of the word "Dhakir" ({{lang|ar|ذَاكِر}}) is "Dhikr" ({{lang|ar|ذِكْر}}) which means remembering/praising; and the word "Dhakiri" ({{lang|ar|ذَاكِرِيّ}}) is the act which is done by Dhakir, i.e. mentioning the Dhikr (of Allah, the Ahl al-Bayt, etc.) by observing its specific principles/manners.[http://www.estejab.com/contents/168221/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%B0%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C Rules/principles of Dhakiri] estejab.com Retrieved 12 Jan 2019[http://www.maddahi.com/?p=91 The rules and principles of Dhakiri] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409230948/http://www.maddahi.com/?p=91 |date=2019-04-09 }} maddahi.com Retrieved 12 Jan 2019[http://bayanbox.ir/view/4173018313780975921/%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B4-%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%8C.%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84.pdf Rules and principles of Dhakiri] bayanbox.ir Retrieved 12 Jan 2019

Followers of Sufism have two main ways of engaging in dhikr: silent and vocal dhikr. Silent dhikr has been considered by many Sufi practitioners to be the best form of dhikr, where dhikr is done silently and in one position without moving the body.Eifring, Halvor, and Shahzad Bashir. “Movement and Stillness: The Practice of Sufi Dhikr in Fourteenth-Century Central Asia.” Meditation in Judaism, Christianity and Islam: Cultural Histories, Bloomsbury Press, New York, NY, 2013, pp. 203. This method of dhikr allowed it to be done whenever one could, and it avoided showing off as it was privately done. Among the biggest advocates for silent dhikr was Baha' al-Dïn Naqshband, and his form of dhikr "...required the practitioners to force internal energy into different parts within the body through concentrating the mind and regulating the breath. This was to be undertaken while repeating the verbal formula that constitutes the Islamic profession of faith: 'there is no god but God, and Muhammad is the messenger of God'".Eifring, Halvor, and Shahzad Bashir. “Movement and Stillness: The Practice of Sufi Dhikr in Fourteenth-Century Central Asia.” Meditation in Judaism, Christianity and Islam: Cultural Histories, Bloomsbury Press, New York, NY, 2013, pp. 203. Each word in the verbal statement was for a specific part of the body, such as the navel or the upper chest.

The other form of Sufi dhikr is vocal dhikr performed using the tongue and body, where showing off is not considered a primary concern. This dhikr could be done privately or within a group, and like the Naqshband dhikr, it emphasized having the verbal invocations ripple throughout the body. Similar to the Naqshband practice of dhikr, where specific words were for specific locations of the body, exists the 'four-beat' (chahar iarb) dhikr that is attributed the Kubravï master 'Alï Hamadanï.

Sufis often engage in ritualized dhikr ceremonies that have stemmed from these two types of dhikr, the details of which vary between Sufi orders or tariqah.{{Cite book |last=Friedlander |first=Ira |title=The Whirling Dervishes |publisher=Macmillan |year=1975 |isbn=0-02-541540-9 |location=Albany, NY |pages=22 |language=English}} An example of this is the initiation of an applicant, where the repetition of dhikr is a necessary component in the ceremony. Each order, or lineage within an order, has one or more forms for group dhikr, the liturgy of which may include recitation, singing, music, dance, costumes, incense, muraqaba (meditation), ecstasy, and trance.Touma, p.162. Common terms for the forms of litany employed include "hizb" (pl. "ahzab"), "wird" (pl. "awrad") and durood. An example of a popular work of litany is Dala'il al-Khayrat. Another type of group dhikr ceremony that is most commonly performed in Arab countries is called the haḍra (lit. presence).In earlier orders, the "presence" referred to was that of God, but since the 18th century it has been considered to be the spiritual presence of Muhammad (John L. Esposito, "Hadrah." The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Web. 3 Apr. 2010.) The shifting focus, however, is not shared by all and is a result of the Sufi reforms, which sought to mitigate the heretical belief of theopanism committed by some Sufi claimants through a greater focus on the spirit and active life of Muhammad instead of a metaphorical union with God.(Ira Lapidus, A History of Islamic Societies, p. 210) A haḍra can draw upon secular Arab genres and typically last for hours.Touma, p.165. Finally, sama` (lit. audition) is a type of group ceremony that consists mostly of recited spiritual poetry and Quranic recitation.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}

According to William Chittick, "The Koran commonly refers to the knowledge brought by the prophets as “remembrance” (dhikr) and “reminder” (dhikra, tadhkir), terms that derive from the root dh-k-r".{{sfn | Chittick | 2000 | p=63}} These terms appear more than forty times in the Quran to describe the Quran itself.{{sfn | Chittick | 2000 | p=63}} For example, the Quran refers to itself as "The Wise Reminder" (al-dhikr al-ḥakīm) in 3:58,{{sfn | Nasr | Dagli | Dakake | Lumbard | 2015 | p=147}} "a Reminder for the believers" (dhikra Lil mu'minin) in 7:2,{{sfn | Nasr | Dagli | Dakake | Lumbard | 2015 | p=407}} and "The reminder for the worlds" (dhikra Lil 'alamin) in 6:90.{{sfn | Nasr | Dagli | Dakake | Lumbard | 2015 | p=373}} The prophet Muhammad himself is described in 88:21 as a "reminder" ("So remind! thou art but a reminder").{{sfn | Nasr | Dagli | Dakake | Lumbard | 2015 | p=1508}} The same terms are also used to refer to other prophetic messages such as the Torah and the Gospel.{{sfn | Chittick | 2000 | p=63}} In that vein, the Jews and the Christians are thus referred to as "the people of the Reminder" (ahl al dhikr) (16:43, 21:7).{{sfn | Nasr | Dagli | Dakake | Lumbard | 2015 | p=129, 811}} The Quran justifies the sending of numerous prophets by God by stating that human beings, similar to their forefather Adam, have a propensity to forget and become heedless. The key to confronting this shortcoming is the remembrance that God conveys through his prophets.{{sfn | Chittick | 2000 | p=63}} According to Islamic beliefs, prophets have the function of reminding (dhikr) people of what they already know, while humans only need to remember (dhikr) their innate knowledge of God. This knowledge is said to be present in the divine spirit that God breathed into Adam, as the Quran states that God molded Adam's clay with His own hands and blew into him His own spirit (32:9, 15:29, 38:72).{{sfn | Chittick | 1998 | pp=97-98}}{{sfn | Chittick | 1989 | p=17}}

{{blockquote|[The message of Islam] is a call for recollection, for the remembrance of a knowledge kneaded into the very substance of our being even before our coming into this world. In a famous verse that defines the relationship between human beings and God, the Quran, in referring to the pre-cosmic existence of man, states, “‘Am I not your Lord?’ They said: ‘Yes, we bear witness’” (7:172). The “they” refers to all the children of Adam, male and female, and the “yes” confirms the affirmation of God’s Oneness by us in our pre-eternal ontological reality. Men and women still bear the echo of this “yes” deep down within their souls, and the call of Islam is precisely to this primordial nature, which uttered the “yes” even before the creation of the heavens and the earth. The call of Islam, therefore, concerns, above all, the remembrance of a knowledge deeply embedded in our being, the confirmation of a knowledge that saves, hence the soteriological function of knowledge in Islam.{{sfn | Nasr | Chittick | 2007 | p=45}}|William Chittick |The Essential Seyyed Hossein Nasr, 2007}}

The Quran also highlights that God called upon all souls to witness His lordship, so that no one can plead ignorance on the Day of Judgment: ""Lest you say on the Day of Resurrection, "As for us, we were heedless of this," or lest you say, "Our fathers associated others with God before us, and we were their offspring after them. What, wilt Thou destroy us for what the vain-doers did?"" (7:172-73).{{sfn | Murata | Chittick | 1996 | p=127}}

The Quran uses the term "dhikr" to refer to both the reminder that comes from God through the prophets and the response of humans to that reminder. This word reflects a two-way communication process between the Divine and the human. The prophets deliver the message of God, which is intended to serve as a reminder to humans, and humans respond to it by remembering and acknowledging it.{{sfn | Chittick | 2002 | p=49}} In addition, the Quran clarifies that "dhikr" as the human response to God's reminder is not limited to merely acknowledging the truth of tawhid (the oneness of God). Rather, the term "dhikr" also means "to mention." Thus, on the human side, "dhikr" involves not only being aware of God's presence but also expressing that awareness through language, whether spoken or unspoken. Therefore, "dhikr" encompasses both the inner state of being mindful of God and the outer expression of that mindfulness through verbal or nonverbal means.{{sfn | Chittick | 2002 | p=49}}

{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}

• As-salamu alaykum
• Salat
• Sabr (Islamic term)
• Adhan
• Tashahhud
• Japa

{{div col end}}

{{notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book | last=Chittick | first=W.C. | title=The Sufi Path of Knowledge: Ibn al-Arabi's Metaphysics of Imagination | publisher=State University of New York Press | series=G - Reference,Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series | year=1989 | isbn=978-0-88706-885-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FUABP0L4LGEC}}
• {{cite book |last=Chittick | first=William | editor-last=Cutsinger | editor-first=J.S. |chapter=On the Cosmology of Dhikr| title=Paths to the Heart: Sufism and the Christian East | publisher=World Wisdom | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-941532-43-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6wcEQdkvt3EC | access-date=2023-03-28}}
• {{cite book | last=Chittick | first=W.C. | title=Sufism: A Short Introduction | publisher=Oneworld Publications | series=From Buddhism to Sufism Series | year=2000 | isbn=978-1-85168-211-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UCfYAAAAMAAJ}}
• {{cite book | last=Chittick|first=William|editor-last=Forman | editor-first=R.K.C. |chapter=Between the Yes and the No: Ibn al-'Arabi on Wujud and the Innate Capacity| title=The Innate Capacity: Mysticism, Psychology, and Philosophy | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1998 | isbn=978-0-19-511697-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZTmCwAAQBAJ}}
• Eifring, Halvor, and Shahzad Bashir. “Movement and Stillness: The Practice of Sufi Dhikr in Fourteenth-Century Central Asia.” Meditation in Judaism, Christianity and Islam: Cultural Histories, Bloomsbury Press, New York, NY, 2013, pp. 201–211.
• Engineer, Irfan. “Sufism: In the Spirit of Eastern Spiritual Traditions.” Sambhāṣaṇ, vol. 2, no. 1 and 2, 2021.
• Engineer, Irfan. “Sufism: In the Spirit of Eastern Spiritual Traditions.” Sambhāṣaṇ, vol. 2, no. 1 and 2, 2021.
• {{cite book|last=Friedlander|first=Ira|title=The Whirling Dervishes|url=https://archive.org/details/whirlingdervishe00frie_0|url-access=registration|publisher=Macmillan|location=New York|year=1975|isbn=0-02-541540-9}}
• Kelly, Elizabeth M. The Rosary: A Path into Prayer. Loyola Press, 2004.
• {{cite book | last1=Nasr | first1=S.H. | last2=Chittick | first2=W.C. | title=The Essential Seyyed Hossein Nasr | publisher=World Wisdom| year=2007 | isbn=978-1-933316-38-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YQhoPEih04C}}
• {{cite book |last1=McPherson |first1=David |last2=Ali |first2=Mukhtar |title=Spirituality and the Good Life: Philosophical Approaches |date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |pages=136–154}}
• Modarresi, Sayed Mahdi. The Laws of Islam. Enlight Press, 2018
• {{cite book | last1=Murata | first1=S. | last2=Chittick | first2=W.C. | title=The Vision of Islam: The Foundations of Muslim Faith and Practice | publisher=I.B. Tauris | series=Visions of reality | year=1996 | isbn=978-1-86064-022-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2EwAAAAYAAJ}}
• {{cite book | last1=Nasr | first1=S.H. | last2=Dagli | first2=C.K. | last3=Dakake | first3=M.M. | last4=Lumbard | first4=J.E.B. | last5=Rustom | first5=M. | title=The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary -- Leather Edition | publisher=HarperCollins | year=2015 | isbn=978-0-06-112588-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U9DroAEACAAJ}}
• Suleiman, Omar, and Yaqeen Copywriting Team. “Deeper into Dhikr: A Companion Guide.” Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research, yaqeeninstitute.org/omar-suleiman/deeper-into-dhikr-a-companion-guide
• Touma, Habib Hassan (1996). The Music of the Arabs, trans. Laurie Schwartz. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. {{ISBN|0-931340-88-8}}.

• Al-Ameen, Hamzah.Dhikr (Islamic Mindfulness): Using Neuro-lingual Programming In Cognitive Spiritual Therapy. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305040550/http://www.upublish.info/Article/Dhikr--Islamic-Mindfulness---Using-Neuro-lingual-Programming-In-Cognitive-Spiritual-Therapy/954417 Upublish.info]
• Brodersen, Angelika. Remembrance, in Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol. II, pp. 520–523. {{ISBN|1610691776}}
• {{Cite web |title=Deeper into Dhikr: A Companion Guide |url=https://yaqeeninstitute.org/omar-suleiman/deeper-into-dhikr-a-companion-guide |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research |language=en}}
• Algar, Hamid, trans. The Path of God's Bondsmen: From Origin to Return. North Haledon, NJ: Islamic Publication International, 1980.
• Schimmel, Annemarie. Mystical Dimensions of Islam. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina P, 1975.
• Gardet, L. Dhikr. Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2009.
• Jawadi Amuli, Abdullah. [http://basirat.ca/basirat/dhikr_and_the_wisdom_behind_it/ Dhikr and the Wisdom Behind It].
• Privratsky, Bruce. [https://books.google.com/books?id=sylpxB4YgpcC Muslim Turkistan: Kazak Religion and Collective Memory]., p. 104.

• [http://www.zikr.co.uk/ A brief illustrated guide to Qalbi Zikr]

{{Characters and names in the Quran}}

{{Sufism terminology}}

{{Portal bar|Religion|Islam|Education|Psychology}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Sufism

Category:Spiritual practice

Category:Language and mysticism

Category:Arabic words and phrases

Category:Islamic belief and doctrine

Category:Islamic terminology