Shahidulla

The Uyghur name Shahidulla simply means "witness of Allah"{{Cite web

| title = User-submitted name Shahidullah

| last = Campbell | first = Mike

| work = Behind the Name

| access-date = 11 January 2020

| url = https://www.behindthename.com/name/shahidullah/submitted

| quote = Shahidulla, Shahidula, Shahid Allah means "witness of Allah", from Arabic شَهِيد (šahīd) "witness" and الله (Allah).

}} or "martyr of Allah" depending on the interpretation of the heteronym "shahid".

During the 1800s, the place was a sepulcher or shrine for a person known as Shahidulla Khoja,

{{cite book|author=Henry Walter Bellew|title=Kashmir and Kashghar: A Narrative of the Journey of the Embassy to Kashghar in 1873-74|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D2ZBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA185|year=1875|publisher=Trübner|page=185|quote=Shahidulla Khoja, which gives its name to the locality, is a sacred shrine on the top of a bluff ... upon the grave of some fugitive Khoja from Yarkand, who was killed here by his Khitay pursuers at the time the Chinese conquered the country, a century or so ago. ... his memory is venerated by the Kirghiz nomads of the locality ... Musalman travellers passing this way toil up the slope to repeat a blessing over his tomb, and invoke the nameless martyr's intercession for God's protection on their onward journey.}}

or Shahid Ullah Khajeh.

{{cite book|author1=William Moorcroft|author2=George Trebeck|editor=Horace Hayman Wilson|title=Travels in the Himalayan provinces of Hindustan: and the Panjab, in Ladakh and Kashmir, in Peshawar, Kabul, Kunduz, and Bokhara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyLSHy1pySEC&pg=PA375|year=1841|publisher=J. Murray|page=375|quote=The former rises in the mountains of Khoten, and runs from east to west for twenty-four kos to Shahid Ullah Khajeh, and then north for twelve kos, where it receives the Toghri su, or straight water, which rises in the Karlik Dawan, or ice mountains.}}

{{cite journal|author=Mir Izzet Ullah|title=Travels beyond the Himalaya|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pvkAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA299|volume=7|issue=2|year=1843|jstor=25207596|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=299|quote=Near Kirghiz thicket is a pass, by which a road runs in a north-easterly direction to the sepulchre of Shahid Ullah Khajeh, one day's march: one night's journey from hence is a mine of Yeshm.}}

He was said to be a Khoja from Yarkand who was killed by "his Khitay pursuers" during the 1700s Qing conquest of Xinjiang. His real name is lost to history. Kirghiz nomads at the locale venerated the shrine and Muslim travellers, in particular Central Asian pilgrims to Mecca who regularly traversed this route, would pray for blessings at the shrine on their journey.

File:Hindutagh-pass-aksai-chin-center2-1873.jpg). The bold lines represent the Karakoram range in the south and the "northern branch" of the Kunlun Mountains in the north. The "southern branch" of the Kunlun mountains is unmarked. (Map not drawn to scale)]]

Shahidulla is situated between the Kunlun Mountains and the Karakoram range, "close to the southern foot of the former".{{sfnp|Mehra, An "agreed" frontier|1992|loc=p. 62}} It is at the western bend of the Karakash River, which originates in the Aksai Chin plains, flows northeast and makes a sharp bend to the west at the foot of the Kunlun range. After making another bend near Shahidulla, it flows northeast again, cutting through the Kunlun Mountains towards Khotan. The traditional site of Shahidulla is located northwest of the modern town, about {{convert|10|km}} downstream.

Caravaners talk about a "southern branch" of the Kunlun range at the foot of which the Karakash flows, and a "northern branch" (also called the "Kilian range") which has various passes (from the west to east, Yangi, Kilik, Kilian, Sanju, Hindu-tagh and Ilchi passes). The Kilian ({{coord|36.7046|77.9485|name=Kilian Pass}}) and Sanju ({{coord|36.6702|78.2456|name=Sanju Pass}}) passes are the most often mentioned, which lead to Kashgar.

To the south of Shahidulla, the trade route passed through the site of Suget Karaul (the modern 'Saitula' town), ascended the valley of a stream to the Suget Pass ({{coord|36|09|33|N|78|00|32|E|format=dms|name=Suget Pass}}) and, after crossing a junction point of Ak-tagh ({{coord|35.974|78.028|format=dms|name=Ak-tagh}}), went over the Karakoram Pass into Ladakh. An alternative route to Ladakh from Shahidulla (called the "Chang Chenmo route") went along the Karakash river till reaching the Aksai Chin plains and then to Ladakh via the Chang Chenmo valley. This route was never really popular with the traders, despite the best efforts of the British Raj to promote it.

The entire area between the Karakoram range and the Kunlun Mountains is mostly uninhabited and has very little vegetation, except for the river valleys of Yarkand and Karakash. In these valleys, during the summer months, cultivation was possible. Kanjutis from Hunza used to cultivate in the Yarkand valley (called "Raskam" plots) and the Kirghiz from Turkestan used to cultivate in the area of Shahidullah. Shahidullah is described as a "seasonal township" in the sources, but it was little more than a campground in the 19th century.{{sfnp|Phanjoubam, The Northeast Question|2015|pp=12–14}}

Kulbhushan Warikoo states that, of the two trade routes between Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent ("western route" through Chitral and the "eastern route" through Shahidulla), the eastern route was more favoured by the traders as it was relatively safe from robberies and political turmoil:File:Chah-i-Doulla (Shahidulla) and environs 1 - French Army map.jpg

{{blockquote|Such was the safety of this route that in the event of unfavourable weather or death of ponies, traders would march to a safe place leaving behind their goods which were fetched after the climate became favourable or substitute transport became available.{{sfnp|Warikoo, Trade relations between Central Asia and Kashmir Himalayas|1996|loc=paragraph 2}}}}

The absence of turmoil was not a given. In fact, the traders applied pressure on the rulers to avoid conflict. The Ladakhi rulers especially heeded such warnings, dependent as they were on trade for their prosperity.{{sfnp|Rizvi, The trans-Karakoram trade in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries|1994|pp=28–29}}

There is legendary and documentary evidence that indicates that Indians from Taxila and the Chinese were among the first settlers of Khotan. In the first century BC, Kashmir and Khotan on the two sides of the Karakoram range formed a joint kingdom, which was ruled by either Scythian or Turki (Elighur) chiefs. Towards the end of the first century AD, the kingdom broke up into two parts: Khotan being annexed by the Chinese and Kashmir by Kanishka.{{citation |last=Sastri |first=K. A. Nilakanta |title=Age of the Nandas and Mauryas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC&pg=PA220 |year=1967 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0466-1 |pages=220–221}}; {{citation |last=Mirsky |first=Jeannette |title=Sir Aurel Stein: Archaeological Explorer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q3YKfArws2QC |year=1998 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-53177-9 |page=83}}

Some modern scholars believe the Kingdom of Zihe ({{zh|c=子合|w=Tzu-ho}}){{cite wikisource |work=Book of the Later Han |author=Fan Ye |author-link=Fan Ye (historian) |wslanguage=zh |wslink=後漢書/卷88#子合國 | volume=88 | title = 子合國 | trans-title = Kingdom of Zihe }} in Chinese historical records was situated at Shahidulla.{{Cite book

| title = Notes to The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu

| author = John E. Hill

| section = Section 6 – The Kingdom of Zihe 子合 (modern Shahidulla)

| publisher = Washington University

| edition = 2nd

| date = July 2003

| access-date = 3 February 2020

| url = https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/hhshu/hou_han_shu.html

| section-url = https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/hhshu/notes6.html

}}{{Cite web

| title = Pishan 皮山 and the states in the Pamir Range

| author = Ulrich Theobald

| publisher = ChinaKnowledge.de

| date = Oct 16, 2011

| access-date = 3 February 2020

| url = http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/pishan.html

| quote = During the Later Han period the state fell apart in Xiye proper and the state of Zihe 子合 (modern name Shahidullah).

}} This is not universally attested.{{Cite journal

| title = 阚氏高昌王国与柔然、西域的关系

| trans-title = Relations of the Gaochang Kingdom under the Kan Family with the Rouran Qaghanate and the Western Regions during the Second Half of the 5th Century

| last = Rong

| first = Xinjiang

| date = Feb 2007

| access-date = 3 February 2020

| url = http://wenxueyuan.ruc.edu.cn/UploadFile/20170407/20170407085818929041.pdf

| language = zh

| quote = 子合国在西域南道, 今和田与塔什库尔干之间的叶城县治哈尔噶里克 (Karghalik)

| journal = Historical Research

| issn = 0459-1909

}}{{cite book|title=中国古代史|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MLIrAAAAMAAJ|year=1982|publisher=中国人民大学书报资料社|page=54|language=zh|quote=子合的位置应即今日帕米尔高原的小帕米尔东部,塔克敦巴什帕米尔南部地区,东延直至喇斯库穆及密尔岱西南山区一带。}}

In late 15th century, Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat from the Dughlat tribe founded an independent kingdom for himself from the fragmentation of Moghulistan. The kingdom encompassed Khotan and Kashgar. However, he was deposed in the 1510s by Sultan Said Khan who founded the Yarkand Khanate. While attempting to flee to Ladakh, Abu Bakr was intercepted and killed. His tomb is located about {{convert|30|km|mi|-1|abbr=off}} north of modern-day town of Xaidulla.{{cite book|last=Bellew|first=Henry Walter|title=The history of Káshgharia|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfKshgharia/page/n65|year=1875|page=62|quote=[Sa'id] took possession of the city at end of Rajab 920H ... Ababakar fled before them from Khutan to Caranghotagh. ... fled towards Tibet. ... He was intercepted, seized, and killed by a party of his many pursuers in the Caracash valley, where a mean tomb on the river bank, two stages from Shahidulla Khoja, now marks the site of his grave.}}

File:Johnson-journey-ilchi1865-mapa.jpg's map of the territory of Ladakh (1865); Johnson's route to Khotan and back marked in red]]

File:Jammu and Kashmir in 1888 Survey of India map.jpg, Raskam, Aktagh to a peak on Kunlun mountains {{coord|35.2831|N|80.2619|E|name=Kunlun boundary point}}]]

In the nineteenth century, Shahidulla became the centre of a multi-pronged game between Kashmir, the British Indian Empire, China, Kashgaria and the Russian Empire.

About 120 Kirghiz nomad families lived in Shahidulla in forty tents.{{sfnp|Mehra, An "agreed" frontier|1992|loc=p. 62}} Their head-man was called Turdi Kul.{{sfnp|Noorani, India–China Boundary Problem|2010|p=54}} The British regarded the Kirghiz as Chinese subjects and believed that they "always" paid taxes to Yarkand.{{sfnp|Mehra, An "agreed" frontier|1992|loc=p. 62}} Yet there is evidence that this may not have occurred till 1881,{{harvp|Noorani, India–China Boundary Problem|2010}} and the Chinese considered them to be living beyond their boundaries.

{{harvp|Noorani, India–China Boundary Problem|2010|p=58}}: "Younghusband arrived in Shahidulla on 21 August 1889 and met the Turdi Kol, the Kirghiz chief. Two Chinese officials, the Kargilik and the Yarkand Ambans, had told him [Turdi Kol] that Shahidulla was British territory."

The Kirghiz faced periodic raids from the Kanjutis of Hunza, who controlled the Yarkand River valley (called "Raskam") and had protection from China. The Kanjutis also carried off people and sold them into slavery.{{sfnp|Noorani, India–China Boundary Problem|2010|pp=54–55}}

The Dogra ruler of Jammu, Raja Gulab Singh, then a vassal of the Sikh Empire, conquered Ladakh in 1834.{{sfnp|Rizvi, The trans-Karakoram trade in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries|1994|pp=37–38}} According to Francis Younghusband, all the area up to Shahidulla was immediately taken under control by the Dogras.{{harvp|Mehra, An "agreed" frontier|1992|pp=57, 87}}: "Shahidulla was occupied by the Dogras almost from the time they conquered Ladakh."{{efn|There are also records indicating that Gulab Singh's general Zorawar Singh threatened to invade Chinese Turkestan itself, but he was restrained by the British Raj.{{citation |last=Datta |first=Chaman Lal |title=General Zorawar Singh, His Life and Achievements in Ladakh, Baltistan, and Tibet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TvgdAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA63 |year=1984 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |page=63}}}} This was apparently of no consequence to the Chinese in Turkestan (present day Xinjiang) as they viewed the northern Kunlun range as their border. In 1846, Gulab Singh came under the suzerainty of the British, who established him as the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir. The British were inclined to view the Karakoram range as the natural boundary of the Indian subcontinent and they viewed the Maharaja's claim to Shahidulla with trepidation.{{harvp|Mehra, An "agreed" frontier|1992}}: "In his detailed memorandum, Younghusband recalled it was always accepted that the frontier extended up to the Muztagh mountains and the Karakoram pass, the only unsettled question being as to whether it should include Shahidulla."

This left the tract between the Karakoram and Kunlun ranges as a no-man's land. Since regular trade caravans passed through the area, which were open to robber raids, securing it became important to the Dogra regime in Jammu and Kashmir.{{sfnp|Rizvi, The trans-Karakoram trade in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries|1994|pp=37–38}}{{sfnp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|pp=64–65}} A fort at Shahidulla was apparently constructed by the Dogras at an uncertain date.{{efn|Ney Elias, a British officer placed in Ladakh, reported (possibly representing Dogra claims) that the fort had been occupied by the Dogras for 20 years and that it was abandoned about 1865.{{sfnp|Noorani, India–China Boundary Problem|2010|p=48}}}}

George Hayward later described it as 'a stone fort and several ruined huts'.{{sfnp|Mehra, An "agreed" frontier|1992|p=48}}

Around 1864, when the Chinese authority in Turkestan was overthrown by the Kokand chieftain Yakub Beg, the Dogra governor of Ladakh stationed a garrison of troops at the fort. Described as a chauki (police post), it had a contingent of 25 men including customs officials. The post was abandoned in 1866, apparently due to the difficulty of maintaining it at a great distance.{{sfnp|Mehra, An "agreed" frontier|1992|p=37}}{{sfnp|Kaul, India China Boundary in Kashmir|2003|p=76}}{{efn|Other reports indicate that the post was meant to guard against the raids of the Kanjutis (the people of Hunza, a vassal state of Kashmir) on the trade caravans, in an apparent effort to ward off Yakub Beg's own initiative to address the problem.{{sfnp|Kaul, India China Boundary in Kashmir|2003|p=76}}}}

In 1865, the British surveyor W. H. Johnson, tasked with surveying all the Ladakhi territory "up to Chinese frontiers",{{sfnp|Mehra, An "agreed" frontier|1992|pp=34–35}} received an invitation for a visit from the then chief of Khotan named Haji Habibullah. Johnson spent a few weeks in Khotan and returned via Sanju Pass and Shahidulla. The border of Ladakh he drew was along the northern Kunlun range (on which the Kilian and Sanju passes lay). It included the Karakash valley along with Shahidullah in Ladakh.

Soon afterwards, Habibullah of Khotan was deposed by Yakub Beg, who took control of the entire Yarkand region (Kashgaria). He is also said to have stationed Kokandi troops at the fort in Shahidullah.{{sfnp|Noorani, India–China Boundary Problem|2010|p=48}}{{efn|

Robert Barkley Shaw, a British merchant in Kangra, India, visited Shahidulla in 1868 on his trip to Yarkand, via the Karakoram Pass. He was held in detention for a time at the fort, which was under the control of the Governor of Yarkand on behalf of Yakub Beg.{{harvp|Shaw|1871|pp=100-}} Shaw writes: "it is merely a camping-ground on the regular old route between Ladâk and Yârkand, and the first place where I should strike that route. Four years ago [i.e. in 1864], while the troubles were still going on in Toorkistân, the Maharaja of Cashmeer sent a few soldiers and workmen across the Karakoram ranges (his real boundary), and built a small fort at Shahidoolla. This fort his troops occupied during two summers; but last year, when matters became settled; and the whole country united under the King of Yarkand, these troops were withdrawn."{{harvp|Shaw|1871|p=107}}}} In 1873, Douglas Forsyth was dispatched by the British on a diplomatic mission to Yakub Beg. The Forsyth Mission recognised Shahidullah as part of the "Khan's [Yakub Beg's] dominion",{{sfnp|Mehra, An "agreed" frontier|1992|p=43}} and placed the boundary of the British Empire at Ak-tagh, south of the Suget Pass.{{sfnp|Noorani, India–China Boundary Problem|2010|p=43}} (See Map 1) From this time onwards, the British officials began to reject Dogra claims to Shahidulla.

In 1877, Yakub Beg died and the Chinese reasserted their authority in Turkestan (renaming it as Xinjiang—"new dominion"). They however stuck to their original posts (karawals) on the north side of the Kilian and Sanju passes, and showed no interest in occupying Shahidulla.{{sfnp|Mehra, An "agreed" frontier|1992|p=57}} As late as 1889, the Turdi Kol reported that Chinese officials told him that Shahidulla was "British territory".{{sfnp|Mehra, An "agreed" frontier|1992|loc=p. 58: "Younghusband arrived in Shahidulla on 21 August 1889 and met the Turdi Kol, the Kirghiz chief. Two Chinese officials, the Kargilik and the Yarkand Ambans, had told him that Shahidulla was British territory."}}

In 1889, Francis Younghusband, who was tasked with finding measures to counteract a potential Russian advance in the area, proposed that the Chinese be encouraged to occupy all the no man's land between the British and Russian territories and serve as a buffer zone.{{sfnp|Mehra, An "agreed" frontier|1992|p=59}} This was agreed by the British administration, and the British envoy in Peking was instructed to discuss the matter with the Chinese government.{{sfnp|Mehra, An "agreed" frontier|1992|p=59}} Simultaneously, Younghusband was sent on a second mission to Yarkand to "induce" the Chinese officials to expand and fill out the no man's land.

{{harvp|Van Eekelen, Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute|1967|p=160}}: "Instead of occupying the territory which was lying defenceless and unclaimed by China and over which Hunza and Kashmir had genuine claims, the British wanted to limit their responsibilities to a strategically sound and politically safe frontier. They attempted to induce China to occupy the territory involved."

The means which he used to induce them are not precisely known, but by the end of his mission, the Chinese officials showed a firm commitment to occupy Shahidulla, and even all the area up to the Karakoram Pass.{{harvp|Mehra, An "agreed" frontier|1992|p=6}}: "The British explorer's interview with the Amban at Yarkand is also revealing, the latter being virtually bulldozed into owning that Peking had always considered the Karakoram range as the boundary between Kashmir and Yarkand. Moreover, that his country would be prepared to protect the Leh-Kashgar trade route as far as that range!"

{{efn|Indications are that Younghusband "provoked" the Chinese by telling them that the British would occupy the Karakash valley if they did not do so.}}

It appears that they stationed troops at the Shahidulla fort during the summer months of 1890, but the troops viewed this fort with distaste.{{sfnp|Mehra, An "agreed" frontier|1992|p=63}} In 1892, the Chinese knocked down the Shahidulla fort and built a new fort at Suget Karaul ({{coord|36.3467|78.02564|name=Suget Karaul}}), about 10 km. southeast of Shahidulla closer to Suget Pass.{{sfnp|Mehra, An "agreed" frontier|1992|p=63}}{{citation |last=De Filippi |first=Filippo |title=The Italian Expedition to the Himalaya, Karakoram and Eastern Turkestan (1913–1914) |publisher=Edward Arnold & Co. |location=London |year=1932 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.1995/page/422/mode/2up?view=theater |via=archive.org |page=422 |quote=In the centre of the valley, on the left bank, but at a distance from the river, is Suget Karaul (the fort of Suget), a massive square of masonry, with thick battlemented walls some 16 feet high, made of pebbles cemented with mud. (Photographs on pages 424 and 426.)}} Younghusband reported that the Chinese were asserting authority all the way to the Karakoram range, and described the site of the new fort as the closest place to the Karakoram range with the availability of grass and fuel.{{sfnp|Mehra, An "agreed" frontier|1992|p=62}}

File:Operational Navigation Chart G-7, 6th edition.jpg, 1980)]]

By the early 20th century, the Shahidullah region was under Chinese control and considered part of Xinjiang Province,{{harvp|Stanton|1908|loc=[https://archive.org/details/dr_sinkiang-stanfords-geogl-estabt-london-to-accompany-atlas-of-the-9818028 Map. No. 19 - Sinkiang]}} and has remained so ever since. Xaidulla is well to the north of any territories claimed by either India or Pakistan, while the Sanju and Kilian passes are further to the north of Xaidulla. A Sinkiang–Tibet road (or "Aksai Chin road", now part of G219) was laid by China in the 1950s, which runs from Yecheng in the Tarim Basin, south through Xaidulla, and across the Aksai Chin region, controlled by China but claimed by India, into northwestern Tibet.National Geographic Atlas of China (2008), p. 28.

Sometime after the construction of the road, Chinese administration built a village at Suget Karaul and named it "Saitula". The nomad population of the former Shahidula apparently took up residence in the new village. In May 2010, Saitula was made a township.{{cite web |url=http://www.xzqh.org/html/show/xj/22429.html|script-title=zh:皮山县历史沿革 |trans-title=Pishan County Historical Development |publisher=XZQH.org |date=2 December 2014 |language=zh-hans |access-date=29 December 2019 |quote={{lang|zh-hans|2010年5月，自治区政府批准设立赛图拉镇。}}}}

The township includes one village, which was formerly part of Kangir Kirghiz Township:{{cite web |url=http://www.xzqh.org/html/show/xj/22428_2.html|script-title=zh:2009年皮山县行政区划 |trans-title=2009 Pishan County Administrative Divisions |publisher=XZQH.org |date=6 January 2011 |language=zh-hans |access-date=16 January 2020|quote={{lang|zh-hans|653223212 康克尔柯尔克孜族乡 {...} 653223212203 220 色日克克尔村}}}}{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2018/65/32/23/653223102.html |script-title=zh:2018年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：赛图拉镇 |trans-title=2018 Statistical Area Numbers and Rural-Urban Area Numbers: Xaidulla Town |language=zh-hans |publisher=National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China |date=2018 |access-date=16 January 2020 |quote={{lang|zh-hans|统计用区划代码 城乡分类代码 名称 653223102200 121 色日克克尔村委会|}}}}

• Sarikia ({{zh|c=色日克克尔村|p=Sè rì kè kè ěr cūn}}), also called Ilinagar. {{coord|36.5691|78.2208|name=Sarikia}}. It is in the Karakash River valley to the north of Shahidulla at the base of the route to the Sanju Pass. A hamlet called Ali Nazar is also in its vicinity, where Yakub Beg is said to have a built a fort.{{sfnp|Noorani, India–China Boundary Problem|2010|p=58}}

China National Highway 219 passes through the town of Saitula as well as the historical Shahidullah site.[https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/208078#map=9/36.5149/78.1787&layers=C China National Highway 219 in the vicinity of Saitula], OpenStreetMap, retrieved 12 October 2022. A mountain road runs from the historical site to the town of Sanju in the Tarim basin via the Sanju Pass.[https://www.openstreetmap.org/directions?engine=graphhopper_foot&route=36.3521%2C78.0280%3B37.1841%2C78.4558#map=9/36.6497/78.3517&layers=C Modern travel route between Saitula and Sanju via the Sanju Pass], OpenStreetMap, retrieved 12 October 2022.

• List of township-level divisions of Xinjiang

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

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{{Wiktionary|Shahidulla|Xaidulla}}

• National Geographic Atlas of China (2008). National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C. {{ISBN|978-1-4262-0136-3}}.

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Category:Sites along the Silk Road

Category:Hotan Prefecture

Category:Township-level divisions of Xinjiang