Shale gas in the United States

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U.S. shale gas production grew rapidly after a long-term effort by the natural gas industry in partnership with the United States Department of Energy to improve drilling and extraction methods while increasing exploration efforts.{{cite news | agency=Associated Press | title=Fracking Developed With Decades of Government Investment | url=https://energyindependenceforstates.wordpress.com/2012/09/30/fracking-developed-with-decades-of-government-investment/ | first=KEVIN | last=BEGOS | date=23 September 2012}} U.S. shale production was {{convert|2.02|e12cuft|abbr=off}} in 2008, an increase of 71% over the previous year.{{Cite web | publisher=Energy Information Administration | url=https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_prod_shalegas_s1_a.htm | title=Shale gas production}} In 2009, US shale gas production grew 54% to {{convert|3.11|e12cuft|abbr=off}}, while remaining proven US shale reserves at year-end 2009 increased 76% to {{convert|60.6|e12cuft|abbr=off}}.{{Cite web | publisher=Energy Information Administration | title=Summary: US Crude Oil, Natural Gas, and Natural Gas Liquids Proved Reserves | url=https://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/crudeoilreserves/}}

In its Annual Energy Outlook for 2011, the US Energy Information Administration (EIA) more than doubled its estimate of technically recoverable shale gas reserves in the US, to {{convert|827|e12cuft|abbr=off}} from {{convert|353|e12cuft|abbr=off}}, by including data from drilling results in new shale fields, such as the Marcellus, Haynesville, and Eagle Ford shales. In 2012 the EIA lowered its estimates again to 482 tcf.{{cite web| title=Annual Energy Outlook 2012 Early Release Overview |url=https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/er/pdf/0383er(2012).pdf | publisher=Energy Information Administration}} Shale production is projected to increase from 23% of total US gas production in 2010 to 49% by 2035.

{{quote box |width=20em |quote=The development of shale gas is expected to significantly increase U.S. energy security and help reduce greenhouse gas pollution. |source=White House, Office of the Press Secretary, 17 November 2009{{cite web | url=https://china.usc.edu/fact-sheet-us-china-shale-gas-resource-initiative-november-17-2009 | title=Fact Sheet: U.S.-China Shale Gas Resource Initiative November 17, 2009 | publisher=University of Southern California | date=November 17, 2009}}{{cite press release | url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20110308006828/en/Dispelling-the-Myths-of-Marcellus-The-Marcellus-Shale-Gas-Environmental-Summit-is-Imminent | title=Dispelling the Myths of Marcellus: The Marcellus Shale Gas Environmental Summit is Imminent | publisher=Business Wire | date=March 8, 2011}}{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704804204575069542803027352 | title=Mitsui Bets on U.S. Shale-Gas Project | work=Bloomberg News | publisher=The Wall Street Journal | first1=Kenneth | last1=McCallum | first2=Jason | last2=Womack | date=February 16, 2010 | url-access=subscription}}

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The availability of large shale gas reserves in the US has led some to propose natural gas-fired power plants as lower-carbon emission replacements for coal plants, and as backup power sources for wind energy.{{Cite news | first1=Peter | last1=Behr | first2=Christa | last2=Marshall | url=https://www.nytimes.com/cwire/2009/08/05/05climatewire-is-shale-gas-the-climate-bills-new-bargaining-2382.html | title=Is shale gas the climate bill's new bargaining chip? | work=The New York Times | date=5 August 2009 | url-access=subscription}}{{Cite news | first=Tom | last=Gjelten | url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=113043935 | title=Rediscovering natural gas by hitting rock bottom | work=NPR | date=22 September 2009}}

In June 2011, The New York Times questioned the impartiality of some of the reports issued by the agency with optimistic projections of the reserves, noting that people involved in the preparation of the reports had investments in the petroleum industry.{{cite news | first=Arthur S. | last=Brisbane | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/17/opinion/sunday/17pubed.html | title=Clashing views on the future of natural gas | work=The New York Times | date=16 July 2001 | url-access=limited}}

The article was criticized by, among others, The New York Times own public editor for lack of balance, in omitting facts and viewpoints favorable to shale gas production and economics.{{cite news | first=Arthur S. | last=Brisbane | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/17/opinion/sunday/17pubed.html | title=Clashing views on the future of natural gas | work=The New York Times | date=16 July 2001}} Other critics of the article included bloggers at Forbes and the Council on Foreign Relations.{{cite news | last=Helman | first=Christopher | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/christopherhelman/2011/06/27/new-york-times-is-all-hot-air-on-shale-gas/ | title=New York Times Is All Hot Air On Shale Gas | work=Forbes | date=June 27, 2011}}{{cite news | author-link=Michael A. Levi | last=Levi | first=Michael | url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/shale-gas-ponzi-scheme | title=Is Shale Gas a Ponzi Scheme? | work=Council on Foreign Relations | date=June 27, 2011}}{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/26/us/26gas.html | title=Enron Moment': Insiders Sound Alarm amid a Natural Gas Rush | first=Ian | last=Urbina | work=The New York Times | date=June 25, 2011}} Also in 2011, Diane Rehm had Ian Urbina; Seamus McGraw, writer and author of "The End of Country"; Tony Ingraffea, a professor of engineering at Cornell; and John Hanger, former secretary of Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection; on a radio call-in show about Urbino's articles and the broader subject. The associations representing the natural gas industry, such as America's Natural Gas Alliance, were invited to be on the program but declined.{{Cite web | url=https://dianerehm.org/shows/2011-06-28/natural-gas-promise-and-perils/transcript | title=Natural Gas: Promise and Perils | work=Diane Rehm Show | date=June 28, 2011}}

In June 2011, when Urbina's article appeared in The New York Times , the latest figures for U.S. proved reserves of shale gas were 97.4 trillion cubic feet, as of the end of 2010.{{Cite web | publisher=Energy Information Administration | url=https://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/crudeoilreserves/archive/2011/index.php | title=US Crude Oil and Natural Gas Proved Reserves | date=August 1, 2013}} Over the next three years 2011 through 2013, shale gas production totaled 28.3 trillion cubic feet, about 29% of the end-of-2010 proved reserves. But contrary to concerns of overstated reserves quoted in his article, both shale gas production and shale gas proved reserves have increased. US shale gas production in June 2011 was 21.6 billion cubic feet per day of dry gas.{{Cite web | publisher=Energy Information Administration | url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/natural-gas/where-our-natural-gas-comes-from.php | title=Natural gas explained}}

Since then, shale gas production has increased, and by March 2015 was 41.1 billion cubic feet per day, almost double the June 2011 rate, and provided 55% of total US dry natural gas production.{{Cite web | publisher=Energy Information Administration | url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/natural-gas/where-our-natural-gas-comes-from.php | title=Natural gas explained}} Despite the rapidly increasing production, companies replaced their proved reserves much faster than production, so that by the end of 2013, companies reported that shale gas proved reserves still in the ground had grown to 159.1 TCF, an increase of 63% over the end of 2010 reserves.{{Cite web | publisher=Energy Information Administration| url=https://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/crudeoilreserves/ | title=US Crude Oil and Natural Gas Proved Reserves}}

Advances in technology or experience can lead to greater productivity. Drilling for shale gas and light tight oil in the United States became much more efficient from 2007 to 2014. Bakken wells drilled in January 2014 produced 2.4 times as much oil as those drilled five years earlier. In the Marcellus Gas Trend, wells drilled in January 2014 produced more than nine times as much gas per day of drilling rig time as those drilled five years previously, in January 2009.{{Cite web | publisher=Energy Information Administration | url=https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=13651 | title=Drilling efficiency is a key driver of oil and natural gas production | date=4 November 2013}}{{Cite web | publisher=Energy Information Administration | title=Drilling productivity report | url=https://www.eia.gov/petroleum/drilling/}}

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Shale gas was first extracted as a resource in Fredonia, New York, in 1825,{{Cite web | url=https://explorer.aapg.org/story/articleid/2409/fredonia-n-y | title=Name the gas industry birthplace: Fredonia, N.Y.? | date=September 2011 | publisher=American Association of Petroleum Geologists}} in shallow, low-pressure fractures.

The Big Sandy gas field, in naturally fractured Devonian shales, started development in 1915, in Floyd County, Kentucky.{{cite web | url=http://www.uky.edu/KGS/emsweb/history/modern.htm | title=Oil and gas history of Kentucky, 1900 to present | publisher=Kentucky Geological Survey}} By 1976, the field sprawled over thousands of square miles of eastern Kentucky and into southern West Virginia, with five thousand wells in Kentucky alone, producing from the Ohio Shale and the Cleveland Shale, together known locally as the "Brown Shale." Since at least the 1940s, the shale wells had been stimulated by detonating explosives down the hole. In 1965 some operators started hydraulic fracturing the wells, using relatively small fracs: 50,000 pounds of sand and 42,000 gallons of water; the frac jobs generally increased production, especially from lower-yielding wells. The field had an expected ultimate recovery of two trillion cubic feet of gas, but the average per-well recovery was small, and largely depended on the presence of natural fractures.

Other commercial gas production from Devonian-age shales became widespread in the Appalachian, Michigan, and Illinois basins in the 1920s, but production was usually small.{{cite web | first1=Zhongmin | last1=Wang | first2=Alan | last2=Krupnick | url=https://www.rff.org/publications/working-papers/a-retrospective-review-of-shale-gas-development-in-the-united-states-what-led-to-the-boom/ | title=A Retrospective Review of Shale Gas Development in the United States | work=Resources for the Futures | date=April 2013}}

U.S. shale natural gas production rapidly increased after 2008—termed the "shale gas revolution" or "fracking revolution" by energy scholars—leading to a reversal of decades where US natural gas production was falling. During the 2010s and early 2020s, the United States produced so much more natural gas that it moved to being a net exporter.

Federal government policy have had mixed effects on the production of natural gas. Some policies have disincented market-based innovation, while Federal research and development expenditures have also advanced gas production techniques and supply alternatives.

Federal price controls on natural gas led to shortages in the 1970s.

Faced with declining natural gas production, the Federal government invested in supply alternatives, including the Eastern Gas Shales Project, which lasted from 1976 to 1992, and the annual FERC-approved research budget of the Gas Research Institute, which was funded by a tax on natural gas shipments from 1976 to 2000.{{cite journal | url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/2012/08/shale-gas-revolution-developments-and-changes | title=The 'Shale Gas Revolution': Developments and Changes | last=Stevens | first=Paul | date=August 2012 | journal=Chatham House}} The Department of Energy partnered with private gas companies to complete the first successful air-drilled multi-fracture horizontal well in shale in 1986. Microseismic imaging, an important input to both hydraulic fracturing in shale and offshore oil drilling, originated from coalbed research at Sandia National Laboratories.

The Eastern Gas Shales Project concentrated on extending and improving recoveries in known productive shale gas areas, particularly the greater Big Sandy Gas Field of Kentucky and West Virginia. The program applied two technologies that had been developed previously by industry, massive hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling, to shale gas formations. In 1976, two engineers for the federally funded Morgantown Energy Research Center (MERC) patented an early technique for directional drilling in shale.{{Cite web | url=https://netl.doe.gov/sites/default/files/netl-file/NETL-A_Century_of_Innovation.pdf | title=National Energy Technology Laboratory: A Century of Innovation | publisher=NETL | year=2010}}

The federal government also provided tax credits and rules benefiting the industry in the 1980 Energy Act. Gas production from Devonian shales was exempted from federal price controls, and Section 29 tax credits were given for unconventional gas, including shale gas, from 1980 to 2000.

Although the work of the Gas Research Institute and the Eastern Gas Shales Project had increased gas production in the southern Appalachian Basin and the Michigan Basin, in the late 1990s shale gas was still widely seen as marginal to uneconomic without tax credits, and shale gas provided only 1.6% of US gas production in 2000, when the federal tax credits expired. The Eastern Gas Shales Project had tested a wide range of stimulation methods, but the DOE concluded that stimulation alone could not make the eastern gas shales economic.{{Cite web | first1=Daniel J. | last1=Soeder | first2=William M. | last2=Kappel2 | url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3032/pdf/FS2009-3032.pdf | title= Water resources and the Marcellus Shale | work=United States Geological Survey | date=May 2009}} In 1995, the United States Geological Survey noted that future production of gas from the eastern shales would depend on future improvements in technology.{{Cite web | url=https://www.usgs.gov/centers/cersc/science/appalachian-basin-oil-and-gas-assessments | title=Appalachian Basin Province | publisher=United States Geological Survey}} However, according to some analysts, the federal programs had planted the seeds of the coming shale gas boom.Alex Trembath,[http://thebreakthrough.org/archive/shale_gas_fracking_history_and US government and shale gas fracking] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119044208/http://thebreakthrough.org/archive/shale_gas_fracking_history_and |date=2013-01-19 }}, Breakthrough Institute, 2 March 2012.

In 1991, Mitchell Energy (now Devon Energy) completed the first horizontal fracture in the Texas Barnett shale, a project subsidized by the Gas Technology Institute, which was funded by a federal tax on gas pipelines. The first Barnett horizontal fracture was an economic failure, as were Mitchell's later experiments with horizontal wells. The Barnett Shale boom became highly successful with vertical wells, and it was not until 2005 that horizontal wells being drilled in the Barnett outnumbered vertical wells. Throughout the 1990s, the Gas Technology Institute partnered with Mitchell Energy in applying a number of other technologies in the Barnett Shale. The then-vice president of Mitchell Energy recalled: "You cannot diminish DOE's involvement."{{Cite news | first=Michael | last=Shellenberger | url=https://thebreakthrough.org/issues/energy/interview-with-dan-steward-former-mitchell-energy-vice-president | title=Interview with Dan Steward, Former Mitchell Energy Vice President | work=Breakthrough Institute | date=December 12, 2011}}

Mitchell Energy began producing gas from the Barnett Shale of North Texas in 1981, but the results at first were uneconomic. The company persevered for years in experimenting with new techniques. Mitchell soon abandoned the foam fracture method that was developed by the Eastern Gas Shales Project, in favor of nitrogen gel-water fractures. Mitchell achieved the first highly economic fracture completion of the Barnett Shale in 1998, by using slick-water fracturing.{{cite news | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-02-07/americans-gaining-energy-independence-with-u-s-as-top-producer.html | title=Americans Gaining Energy Independence | work=Bloomberg News | last1=Miller | first1=Rich | last2=Loder | first2=Asjylyn | last3=Polson | first3=Jim | date=February 6, 2012}} According to the United States Geological Survey: "It was not until development of the Barnett Shale play in the 1990s that a technique suitable for fracturing shales was developed"{{Cite web | first=Laura R. H. | last=Biewick | url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-z/DDS-69-Z_pamphlet.pdf | title=Map of Assessed Shale Gas in the United States, 2012 | publisher=United States Geological Survey | year=2013}} Although Mitchell experimented with horizontal wells, early results were not successful, and the Barnett Shale boom became highly successful with vertical wells. 2005 was the first year that the majority of new Barnett wells drilled were horizontal; by 2008, 94% of the Barnett wells drilled were horizontal.

Since the success of the Barnett Shale, natural gas from shale has been the fastest growing contributor to total primary energy (TPE) in the United States, and has led many other countries to pursue shale deposits. According to the IEA, the economical extraction of shale gas more than doubles the projected production potential of natural gas, from 125 years to over 250 years.{{Cite web | url=http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/capital21c/xls/RawDataFiles/WEO2011_GoldenAgeofGasReport.pdf | publisher=International Energy Agency | title=World Energy Outlook 2011: Are We Entering a Golden Age of Gas? | year=2011 }}

In 1996, shale gas wells in the United States produced {{convert|0.3|e12cuft|abbr=off}}, 1.6% of US gas production; by 2006, production had more than tripled to {{convert|1.1|e12cuft|abbr=off}} per year, 5.9% of US gas production. By 2005, there were 14,990 shale gas wells in the US.{{cite news | first=Vello A. | last=Kuuskraa | url=https://www.ogj.com/general-interest/companies/article/17228035/unconventional-gas1-reserves-production-grew-greatly-during-last-decade | title=Reserves, production grew greatly during last decade | work=Oil & Gas Journal | date=September 3, 2007 | url-access=subscription}} A record 4,185 shale gas wells were completed in the US in 2007.{{Cite news | first=Louise S. | last=Durham | url=https://explorer.aapg.org/story/articleid/10965/prices-technology-make-shales-hot | title=Prices, technology make shales hot | work=American Association of Petroleum Geologists | date=July 2008}}

In 2005, energy exploration of the Barnett Shale in Texas, resulting from new technology, inspired an economic confidence in the industry as similar operations soon followed across the Southeast, including at Arkansas's Fayetteville Shale and Louisiana's Haynesville Shale.

In January 2008, a joint study between Pennsylvania State University and State University of New York at Fredonia professors Terry Engelder, Geoscience professor at Penn State, and Gary G. Lash increased estimates as much as 250 times over the previous estimate for the Marcellus shale by the United States Geological Survey. The report circulated throughout the industry.{{Cite news | url=https://www.aogr.com/magazine/cover-story/marcellus-shale-plays-vast-resource-potential-creating-stir-in-appalachia | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612222122/http://www.aogr.com/magazine/cover-story/marcellus-shale-plays-vast-resource-potential-creating-stir-in-appalachia | url-status=usurped | archive-date=June 12, 2014 | title=Marcellus Shale Play's Vast Resource Potential Creating Stir In Appalachia | first1=Terry | last1=Engelder | first2=Gary G. | last2=Lash | work=American Oil and Gas Reporter | date=May 2008}} In 2008, Engelder and Lash had noted a gas rush was occurring and there was significant leasing by Texas-based Range Resources, Anadarko Petroleum, Chesapeake Energy, and Cabot Oil & Gas.{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/08/business/08gas.html | title=There's Gas in Those Hills | first=Clifford | last=Krauss | work=The New York Times | date=April 8, 2008 | url-access=subscription}}

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The Antrim Shale of Upper Devonian age produces along a belt across the northern part of the Michigan Basin. Although the Antrim Shale has produced gas since the 1940s, the play was not active until the late 1980s. Unlike other shale gas plays such as the Barnett Shale, the natural gas from the Antrim appears to be biogenic gas generated by the action of bacteria on the organic-rich rock.{{Cite web | url=https://www.ur.umich.edu/9697/Sep17_96/artcl25.htm | title=Antrim shale could hold bacterial answer to natural gas supply | work=University of Michigan | date=September 17, 1996}}

In 2007, the Antrim gas field produced {{convert|136|e9cuft|abbr=off}} of gas, making it the 13th largest source of natural gas in the United States.

The first Barnett Shale well was completed in 1981 in Wise County.Scott R. Reevbasins invigorate U.S. gas shales play, urnal, 22 January 1996, p.53-58. Drilling expanded greatly in the past several years due to higher natural gas prices and use of horizontal wells to increase production. In contrast to older shale gas plays, such as the Antrim Shale, the New Albany Shale, and the Ohio Shale, the Barnett Shale completions are much deeper (up to 8,000 feet). The thickness of the Barnett varies from 100 to {{convert|1000|ft}}, but most economic wells are located where the shale is between 300 and {{convert|600|ft|m}} thick. The success of the Barnett has spurred exploration of other deep shales.

In 2007, the Barnett shale (Newark East) gas field produced {{convert|1.11|e12cuft|abbr=off}} of gas, making it the second-largest source of natural gas in the United States. The Barnett shale currently produces more than 6% of US natural gas production.

In April 2015, Baker Hughes reported that there are no rigs in activity at the Barnett gas field. (That doesn't mean no production as there are still plenty of wells already drilled but yet to be harvested).

The Caney Shale in the Arkoma Basin is the stratigraphic equivalent of the Barnett Shale in the Ft. Worth Basin. The formation has become a gas producer since the large success of the Barnett play.{{Cite web | url=http://www.ogs.ou.edu/pdf/GSGrieserS.pdf | first=Bill | last=Grieser | title=Caney Shale, Oklahoma's shale challenge | publisher=University of Oklahoma}}

In 2008–2009, wells were drilled to produce gas from the Cambrian Conasauga shale in northern Alabama.{{Cite web | url=http://www2.gsa.state.al.us/documents/misc_ogb/conasauga2009B.pdf | title=An overview of the Conesauga shale gas play in Alabama | publisher=Alabama State Oil and Gas Board | date=July 2009}} Activity is in St. Clair, Etowah, and Cullman counties.{{Cite news | url=https://www.ogj.com/drilling-production/production-operations/article/17218223/operators-chase-gas-in-three-alabama-shale-formations | title=Operators chase gas in three Alabama shale formations | work=Oil & Gas Journal | date=21 January 2008}}

The Mississippian age Fayetteville Shale produces gas in the Arkansas part of the Arkoma Basin. The productive section varies in thickness from 50 to {{convert|550|ft}}, and in depth from {{convert|1500|to|6500|ft}}. The shale gas was originally produced through vertical wells, but operators are increasingly going to horizontal wells in the Fayetteville. Expand Energy is a major producer in the play.{{Cite web | url=https://geology.com/articles/fayetteville-shale.shtml | title=Fayetteville shale}}

The Floyd Shale of Mississippian age is a current gas exploration target in the Black Warrior Basin of northern Alabama and Mississippi.{{Cite web | first1=Mark J. | last1=Pawlewicz | first2=Joseph R. | last2=Hatch | url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-i/REPORTS/69_I_CH_3.pdf | title=Petroleum Assessment of the Chattanooga Shale/Floyd Shale Total Petroleum System, Black Warrior Basin, Alabama and Mississippi | publisher=United States Geological Survey | year=2007}}{{cite web | publisher=Alabama Geological Survey | url=http://www2.ogb.state.al.us/documents/misc_ogb/Floyd%20Shale.pdf | title=An overview of the Floyd Shale/Chattanooga Shale gas play in Alabama | date=July 2009 }}

In 1916, the United States Geographic Survey reported that Colorado alone had enough oil baring shale deposits to make 20,000 million barrels of crude oil; of which, 2,000 million barrels of gasoline then could be refined.{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gtoDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA868 | title=Shale To Yield Future Gas Supply| date=June 1916| publisher=Hearst Magazines}} Bill Barrett Corporation has drilled and completed several gas wells in the Gothic Shale. The wells are in Montezuma County, Colorado, in the southeast part of the Paradox basin. A horizontal well in the Gothic flowed 5,700 MCF per day."Barrett may haveParadox Basin discovery," Rocky Mountain Oil Journal, 14 November 2008, p.1.

Although the Jurassic Haynesville Shale of northwest Louisiana has produced gas since 1905, it has been the focus of modern shale gas activity only since a gas discovery drilled by Cubic Energy in November 2007. The Cubic Energy discovery was followed by a March 2008 announcement by Chesapeake Energy that it had completed a Haynesville Shale gas well.{{Cite web | url=https://explorer.aapg.org/story/articleid/11008/louisiana-play-a-company-maker | first=Louise S. | last=Durham | title=Louisiana play a 'company maker' | work=American Association of Petroleum Geologists | date=July 2008}} Haynesville shale wells have also been drilled in northeast Texas, where it is also known as the Bossier Shale.[https://geology.com/articles/haynesville-shale.shtml Geology.Com: Haynesville Shale: news, map, videos, lease and royalty information]

From 2008 through 2010, Encana (now Ovintiv) accumulated a "large land position" (250,000 net acres) at an "average $150/acre" in the Collingwood Utica shale gas play in Michigan's Middle Ordovician Collingwood formation. Natural gas is produced from the Collingwood shale and the overlying Utica shale.{{cite news | url=https://www.ogj.com/home/article/17285190/michigan-collingwoodutica-gas-play-emerging | title=Explorations: Michigan Collingwood-Utica gas play emerging | first=Alan | last=Petzet | work=Oil & Gas Journal |date=May 7, 2010}}

The Michigan public land auction took place in early May 2010 in one of "America's most promising oil and gas plays".

{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chesapeake-land-deals-idUSBRE85O0EI20120625 | work=Reuters | title=Special Report: Chesapeake and rival plotted to suppress land prices | date=June 25, 2012 | first1=Brian | last1=Grow | first2=Joshua | last2=Schneyer | first3=Janet | last3=Roberts}}

The Devonian-Mississippian New Albany Shale produces gas in the southeast Illinois Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky. The New Albany has been a gas producer in this area for more than 100 years, but improved well completion technology has increased drilling activity. Wells are 250 to {{convert|2000|ft}} deep. The gas is described as having a mixed biogenic and thermogenic origin.{{cite news | url=https://www.ogj.com/home/article/17208587/the-new-albany-shale-in-illinois-emerging-play-or-prolific-source | title=The New Albany shale in Illinois: emerging play or prolific source | work=Oil & Gas Journal | date=September 6, 2010 | url-access=subscription}}

As of 2007, operators had completed approximately 50 wells in the Pearsall Shale in the Maverick Basin of south Texas. The most active company in the play was TXCO Resources.{{cite news |first=Alan | last=Petzet |url=https://www.ogj.com/general-interest/companies/article/17228708/more-operators-eye-maverick-shale-gas-tar-sand-potential | title=More operators eye Maverick shale gas, tar sand potential | work=Oil & Gas Journal | date=August 13, 2007 | url-access=subscription}} The gas wells had all been vertical until 2008, when TXCO drilled and completed a number of horizontal wells.

{{cite news | url=https://www.ogj.com/exploration-development/article/17218169/maverick-fracs-unlock-gas-in-pearsall-shale | title=Maverick fracs unlock gas in Pearsall Shale | work=Oil & Gas Journal |date=August 25, 2007 | url-access=subscription}}

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The upper Devonian shales of the Appalachian Basin, which are known by different names in different areas have produced gas since the early 20th century. The main producing area straddles the state lines of Virginia, West Virginia, and Kentucky, but extends through central Ohio and along Lake Erie into the panhandle of Pennsylvania. More than 20,000 wells produce gas from Devonian shales in the basin. The wells are commonly 3,000 to {{convert|5000|ft}} deep. The shale most commonly produced is the Chattanooga Shale, also called the Ohio Shale.Richard E. Peterson (1982) A Geologic Study of the Appalachian Basin, Gas Research Institute, p.40, 45. The US Geological Survey estimated a total resource of {{convert|12.2|e12cuft|abbr=off}} of natural gas in Devonian black shales from Kentucky to New York.{{Cite web | url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1268/ | title=U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1268}}

The Marcellus Formation in West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and New York, once thought to be played out, is estimated to hold 168-{{convert|516|e12cuft|abbr=off}} still available with horizontal drilling.[https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-01/ps-ung011708.php Unconventional natural gas reservoir in Pennsylvania poised to dramatically increase US Production 2008-01-17] It was suggested that the Marcellus shale and other Devonian shales of the Appalachian Basin, could supply the northeast U.S. with natural gas.

{{cite news | url=https://www.ogj.com/drilling-production/production-operations/article/17218032/appalachian-basins-devonian-more-than-a-new-barnett-shale | title=Appalachian basin's Devonian: more than a "new Barnett shale" | first=Arthur J. | last=Pyron | work=Oil & Gas Journal | date=April 21, 2008 | url-access=subscription}}

{{main|Utica Shale}}

In October 2009, Gastem, a Canadian company, which had been drilling gas wells into the Ordivician Utica Shale in Quebec, drilled the first of its three state-permitted Utica Shale wells in Otsego County, New York.{{Cite news | url=https://www.ogj.com/home/article/17284028/lowvolume-new-york-marcellus-fracs-tap-gas | title=Low-volume New York Marcellus fracs tap gas | work=Oil & Gas Journal | date=December 17, 2010}}

File:Gas Production from Woodford 2000-2013.png

The Devonian Woodford Shale in Oklahoma is from 50 to 300 feet (15 – 91 m) thick. Although the first gas production was recorded in 1939, by late 2004, there were only 24 Woodford Shale gas wells. By early 2008, there were more than 750 Woodford gas wells.Travis Vulgamore and others, "Hydraulic fracturing diagnostics help optimize stimulations of Woodford Shale horizontals," American Oil and Gas Reporter, March 2008, p.66-79.{{cite web | url=http://www.ogs.ou.edu/pdf/WoodfordOverview.pdf | title=Overview of Woodford }} Like many shale gas plays, the Woodford started with vertical wells, then became dominantly a play of horizontal wells. The play is mostly in the Arkoma Basin of southeast Oklahoma, but some drilling has extended the play west into the Anadarko Basin and south into the Ardmore Basin.{{Cite news | first=David | last=Brown| url=https://explorer.aapg.org/issue/articleid/10968/big-potential-boosts-the-woodford | title=Big potential boosts Woodford | work=American Association of Petroleum Geologists | date=July 2008}} Large gas producers operating in the Woodford include Devon Energy, Chesapeake Energy, Coterra, Antero Resources, SM Energy, Pablo Energy, Petroquest Energy, Continental Resources, and Range Resources. In 2011, production from the Woodford Shale peaked and was declining.[http://www.theoildrum.com/files/After%20The%20Gold%20Rush_Page_09.jpg Woodford Shale production, 2005–2011], The Oil Drum{{Cite web | url=http://www.ogs.ou.edu/fossilfuels/images/woodfordonly08.jpg | title=Oklahoma Geological Survey: Map of Woodford shale wells}}{{Cite web | url=http://www.ogs.ou.edu/pdf/Cardott_Overview.pdf | first=Brian J. | last=Cardott |title=Overview of Woodford gas-shale play in Oklahoma, 2008 update }}

In 2010, development of shale resources supported 600,000 jobs in the United States.IHS Global Insight, The Economic and Employment Contributions of Shale Gas in the United States, December 2011.{{cite web | url=http://www.trfetzer.com/fracking-growth/ | title=Fracking Growth | publisher=Centre for Economic Performance Working Paper, London. | date=April 24, 2014 | last=Fetzer | first=Thiemo}} Affordable domestic natural gas is essential to rejuvenating the chemical, manufacturing, and steel industries.{{cite web| first=Feng | last=Zhaokui | title=The Impact of the Changing Global Energy Map on Geopolitics of the World |url=https://www.chinausfocus.com/energy-environment/the-impact-of-the-changing-global-energy-map-on-geopolitics-of-the-world/ |date=January 24, 2013 |publisher=China-United States Exchange Foundation}} There are concerns that these changes may be reversed if exports of natural gas increase.{{cite news |first=Mike | last=Obel |title=Potential Surge Of US LNG Exports From Shale Natural Gas Boom Splits Corporate America; One Side Gets Allied With Environmentalists. |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/potential-surge-us-lng-exports-shale-natural-gas-boom-splits-corporate-america-one-1109175 | work=International Business Times | date=March 1, 2013}} The American Chemistry Council determined that a 25% increase in the supply of ethane (a liquid derived from shale gas) could add over 400,000 jobs across the economy, provide over $4.4 billion annually in federal, state, and local tax revenue, and spur $16.2 billion in capital investment by the chemical industry.{{Cite web | url=https://www.americanchemistry.com/First-Shale-Study/ | publisher=American Chemistry Council | title=Shale Gas and New Petrochemicals Investment: Benefits for the Economy, Jobs, and U.S. Manufacturing | date=March 2011}} They also note that the relatively low price of ethane would give United States manufacturers an essential advantage over many global competitors.

Similarly, the National Association of Manufacturers estimated that high recovery of shale gas and lower natural gas prices will help U.S. manufacturers employ 1,000,000 workers by 2025 while lower feedstock and energy costs could help them reduce natural gas expenditures by as much as 11.6 billion by 2025. In December 2011, America's Natural Gas Association (ANGA) estimated that lower gas prices will add an additional $926 of disposable household income annually between 2012 and 2015, and that the amount could increase to $2,000 by 2035.{{Cite web | url=https://www.energyindepth.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Shale-Gas-Economic-Impact-Dec-2011_EMB1.pdf | publisher=IHS Global Insight | title=The Economic and Employment Contributions of Natural Gas in the United States | date=December 2011}} Over $276 billion is going to be invested in the US Petrochemical industry and most of it in Texas.{{Cite news | url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/business/energy/article/Petrochemical-market-expected-to-grow-276-billion-15936930.php | title=Petrochemical market expected to grow by $276 billion this decade | first=Marcy | last=Deluna | work=Houston Chronicle | date=February 10, 2021 | url-access=subscription}} Due to emergence of shale gas, coal consumption declined from 2009.{{cite news | first=Liam | last=Denning | url=https://www.energyvoice.com/opinion/110719/trump-cant-make-coal-fracking-great/ | title=Trump can't make both coal and fracking great again | date=May 29, 2016}}{{cite web| url=https://www.energypolicy.columbia.edu/research/report/can-coal-make-comeback |title= Can Coal Make a Comeback? | first1=Trevor | last1=Houser | first2=Jason | last2=Bordoff | first3=Peter | last3=Marsters |work=energypolicy.columbia.edu |publisher=Center on Global Energy Policy, School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University |date=April 25, 2017}}

A 2017 study finds that hydraulic fracturing contributed to job growth and higher wages: "new oil and gas extraction led to an increase in aggregate US employment of 725,000 and a 0.5 percent decrease in the unemployment rate during the Great Recession".{{Cite journal | first1=James |last1=Feyrer |first2=Erin T. |last2=Mansur |first3=Bruce | last3=Sacerdote |year=2017 |title=Geographic Dispersion of Economic Shocks: Evidence from the Fracking Revolution |journal=American Economic Review | volume=107 |issue=4 |pages=1313–1334 |doi=10.1257/aer.20151326 |s2cid=153574699 | url=https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w21624/w21624.pdf}} Research shows that shale gas wells can have a significant adverse impact on some house prices, with groundwater-reliant homes declining 13% in value whereas piped-water homes will see an increase of 2–3%. The price increase of the latter is most likely due to the royalty payments that property owners get from gas extracted under their land.{{Cite journal | url=https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.20140079 | title=The Housing Market Impacts of Shale Gas Development | journal=American Economic Review |pages=3633–3659 |volume=105 | issue=12 | doi=10.1257/aer.20140079|first1=Lucija |last1=Muehlenbachs | first2=Elisheba |last2=Spiller| first3=Christopher |last3=Timmins| year=2015 | citeseerx=10.1.1.735.6876 }}

The issue of whether to export natural gas has split the business community. Manufacturers such as Dow Chemical are battling energy companies such as Exxon Mobil over whether the export of natural gas should be allowed. Manufacturers want to keep gas prices low, while energy companies have been working to raise the price of natural gas by convincing the government to allow them to export natural gas to more countries. Manufacturers are concerned that increasing exports will hurt manufacturing by causing U.S. energy prices to rise. Several studies suggest that the shale gas boom has given the U.S. energy intensive manufacturing sector a competitive advantage, causing a boom in energy intensive manufacturing sector exports, suggesting that the average dollar unit of U.S. manufacturing sector exports has almost tripled its energy content between 1996 and 2012.{{Cite journal |title=On the Comparative Advantage of U.S. Manufacturing: Evidence from the Shale Gas Revolution| journal=Journal of International Economics | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022199617300284 | first1=Rabah | last1=Arezki| first2=Thiemo | last2=Fetzer | year=2017 | volume=107 | pages=34–59 | doi=10.1016/j.jinteco.2017.03.002 | format=PDF}}{{Cite web | title=The Trade Implications of the U.S. Shale Gas Boom | url=https://www.elibrary.imf.org/display/book/9781484310328/ch003.xml | first1=Rabah | last1=Arezki | first2=Akito | last2=Matsumoto | publisher=International Monetary Fund | date=December 1, 2017}}

In 2014, many companies were cash flow negative; however, the companies that were cash flow positive were focused on quality land instead of quantity.{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/shale-boom-winners-quality-not-quantity-of-sites-1398038202 | title=The New Winners and Losers in America's Shale Boom | first1=Russell | last1=Gold| first2=Theo | last2=Francis | work=The Wall Street Journal | date=April 20, 2014 | url-access=subscription}} In 2016 and 2020, worldwide oversupply caused prices for natural gas to decrease below $2 per million British thermal units - $2.50 was the minimum for US producers to be cash flow positive in 2020.{{cite news | first1=Rachel | last1=Adams-Heard | first2=Naureen S. | last2=Malik| first3=Sayer | last3=Devlin |title=America Is Awash With Natural Gas and It's About to Get Worse |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-01-19/america-is-awash-with-natural-gas-and-it-s-about-to-get-worse | work=Bloomberg News |date=January 20, 2020}} US production was 92 billion cubic feet per day (Bcf/d) in 2019.{{cite web |title=Short-Term Energy Outlook - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/steo/ |website=www.eia.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120011123/https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/steo/ |archive-date=2020-01-20 |date=January 14, 2020}}

A 2025 study found that the shale gas revolution led to increased support for Republican candidates in coal-producing areas.{{Cite journal |last=Gazmararian |first=Alexander F. |date=2025 |title=Sources of Partisan Change: Evidence from the Shale Gas Shock in American Coal Country |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/732949 |journal=The Journal of Politics |doi=10.1086/732949 |issn=0022-3816}} The cheap supply of gas, enabled by hydraulic fracturing, led to displacement of coal-fired power generation, causing substantial job losses in the coal industry. Voters in coal-producing areas attributed these job losses to environmental regulations which they blamed on Democratic candidates.

A 2015 study found that shale booms increase nearby support for conservatives and conservative interests. "Support for conservative interests rises and Republican political candidates gain votes after booms, leading to a near doubling in the probability of a change in incumbency. All of this change occurs at the expense of Democrats."{{Cite journal |title=Voter Preferences and Political Change: Evidence from Shale Booms |first1=Viktar |last1=Fedaseyeu |first2=Erik |last2=Gilje |first3=Philip E. |last3=Strahan |journal=NBER Working Paper No. 21789 |date=December 2015 |doi=10.3386/w21789 |doi-access = free}}

{{See also|Hydraulic_fracturing#Environmental_Concerns|l1=Environmental and health effects of hydraulic fracturing}}

File:2016 DNC Protest (27930237443).jpg

Complaints of uranium exposure and lack of water infrastructure emerged as environmental concerns for the rush.{{cite news | url=http://esciencenews.com/articles/2010/10/25/fracking.mobilizes.uranium.marcellus.shale | title=Fracking' mobilizes uranium in marcellus shale | work=E Science News | date=October 25, 2010}}{{cite news | url=https://www.farmanddairy.com/news/a-developing-issue-water-management-infrastructure-needed-for-marcellus-gas-production/17289.html | title=A developing issue: Water management, infrastructure needed for Marcellus gas production | work=Farm and Dairy | date=November 9, 2010}} In Pennsylvania, controversy has surrounded the practice of releasing wastewater from "fracking" into rivers which serve as consumption reserves.{{Cite news | url=https://abc7ny.com/archive/8092178/ | title=Pennsylvania Official: End Nears For Fracking Wastewater Releases | agency=Associated Press | publisher=WABC-TV | date=April 24, 2011}}

Methane release contributing to global warming is a concern.{{Cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324263404578614122954685146 | title=So What's the Matter With Shale Gas, Anyway? Environmental Groups Want It to Replace Coal, but Not at the Expense of Wind and Solar | first=John | last=Bussey | date=July 19, 2013 | work=The Wall Street Journal | url-access=subscription}}

Several shale gas sources, including the Utica Shale, Marcellus Shale, and Woodford Shale, were identified by a team of researchers publishing in Energy Policy as "carbon bombs," or a fossil fuel project that would result in more than one gigaton of carbon dioxide emissions if fully extracted and burnt.{{Cite journal |last1=Kühne |first1=Kjell |last2=Bartsch |first2=Nils |last3=Tate |first3=Ryan Driskell |last4=Higson |first4=Julia |last5=Habet |first5=André |date=2022 |title="Carbon Bombs" - Mapping key fossil fuel projects |journal=Energy Policy |language=en |volume=166 |pages=112950 |doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2022.112950|doi-access=free }}

File:MarcellusShaleCloseUp.jpg.]]

The word “fracking”, slang for hydraulic fracturing, has entered the English language.{{Cite news | url=https://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2010/0913/Fracking-for-natural-gas-EPA-hearings-bring-protests | title=Fracking for natural gas: EPA hearings bring protests | first=Mark | last=Clayton | work=Christian Science Monitor | date=September 13, 2010}}

The Great Shale Gas Rush{{Cite news | url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/101022-energy-marcellus-shale-gas-environment | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410144219/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/101022-energy-marcellus-shale-gas-environment | url-status=dead | archive-date=April 10, 2021 | title=A Dream Dashed by the Rush on Gas Special Report: The Great Shale Gas Rush | work=National Geographic | first=MARIANNE | last=LAVELLE | date=October 23, 2010}} refers to the growth in unconventional shale gas extraction in the early 21st-century.

Pennsylvania was featured in the Academy Award-nominated,{{Cite news | url=https://www.inquirer.com/philly/news/special_packages/inquirer/marcellus-shale/20110126__Gasland__Oscar_nomination_roils_drilling_industry.html | title='Gasland' Oscar nomination roils drilling industry | first=Andrew | last=Maykuth | work=Philadelphia Inquirer | date=January 26, 2011}} environmental documentary Gasland by Josh Fox in 2010.{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/21/arts/television/21gasland.html | title=The Costs of Natural Gas, Including Flaming Water | first=Mike | last=Hale | work=The New York Times | date=June 20, 2010 | url-access=subscription}} Most of the filming for the 2012 Gus Van Sant dramatic film, Promised Land, starring Matt Damon, took place in the Pittsburgh area, although the setting is upstate New York.

• Fossil fuels
• Fracking in the United States
• Natural gas in the United States
• Petroleum in the United States
• Anti-fracking movement

{{Reflist|1}}

• [https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/pbei/fiia/0027655/index.html The Shale Gas Boom: The global implications of the rise of unconventional fossil energy], FIIA Briefing Paper 122, 2013.
• [http://www.exploreshale.psu.edu/ A creative exploration of natural gas drilling and development in the Marcellus Shale]
• [https://www.jsg.utexas.edu/news/2007/01/barnett-boom-ignites-hunt-for-unconventional-gas-resources/ Jackson School of Geosciences (January 2007): Barnett Boom Ignites Hunt for Unconventional Gas Resources]
• [https://explorer.aapg.org/story/articleid/20705/shale-gas-exciting-again American Association of Petroleum Geologists (March 2001): Shale Gas Exciting Again]
• [https://geology.com/articles/marcellus-shale.shtml Marcellus Shale: horizontal drilling and hydrofracing]
• [https://geology.com/articles/haynesville-shale.shtml The Haynesville Shale of Louisiana, Texas and Arkansas]
• [http://www.wvgs.wvnet.edu/www/datastat/WVGES_GeologyMarcellusShale.pdf West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey: Geology of the Marcellus Shale]
• [https://aongrc.wvu.edu/files/d/35fa6c05-efea-4023-9ac3-d975d4e2da5b/archivetechinforrenhancement.pdf West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey: Enhancement of the Appalachian Basin Devonian shale resource base in the GRI hydrocarbon model]
• [https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DLB-38147 China Goes Shopping for Shale in U.S., Canada] May 11, 2012

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Category:Natural gas in the United States

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United States