Cleveland Shale

The Cleveland Shale was identified in 1870 and named for the city of Cleveland, Ohio. John Strong Newberry, director of the Ohio State Geological Survey, first identified the formation in 1870.{{sfn|Wilmarth|1938|page=361}} He called it the "Cleveland Shale" and designated its type locality at Doan Brook{{sfn|Williams|1940|page=19}} near Cleveland.{{sfn|Wilmarth|1938|page=361}} Details of the type locality and of stratigraphic nomenclature for this unit as used by the U.S. Geological Survey are available on-line at the National Geologic Map Database.{{Cite web|url=https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Geolex/search|title=National Geologic Map Database}}

The primary minerals in the Cleveland Shale are chlorite, illite, pyrite, and quartz.{{sfn|Johnson|1981|page=171}}{{Efn|Quartz particles in the shale range from {{convert|2|to|7|μm}} in size.{{sfn|Johnson|1981|page=171}}}} Underground, the Cleveland Shale is black,{{sfn|Hannibal|Feldman|1987|page=404}}{{sfn|Pashin|Ettensohn|1995|page=57}}{{sfn|Baird|Gryta|McKenzie|Over|2009|page=10}}{{sfn|Collins|1979|page=E-10}} dull grayish-black,{{sfn|Pepper|DeWitt|Demarest|1954|page=16}} bluish-black, or brownish-black{{sfn|Johnson|1981|page=171}} in color. In exposed outcrops, it weathers to red,{{sfn|Pepper|DeWitt|Demarest|1954|page=16}} reddish-brown,{{sfn|Williams|1940|page=19}} or medium brown.{{sfn|Johnson|1981|page=171}} Highly weathered rock turns gray.{{sfn|Williams|1940|page=19}}{{sfn|Johnson|1981|page=171}} It is fairly fissile,{{sfn|Pashin|Ettensohn|1995|page=57}}{{sfn|Hannibal|Feldman|1987|page=404}}{{sfn|Baird|Gryta|McKenzie|Over|2009|page=10}} breaking into thin, irregularly shaped sheets{{sfn|Pashin|Ettensohn|1995|page=51}} or flakes{{sfn|Johnson|1981|page=171}} that occasionally display crystals of pickeringite.{{sfn|Williams|1940|page=19}} Relieved of stress once exposed, the Cleveland Shale is nonplastic{{sfn|Johnson|1981|page=171}} and can appear as if fragmented into blocks due to jointing.{{sfn|Hannibal|Feldman|1987|page=404}}

There is a sharp and clear distinction between the Cleveland Shale and underlying Chagrin Shale.{{sfn|Williams|1940|page=19}}{{sfn|Pashin|Ettensohn|1995|page=51}} At the very bottom of the Cleveland Shale there is a thin, discontinuous layer of pyrite.{{sfn|Hannibal|Feldman|1987|page=404}}{{Efn|Pyrite forms when organic material falls onto an ocean floor that is anaerobic, has little bottom current, and has extensive deposition of silt and sediment.{{sfn|Baird|Gryta|McKenzie|Over|2009|page=10}}}} This pyrite layer is discontinuous because after this rock was laid down, it was eroded. The erosion increases as one moves south along the valley of the Cuyahoga River and east to the Grand River.{{sfn|Baird|Gryta|McKenzie|Over|2009|page=10}} Portions of the pyrite layer, known as Skinner's Run Bed,{{sfn|Baird|Gryta|McKenzie|Over|2009|page=10}} contain fragments of petrified wood and fossilized fish bones worn smooth by the action of water.{{sfn|Hannibal|Feldman|1987|page=404}} Above the pyrite layer, a limestone layer is found in west-central (but not eastern) Ohio.{{sfn|Pepper|DeWitt|Demarest|1954|page=16}}

The remainder of the Cleveland Shale generally consists of a relatively hard,{{sfn|Pepper|DeWitt|Demarest|1954|page=16}}{{Efn|"Hard" is defined as having a compressive strength between {{convert|10000|to|13000|psi}}.{{sfn|Vyas|Aho|Robl|1981|page=390}}}} organic rich{{sfn|Pashin|Ettensohn|1995|page=50}} oil shale.{{sfn|Johnson|1981|page=171}}{{sfn|Collins|1979|page=E-10}} It has both an upper and lower part.{{sfn|Pepper|DeWitt|Demarest|1954|page=16}}

A clay shale,{{sfn|Pepper|DeWitt|Demarest|1954|page=16}} described as bluish or bluish-gray{{sfn|Pepper|DeWitt|Demarest|1954|page=16}} and as olive-black to brownish-black,{{sfn|Pollock|Barron|Beard|1981|page=204}} forms the lower part. The lower part can be anywhere from a few inches to several feet in thickness. This layer is sometimes referred to as the Olmstead shale. This layer has been dated to between 362.6 and 361.0 million years old based on conodont biozones (Bispathodus aculeatus aculeatus to Bispathodus ultimus ultimus zones). Thin beds of gray or brown siltstone, lumps of pyrite, and layers of silica-heavy limestone with cone-in-cone structures are found in the lower part. In eastern Ohio, thin gray veins ("stringers") of siltstone appear.{{sfn|Pepper|DeWitt|Demarest|1954|page=16}} In western Ohio,{{sfn|Collins|1979|page=E-10}} the Cleveland Shale appears to interbed with the Chagrin Shale below it, erasing the clear boundary between the two rock formations.{{sfn|Pepper|DeWitt|Demarest|1954|page=16}}

The upper part of the Cleveland Shale is a black to brownish black{{sfn|Pollock|Barron|Beard|1981|page=204}} silty shale{{sfn|Pepper|DeWitt|Demarest|1954|page=16}} with occasional thin beds of gray shale and siltstone.{{sfn|Hannibal|Feldman|1987|page=404}} The upper part is much richer in petroleum{{sfn|Bland|Robl|Koppenaal|1981|page=188}} and kerogen.{{sfn|Johnson|1981|page=171}}{{Efn|In a 1981 study of Cleveland Shale samples in central-eastern Kentucky, the upper part of the shale was 11 percent carbon and 1.3 percent hydrogen.{{sfn|Bland|Robl|Koppenaal|1981|page=188}}}} When broken open, fresh samples smell like crude oil.{{sfn|Johnson|1981|page=171}} Where the upper part is thick,{{sfn|Baird|Gryta|McKenzie|Over|2009|page=10}} and particularly in northeast Ohio,{{sfn|Pashin|Ettensohn|1995|page=51}} the shale has a distinctive "rippled" appearance.{{sfn|Baird|Gryta|McKenzie|Over|2009|page=10}} The upper {{convert|10|ft|m}} of the Cleveland Shale contains abundant nodules of phosphate, nodules and bands (extremely thin beds) of pyrite, bands of calcisiltite, and lamination.{{sfn|Pollock|Barron|Beard|1981|page=204}} Almost no concretions are found in the upper part.{{sfn|Johnson|1981|page=171}}

File:Cleveland Shale exposure at Fort Hill along Rocky River, Cleveland, OH.jpg

The Cleveland Shale is a shale geologic formation in Ohio in the United States.

The Cleveland Shale underlies much of northeast Ohio in beds of varying thickness.

In northeast Ohio, the member does not appear east of the Grand River.{{sfn|Baird|Gryta|McKenzie|Over|2009|page=10}}

Measurements taken in northeast Ohio show the Cleveland Shale to be {{convert|7|ft|m}}{{sfn|Baird|Gryta|McKenzie|Over|2009|page=10}} to {{convert|100|ft|m}} thick.{{sfn|Pepper|DeWitt|Demarest|1954|page=16}} It is thickest around the Rocky River north of Berea, Ohio, and thins to the east, west, and south.{{sfn|Pepper|DeWitt|Demarest|1954|page=16}}

The Cleveland Shale is found in east-central Kentucky. In east-central Kentucky, the Cleveland Shale is more uniform in thickness, ranging from {{convert|41.4|to|50.1|ft|m}}, and increases in thickness toward the east.{{sfn|Pollock|Barron|Beard|1981|page=204}}

The unit is also present in West VirginiaRyder, R.T., Swezey, C.S., Crangle, R.D., Jr., and Trippi, M.T., 2008, Geologic cross section E-E' through the central Appalachian Basin from the Findlay Arch, Wood County, Ohio, to the Valley and Ridge Province, Pendleton County, West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map SIM-2985, 2 sheets with 48-page pamphlet. http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sim2985 and in southwest Virginia,Ryder, R.T., Trippi, M.H., and Swezey, C.S., 2015, Geologic cross section I-I' through the central Appalachian basin from north-central Kentucky to southwestern Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map SIM-3343, 2 sheets with two pamphlets (41p. and 102p.). http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sim3343 where it is mapped as the Cleveland Member of the Ohio Shale.

The Cleveland Shale (or Cleveland Member) is a sub-unit of the Ohio Shale Formation.{{sfn|Baird|Gryta|McKenzie|Over|2009|page=10}}{{sfn|Rubel|Coburn|1981|page=22}} The Chagrin Shale underlies the Cleveland Shale.{{sfn|Pashin|Ettensohn|1995|page=6}} The Bedford Shale generally overlies the Cleveland Shale, with a sharp distinction between the two. In west-central Ohio, more than {{convert|150|ft|m}} of Bedford Shale may lie above the Cleveland Shale. In places, red and grey shale may intertongue (interlock) with the Cleveland Shale extensively. In far eastern Ohio, the Bedford Shale thins by more than {{convert|125|ft|m}}. Where the Cussewago Shale is also present, the Bedford Shale is usually less than {{convert|25|ft|m}} and may be locally absent. In some areas, the Cleveland Shale is described as overstepped{{sfn|Baird|Gryta|McKenzie|Over|2009|page=10}} or unconformably overlaid gradationally by Berea Siltstone and sharply by Berea Sandstone.{{sfn|Pashin|Ettensohn|1995|page=51}}

It is the regional equivalent of the Hangenberg Black Shale and the Bakken Shale.{{sfn|Kaiser|Aretz|Becker|2016|page=404}}

Exceptional marine animal fossils are found in the formation. The Cleveland Shale is generally considered to be fossil-poor, but there are exceptions. The basal pyrite layer contains petrified wood and fossilized fish bones.{{sfn|Hannibal|Feldman|1987|page=404}} The lower part is famous for its extensive and well-preserved fossil Chondrichthyans (including Cladoselache), Conodonts, Placodermi,{{sfn|Baird|Gryta|McKenzie|Over|2009|page=10}}{{sfn|Hannibal|Feldman|1987|page=404}} and palaeoniscinoids ray-finned fishes.{{sfn|Hansen|2005|pages=292-293}} The giant predatory placoderms Dunkleosteus terrelli, Gorgonichthys clarki, Gymnotrachelus hydei, Heintzichthys gouldii, and five subspecies (including the type specimen) of Titanichthys were all discovered in the Cleveland Shale.{{sfn|Hansen|2005|pages=290}} The Cleveland Shale is classified as a konservatte-lagerstatten, which means it often preserves complete body fossils. Typical early shark preservation includes soft tissue outlines and impressions, fin rays, gill musculature, cartilage, and stomach contents.{{cite web|title= Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database|author= ((Various Contributors to the Paleobiology Database))|url= https://www.fossilworks.org|access-date= 17 December 2021}} Placoderms in the Cleveland Shale typically do not show any good soft-tissue preservation.{{cite journal |last1=Carr |first1=Robert K. |title=Paleoecology of Dunkleosteus terrelli (Placodermi: Arthrodira) |journal=Kirtlandia |date=2010 |volume=57 |pages=36–45}}

Faunal list follows Carr and Jackson (2008){{cite journal |last1=Carr |first1=Robert K. |last2=Jackson |first2=Gary L. |date=2008 |title=The vertebrate fauna of the Cleveland Member (Famennian) of the Ohio Shale |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/213769842 |journal=Guide to the Geology and Paleontology of the Cleveland Member of the Ohio Shale (68th Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Cleveland, Ohio). |pages=1–187}} and Carr (2018).{{cite journal |last1=Carr |first1=Robert K. |title=A new aspinothoracid arthrodire from the Late Devonian of Ohio, U.S.A. |journal=Acta Geologica Polonica |date=30 September 2018 |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=363–379 |doi=10.1515/agp-2018-0021|doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |url=https://geojournals.pgi.gov.pl/agp/article/view/26051}}

All placoderms in the Cleveland Shale are arthrodires.{{Cite book |last=Denison |first=Robert |title=Placodermi |publisher=Gustav Fischer Verlag |year=1978 |series=Handbook of Paleoichthyology |volume=2 |location=Stuttgart |pages=i–vi, 1–128}}

Other undescribed chondrichthyans (cartilaginous fish) from the Cleveland Shale include a cladoselachian, a cochliodont, a eugeneodont, a hybodont, stethacanthids (including a new species of Stethacanthus), Sphenacanthus, and several additional forms represented by unique head and fin spines. A conference abstract by Hlavin (1972) briefly mentioned associated assemblages of teeth (Orodus sp.) and fin spines (Ctenacanthus vetustus);{{Cite journal |last=Hlavin |first=W.J. |date=1972 |title=New associations of fossil sharks from the Cleveland Shale Upper Devonian |journal=Geological Society of America, Northeastern Section, Abstracts with Programs |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=21}} Zangerl (1981) suggested that each assemblage represented an early hybodont with Orodus-like teeth and ctenacanth-like spines.{{Cite book |last=Zangerl |first=R. |title=Chondrichthyes I – Paleozoic Elasmobranchii |publisher=Gustav Fischer Verlag |year=1981 |series=Handbook of Paleoichthyology |volume=3A |location=Stuttgart |pages=i–iii, 1–115}}

Other undescribed osteichthyans (bony fish) from the Cleveland Shale include a new species of Kentuckia and an unnamed Mesopoma-like palaeoniscoid.{{Cite journal |last1=Martin |first1=T.G. |last2=Dunn |first2=Douglas W. |date=2008 |title=PRELIMINARY NOTICE OF A THIRD PALEONISCOID (ACTINOPTERYGII: PALAEONISCIFORMES), WITH A VERTICAL SUSPENSORIUM, FROM THE UPPER DEVONIAN (FAMENNIAN, IIf) CLEVELAND SHALE OF CUYAHOGA COUNTY, OHIO |journal=Ohio Journal of Science |volume=108 |issue=1 |pages=A-26}}

The Cleveland Shale is approximately 362.6 to 360.1 million years old, daing to the very latest part of the Devonian period, the Famennian,{{cite journal |last1=Becker |first1=R.T. |last2=Marshall |first2=J.E.A. |last3=Da Silva |first3=A.-C. |last4=Agterberg |first4=F.P. |last5=Gradstein |first5=F.M. |last6=Ogg |first6=J.G. |title=The Devonian Period |journal=Geologic Time Scale 2020 |date=2020 |pages=733–810 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-824360-2.00022-X|isbn=9780128243602 |s2cid=241766371 }} based on biostratigraphy from conodonts{{cite thesis|last1=Zagger |first1=Glenn W. |title=Conodont biostratigraphy and sedimentology of the latest Devonian of northeast Ohio |date=1995 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |page=112}} and plant spores.{{cite thesis|last1=Eames |first1=Leonard Eugene |title=Palynology of the Berea Sandstone and Cuyahoga Group of northeastern Ohio|date=1974|publisher=Michigan State University|location=East Lansing|page=210}} The Cleveland Shale extends all the way to the Hangenberg mass extinction that ended the Devonian but does not reach the very end of the Devonian period. Unlike the Permian-Triassic extinction and Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary does not correlate with the mass extinction event at the end of this period. The Bedford Shale and Berea Sandstone represent Devonian layers that post-date the Devonian-Carboniferous extinction but were deposited on top of the Cleveland Shale, and encompass some of the recovery fauna otherwise typical of the Carboniferous in the aftermath of the Hangenberg Event.{{cite conference |last1=Dixson |first1=Sara P. |last2=Shope |first2=Dakota P.|conference= Geological Society of America Southeast Sectional Meeting |location=Charleston, South Carolina|title=A Diminutive Late Devonian Recovery Fauna from the Cleveland Shale |url=https://digitalcommons.winthrop.edu/source/SOURCE_2019/posterpresentations/33/ |date=2018}}

The upper 2.5 m of the Cleveland Shale has been chemostratigraphically correlated with the Hangenberg Event and the type stratigraphy in Germany, suggesting that the Cleveland Shale preserves the second of the two mass extinction events that together comprise the late Devonian extinction{{cite journal |last1=Martinez |first1=Aaron M. |last2=Boyer |first2=Diana L. |last3=Droser |first3=Mary L. |last4=Barrie |first4=Craig |last5=Love |first5=Gordon D. |title=A stable and productive marine microbial community was sustained through the end-Devonian Hangenberg Crisis within the Cleveland Shale of the Appalachian Basin, United States |journal=Geobiology |date=24 September 2018 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=27–42 |doi=10.1111/gbi.12314|pmid=30248226 |s2cid=52811336 |doi-access=free }}

The Cleveland Shale is likely the regional expression of the Dasberg Event, a major extinction event that occurred near the end of the Devonian period.

The Cleveland Shale is interpreted as having accumulated in an anaerobic environment.{{sfn|Pashin|Ettensohn|1995|page=57}} Evidence exists to suggest that the Cleveland Shale was laid down during the Dasberg event, an Upper Famennian extinction event that devastated land-based flora and marine-based fauna. This led to a significant drop in marine oxygen (an anoxic event) and atmospheric carbon dioxide,

and then a brief glaciation. The global environment recovered, only to suffer another extinction, the Hangenberg event, close to the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary.{{sfn|Baird|Gryta|McKenzie|Over|2009|pages=8, 10}} While the Cleveland Shale was being deposited, extensive organic matter from the land was swept into the sea then lying over Ohio.{{sfn|Kaiser|Aretz|Becker|2016|page=415}} Although there is dispute over how deep this sea was, the Dasberg event meant that oceans could support few to no bottom-dwelling animals. This explains why the Cleveland Shale largely lacks fossils of benthic organisms{{sfn|Hannibal|Feldman|1987|page=406}} and has a high carbon content that colors the shale very dark gray to black.{{sfn|Hannibal|Feldman|1987|page=404}}{{sfn|Conybeare|1979|pages=419-420}}

The contact between the Chagrin Shale and Cleveland Shale has been described as interbedding. This feature is interpreted as having been caused when two different depositional environments (in this case, the oxygenated sea which laid down the Chagrin Shale and the anaerobic sea rich in organic matter which laid down the Cleveland Shale) moved repeatedly back and forth over the same area.{{sfn|Pepper|DeWitt|Demarest|1954|page=16}} Geologist Horace R. Collins called the boundary area intercalated,{{sfn|Collins|1979|page=E-10}} but it is unclear what meaning he intended.{{Efn|Intercalation can be used as a synonym for interbedding.{{sfn|Bates|Jackson|1984|page=262}} The term may also mean the introduction of a new layer between two preexisting layers.{{sfn|Neuendorf|Mehl|Jackson|2005|page=330}}}}

Different hypotheses have been suggested as the cause of the regional, irregular contact between the Cleveland Shale and Bedford Formation. Charles E.B. Conybeare has noted that the Cleveland Shale is siltier in the east and more calcareous in the west. He hypothesized that this indicates that silt flowed into the sea from east to west. Current eroded the Cleveland Shale and then laid down new sediment in the gullies which became the Bedford Formation.{{sfn|Conybeare|1979|pages=419-420}} Jack C. Pashin and Frank R. Ettensohn proposed a variation on this hypothesis. They note that the region containing the Cleveland Shale was undergoing uplift when the Bedford Formation was being deposited. This likely led to exposure and erosion of the Cleveland Shale, with sediment which became the Bedford Formation filling in these gullies. They also observe that there is evidence of diapirism (the intrusion of deformable Cleveland Shale upward into the more brittle Bedford Formation), as well as intertonguing.{{sfn|Pashin|Ettensohn|1995|pages=50-51}} Baird et al. note that the Cleveland Shale also tilts downward to the south. They suggest that this caused overstepping, rather than intertonguing.{{sfn|Baird|Gryta|McKenzie|Over|2009|page=10}}

The high organic content of the Cleveland Shale makes it eminently suitable for the formation of fossil fuels. One 1981 study found that the Cleveland Shale can yield an average of {{convert|14|gal}} of petroleum per {{convert|1|ST|MT}} of rock.{{sfn|Reasoner|Sturgeon|Naples|Margolis|1981|page=12}} The Cleveland Shale also contains cannel coal and "true" coal, although neither in great quantity.{{sfn|Johnson|1981|page=171}}

{{portal|Devonian}}

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}

• List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Ohio
• Marcellus Formation
• Escuminac Formation
• Floresta Formation
• Hunsrück Slate
• Rhynie Chert
• Gogo Formation
• Late Devonian extinction event

{{div col end}}

;Notes

{{notelist}}

;Citations

{{reflist|30em}}

• {{cite book|last1=Baird|first1=Gordon C.|last2=Gryta|first2=Jeffry J.|last3=McKenzie|first3=Scott C.|last4=Over|first4=D. Jeffrey|last5=Pulawski|first5=Shirley|last6=Sullivan|first6=Joseph S.|chapter=Deconvoluting the End-Devonian Story in the "Oil Lands" of Northwest Pennsylvania|title=History and Geology of the Oil Regions of Northwestern Pennsylvania. Guidebook for the 74th Annual Field Conference of Pennsylvania Geologists|location=Middletown, Pa.|publisher=Field Conference of Pennsylvania Geologists, Inc.|date=October 2009|url=http://fcopg.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/74th2009-FC-Guidebook.pdf|access-date=March 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920035441/http://fcopg.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/74th2009-FC-Guidebook.pdf|archive-date=September 20, 2015}}
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• {{cite book|last1=Pepper|first1=James F.|last2=DeWitt|first2=Wallace Jr.|last3=Demarest|first3=David F.|title=Geology of the Bedford Shale and Berea Sandstone in the Appalachian Basin. Geologic Survey Professional Paper 259|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|date=1954|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NTpSAQAAMAAJ}}
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• {{cite report|last1=Rubel|first1=A.M.|last2=Coburn|first2=T.T.|chapter=Influence of Retorting Parameters on Oil Yield from Sunbury and Ohio Shales From Northeastern Kentucky|title=Proceedings, 1981 Eastern Oil Shale Symposium|location=Lexington, Ky.|publisher=Institute for Mining and Minerals Research, University of Kentucky|date=1981|access-date=December 12, 2019|chapter-url=https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/1981-eastern-oil-shale-symposium-proceedings}}
• {{cite book|last=Traverse|first=Alfred|title=Paleopalynology|location=London|publisher=Springer|date=2008|isbn=9781402066849|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O80FhxyGCN0C}}
• {{cite report|last1=Vyas|first1=Kirit C.|last2=Aho|first2=Gary D.|last3=Robl|first3=Thomas L.|chapter=Synthetic Fuels from Eastern Oil Shale|title=Proceedings, 1981 Eastern Oil Shale Symposium|location=Lexington, Ky.|publisher=Institute for Mining and Minerals Research, University of Kentucky|date=1981|access-date=December 12, 2019|chapter-url=https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/1981-eastern-oil-shale-symposium-proceedings}}
• {{cite book|last=Williams|first=Arthur B.|title=Geology of the Cleveland Region. Pocket Natural History No. 9. Geological Series No. 1|location=Cleveland|publisher=Cleveland Museum of Natural History|date=1940}}
• {{cite book|last=Wilmarth|first=M. Grace|title=Lexicon of Geologic Names of the United States (Including Alaska). Part 1, A-L. Geologic Survey Bulletin 896|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|date=1938|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_XMeAQAAIAAJ}}

{{Shale gas}}

{{Chronostratigraphy of Ohio}}

{{Chronostratigraphy of Kentucky}}

Category:Geologic formations of Ohio

Category:Geologic formations of Kentucky

Category:Devonian System of North America

Category:Devonian Pennsylvania

Category:Famennian Stage

Category:Devonian Ohio

Category:Devonian Kentucky

Category:Shale formations of the United States

Category:Open marine deposits

Category:Source rock formations

Formations

Category:Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits

Category:Lagerstätten

Category:Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of North America

Category:Paleontology in Ohio