Shamakhi

{{CIA}}

File:Schamachia_1734.jpg (published 1734)]]

File:Shamakhi - Friedhof.JPG

Shamakhi was in antiquity part of successive Persian empires and was first mentioned as Kamachia by the ancient Greco-Roman Egyptian geographer Claudius Ptolemaeus in the 1st to 2nd century AD. Shamakhi was an important town during the Middle Ages and served as a capital of the Shirvanshah realm from the 8th to 15th centuries.

Shamakhi maintained economic and cultural relations with India and China in the 12th century, and the excavation of pottery containers prove that Shamakhi also had relations with the Central Asian cities at around the same time. Copper coins found in Shamakhi during archaeological excavations, porcelain containers produced in China, caravanserais serving international trade, prove the role of ancient Shamakhi in the Silk Road.{{Cite web|url=http://shamakhi-encyclopedia.az/samaxi-tarixd%C9%99/|title=Şamaxı şəhərinin tarixi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803001301/http://shamakhi-encyclopedia.az/samaxi-tarixd%c9%99/|archive-date=3 August 2016|url-status=dead}}

The Catholic friar, missionary and explorer William of Rubruck passed through it on his return journey from the Mongol Great Khan's court.{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Rubruquis, William of |volume=23 |pages=810–811 |first1=Henry |last1=Yule |first2=Charles |last2=Beazley}} In 1476 Venetian diplomat Giosafat Barbaro, while describing the city, stated: "This [Sammachi] is a good city; it has from four to five thousand houses, it produces silk, cotton as well as other things according to its tradition.".{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I7IvDJsuW10C|title=Viaggi fatti da Vinetia, alla Tana, in Persia, in India, et in Costantinopoli: con la descrittione particolare di città, luoghi, siti, costumi et della Porta del gran Turco...|date=1543|publisher=nelle case de figlivoli di Aldo|language=it}}

In 1500–1501, it was taken by the Safavid dynasty. Following the conquest of the area by the first Safavid ruler Ismail I, he allowed the descendants of Farrukh Yassar to rule Shamakhi and the rest of Shirvan under Safavid suzerainty. This lasted until 1538, when his son and successor, king Tahmasp I (r. 1524–1576), turned the territory into a full Safavid province and appointed its first Safavid governor.{{sfn|Fisher|Avery|Hambly|Melville|1986|pp=212, 245}} From then on, Shamakhi functioned as the capital of the Shirvan province. In 1562 Englishman Anthony Jenkinson described the city in the following terms: "This city is five days' walk on camels from the sea, now it has fallen a lot; it is predominantly populated by Armenians..."Извѣстiя Англичанъ о Россiи во второй половинѣ XVI вѣка. Переводъ съ Англiйскаго, съ предисловiемъ С. М. Середонина, p. 63{{cite book|author=Richard Hakluyt|title=Voyages and Discoveries|url=https://archive.org/details/voyagesdiscoveri0000hakl|url-access=registration|edition=2nd|year=1972|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|location=London|isbn=978-0-14-043073-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/voyagesdiscoveri0000hakl/page/91 91]–101}}

According to Carmelite monks who visited the city in 1607, its population was made up of Persians and Armenians. Armenians were actively engaged in trade. In addition to ordinary taxes, the Armenian people paid tribute to other religions.{{cite book

| author = E. A Kərimov

| contribution = Rus elmində XV — XIX-in birinci rübündə Azərbaycanın etnoqrafiya tədqiqatının tarixindən

| title = Azərbaycan etnoqrafiya toplusu

| url =

| publisher = Azərbaycan SSR EA Nəşriyyatı

| location = Bakı

| year = 1964

| pages = 202–204, 210, 217

| isbn =

| doi =

}} Adam Olearius, who visited Shamakhi in 1637, wrote: "Its inhabitants are in part Armenians and Georgians, who have their particular language; they would not understand each other if they did not use Turkish, which is common to all and very familiar, not only in Shirvan, but also everywhere in Persia".[Adam Olearius. Relation du voyage de Adam Olearius en Moscovie, Tartarie et Perse..., vol. 1, traduit de l'allemand par A. de Wicquefort, Paris, 1666, pp. 405–406] The Ottoman traveller Evliya Çelebi visited the town in 1647 and described it as having{{cite book|last1=Efendi|first1=Evliya|last2=Hammer (Translator)|first2=Joseph|title=Narrative of Travels, Europe, Asia and Africa|date=1850|location=London|pages=160}} {{cquote|about 7,000 well built houses...26 quarters... seventy mosques...forty schools for boys, seven pleasant baths...forty caravanserais...the greatest part of the inhabitants are Sunnis of the Hanefirites, who perform their prayers secretly.}} In the 1670s, the Spanish traveler Pedro Cobro Sebastian wrote that the inhabitants of Shamakhi were Persians, Armenians, and Georgians.Willem Floor and Hasan Javadi, The Role of Azerbaijani Turkish in Safavid Iran. According to John Bell, an English tourist, Turkish was the common language of the people of 1715, but the city's elites spoke Persian and there were many Georgians and Armenians in the city.Willem Floor and Hasan Javadi, The Role of Azerbaijani Turkish in Safavid Iran, стр. 572. The locals were mainly engaged in winemaking, animal husbandry and carpet weaving. In 1721, the Lezgins of the Safavid provinces of Shirvan and Dagestan, aided by the (rest of the) Sunni inhabitants of the area, sacked the city.{{sfn|Fisher|Avery|Hambly|Melville|1991|p=316}}{{sfn|Axworthy|2010|page=42}} They massacred thousands of its Shia inhabitants, apart from looting the city and robbing the property of its Christian inhabitants and foreign nationals, the latter which were mostly the city's many Russian merchants.{{sfn|Fisher|Avery|Hambly|Melville|1991|p=316}}{{sfn|Axworthy|2010|page=42}}

File:Mausoleum of Shakhandan, brother of famous Azerbaijani poet Nasimi.jpg, brother of famous Azeri poet Nasimi. Built in the 17th century.]]

The Russian forces first entered Shirvan in 1723, as they invaded the Safavid Iranian territories in the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia during the Russo-Persian War (1722–1723), using the attack on their subjects in Shamakhi shortly before by the rebellious Lezgins as one of the pretexts.{{sfn|Axworthy|2010|page=62}}{{sfn|Matthee|2005|page=28}} They however soon retired from the city, leaving it to Ottomans who possessed it in 1723–35, until Nader Shahs rise. In 1742 Shamakhi was taken and destroyed by Nader Shah of Persia reincorporating it back to Iran, and, who, to punish the inhabitants for their Sunnite creed, built a new town under the same name about {{convert|26|km|mi}} to the west, at the foot of the main chain of the Caucasus Mountains. The new Shamakhi was at different times a residence of the Shirvan Khanate, ruled by semi-independent khans, but it was finally abandoned, and the old town rebuilt. In the mid-1700s, the population of Shamakhi was about 60,000, most of whom were Armenians. At this time it was one of the best and most populous cities of Persia, before it was destroyed by an earthquake. The Shirvan Khanate was finally annexed by Russia in 1805 during the Russo-Persian War and Qajar Iran was forced to irrevocably cede the sovereignty over the town to Russia, under the Treaty of Gulistan of 1813.

The British Penny Cyclopaedia stated in 1833 that "The bulk of the population of Shirvan consists of the Tahtar, or, to speak more correctly, Turkish race, with some admixture of Arabs and Persians. . . . Besides the Mohammedans, who form the mass of the population, there are many Armenians, some Jews, and a few Gipsies. According to the official returns of 1831, the number of males belonging to the Mohammedan population was 62,934; Armenians, 6,375; Jews, 332; total males 69,641. The prevalent language of Shirvan is what is there called Toorkee or Turkish, which is also used in Azerbijan". The same source also states that according to the official returns of 1832, the city of Shamakhi was inhabited by only 2,233 families, as a result of devastation from the sack of the city "in the most barbarous manner by the highlanders of Daghestan" in 1717.The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, vol. XI, London, 1833, pp. 174–175. The Encyclopædia Britannica stated that in 1873 the city had 25,087 inhabitants, "of which 18,680 were Tartars and Shachsevans, 5,177 were Armenians, and 1,230 Russians". Silk production continued to be the main output, with 130 silk-winding establishments, owned mostly by Armenians, although the industry had considerably declined since 1864.The Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 21, Philadelphia, 1894, p. 831, article "Shirvan".

Shamakhi was the capital of the Shemakha uezd of the Shemakha Governorate of the Russian Empire until the devastating earthquake of 1859, when the capital of the province was transferred to Baku. The importance of the city declined sharply afterwards. According to the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (vol. 77, p. 460, published in 1903), Shamakhi had 20,008 inhabitants (10,450 males and 9,558 females), of which 3% were Russians, 18% were Armenians, and 79% "Azerbaijani Tatars" (later known as Azerbaijanis). With regard to religion, 79% of the population was Muslim, of which 22% was Sunni and the rest Shia; the remaining 21% was Armenian Apostolic and Eastern Orthodox.{{Cite web|title=Шемаха / Энциклопедия Брокгауза и Эфрона|url=http://gatchina3000.ru/brockhaus-and-efron-encyclopedic-dictionary/115/115487.htm|access-date=2022-02-04|website=gatchina3000.ru}}

File:Antique Shirvan rug, Jamjamli village.jpg

Historically, Shamakhi was famous for its carpets of which decoration using the buta motif dominate as with other Shirvan carpets. Shirvan carpets are on display at some of the world's famous museums. Example of these are Shirvan (13th century) kept in Istanbul's Turkish and Islamic museum, Shirvan (15th century), kept in the East Region of the Berlin Art Museum, and Shamakhi (17th century) carpets kept in the Pennsylvania Museum of America.{{Cite web|url=https://en.azvision.az/news/9409/the-develpoment-of-carpet-weaving-in-azerbaijan--photos.html|title=The {{as written|Devel|poment [sic]}} of Carpet Weaving in Azerbaijan|date=17 April 2015|access-date=18 July 2020}}

Other artistic products include copper craft, pottery, tailoring, jewellery, woodworking, sculpture, and blacksmithery (blacksmiths were very popular in Alsahab). also developed in Shamakhi.

The city is located in the most seismic area of the Caucasus and was hit by powerful earthquakes in 1191 and 1859, which was so destructive that the capital of Shirvan was transferred to Baku twice.{{cite web|title=Shamakhy Outlook|url=http://discoverazerbaijan.az/en/shamakhi/|website=discoverazerbaijan.az|access-date=11 November 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023062611/http://discoverazerbaijan.az/en/shamakhi/|archive-date=23 October 2013}} In 1872, the earthquake triggered emigration to Baku, where oil production had started in industrial proportions.

The 1667 earthquake is considered to have been the worst with a death toll of 80,000, with one-third of the city collapsed, according to the Persian merchants' reports.{{cite web|url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/1047|title=Significant Earthquake Information|last=National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information|doi=10.7289/V5TD9V7K|access-date=14 March 2024}} The last catastrophic earthquake was recorded in 1902, which destroyed the 10th-century Juma Mosque.{{cite web|title=Shamakhi's seismic history|url=http://seismology.az/en/stations/15#.VGG4OPl_uR8|website=seismology.az|access-date=11 November 2014}} Shamakhi is near the boundary of three plates.

Shamakhi is located in the central part of Shirvan, at an altitude of about {{cvt|749|m|ft}} above sea level, in a favorable geographical position. In the south of Shamakhi flows to Zongalavay, and in the east Pirsaatchay. The city is surrounded by Binasli, Gushhan from the north, Pirdiraki, and Maiden Tower-Georgia from north-west and Meysari Mountains from the west. These mountains can be considered as the city's natural defense fortifications. There are many springs that provide urban population and people of surrounding villages with drinking water because of located at the slopes of the Caucasus Mountains.

Shamakhi is a relatively humid city to its area, and has a Mediterranean climate (Csa). With a nice amount of precipitation throughout most of the year, and two relatively dry summer months.

{{Weather box

|width = auto

|location = Shamakhi

|single line = Yes

|metric first = Yes

|Jan high C = 3.7

|Feb high C = 4.1

|Mar high C = 8.2

|Apr high C = 16.4

|May high C = 21.2

|Jun high C = 25.8

|Jul high C = 29.8

|Aug high C = 28.8

|Sep high C = 24.2

|Oct high C = 16.7

|Nov high C = 10.7

|Dec high C = 6.4

|year high C = 16.3

|Jan mean C = -0.1

|Feb mean C = 0.6

|Mar mean C = 3.9

|Apr mean C = 10.8

|May mean C = 15.6

|Jun mean C = 19.9

|Jul mean C = 23.7

|Aug mean C = 22.8

|Sep mean C = 18.3

|Oct mean C = 11.1

|Nov mean C = 6.0

|Dec mean C = 2.6

|year mean C = 11.3

|Jan low C = -3.0

|Feb low C = -2.5

|Mar low C = 0.8

|Apr low C = 6.7

|May low C = 11.2

|Jun low C = 15.4

|Jul low C = 18.4

|Aug low C = 17.6

|Sep low C = 13.7

|Oct low C = 8.1

|Nov low C = 3.9

|Dec low C = -0.8

|year low C = 7.5

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 42

|Feb precipitation mm = 45

|Mar precipitation mm = 73

|Apr precipitation mm = 69

|May precipitation mm = 74

|Jun precipitation mm = 54

|Jul precipitation mm = 21

|Aug precipitation mm = 19

|Sep precipitation mm = 36

|Oct precipitation mm = 73

|Nov precipitation mm = 49

|Dec precipitation mm = 40

|year precipitation mm = 595

|Jan rain days = 8

|Feb rain days = 10

|Mar rain days = 12

|Apr rain days = 8

|May rain days = 9

|Jun rain days = 6

|Jul rain days = 3

|Aug rain days = 3

|Sep rain days = 5

|Oct rain days = 9

|Nov rain days = 8

|Dec rain days = 7

|year rain days =

|Jan sun = 103.1

|Feb sun = 92.5

|Mar sun = 112.8

|Apr sun = 179.7

|May sun = 211.8

|Jun sun = 258.7

|Jul sun = 279.4

|Aug sun = 252.8

|Sep sun = 211.8

|Oct sun = 152.3

|Nov sun = 110.7

|Dec sun = 113.7

|year sun = 2079.3

|source 1 = NOAA{{Cite FTP | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/AJ/37759.TXT

| server = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

| title = Samaxi Climate Normals 1961–1990

| access-date = 22 March 2015}}

|date=March 2015

}}

From the 16th century up until the 18th century, Armenians in Shamakhi formed the majority of the population.{{cite book |author=Richard Hakluyt |url=https://archive.org/details/voyagesdiscoveri0000hakl |title=Voyages and Discoveries |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-14-043073-8 |edition=2nd |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/voyagesdiscoveri0000hakl/page/91 91]–101 |url-access=registration}}"Shamaki, reckoned the capital of this province, stands on a river which falls into the Caspian sea, and is about sixty-six miles from Derbent towards the south, and ninety-two from Gangea to the south-east. This city was one of the best and most populous of Persia, before it was destroyed by an earthquake. It is, however, supposed to contain near 60,000 inhabitants, chiefly Armenians and strangers, whom the pleasantness of the country and traffic have invited thither" (An Universal History: From the Earliest Accounts to the Present Time, by George Sale, George Psalmanazar, Archibald Bower, George Shelvocke, John Campbell, John Swinton, vol. 43, London, 1765, p. 138) According to the 1917 publication of Kavkazskiy kalendar, Shamakhi—then known as Shemakha—had a population of 27,732 in 1916, including 14,811 men and 12,941 women, 27,259 of whom were the permanent population and 493 were temporary residents. Its ethnoreligious composition was as follows:{{Cite Kavkazskiy Kalendar 1917}}

The majority of the population is Azerbaijani, while Russians, Lezgins and Tats constitute other minorities. They speak the Azerbaijani language, Russian language, Lezgian language and Tat language respectively.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

File:Mezquita del Viernes, Shamakhi, Azerbaiyán, 2016-09-27, DD 22-36 HDR PAN.jpg

The Juma Mosque of Shamakhi is the biggest religious building in the city. Through its history the mosque has been demolished or destroyed few times, but each time it has been rebuilt, most recently in 2009.{{Cite news

|title=Azərbaycan Prezidenti Şamaxı şəhərindəki Cümə məscidinin bərpası ilə əlaqədar tədbirlər haqqında sərəncam verib

|url=http://az.trend.az/news/politics/1607371.html

|publisher=Trend.az

|access-date=13 November 2014

|archive-date=30 November 2016

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130223035/http://az.trend.az/news/politics/1607371.html/

|url-status=dead

}}{{Cite news

|title = Şamaxıdakı Cümə məscidi yenidən qurulur

|url=http://anspress.com/index.php?a=2&lng=az&nid=47535

}} It is the oldest mosque in the territory of Azerbaijan, and was built in 743–744. It is second in age in the South Caucasus after Derbent Juma mosque (built in 734). The mosque was registered by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Azerbaijan as a historical and cultural monument of the country.

The mosque was restored several times in the Middle Ages Century during the Shamakhi earthquake in 1856 and 1902 was destroyed. First reconstructed was done by Gasim Hajibababayov and later by Iosif Ploško. The last restoration work at the mosque was carried out in 2010–2013.

After the Decree "On measures to accelerate socio-economic development in the Republic of Azerbaijan", signed by Ilham Aliyev on 24 November 2003 and the "State Program on Socio-Economic Development of the Regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan" approved by the head of state, began to increase living standards in Shamakhi along with other regions.

Thus, at Shamakhi carpet shop where were installed 40 pieces of machine tools, which belongs to "Star" LTD, weave carpets such as "Guba-Shirvan", "Nakhchivan", "Garabagh" and "Tabriz". In 2005, at the Shamakhi TV Production Plant built by "Star" LTD, "Star" branded 37, 54, 72, 74 "LCD", "Plasma", "CV" and digital "Receivers" are produced based on spare parts of Toshiba "VCD".{{Cite web|url=http://www.evsengroup.az/en/history.php|title="Evsen" Group of Companies || Official web site|website=www.evsengroup.az}}"Star" LTD has invested $10 million in the construction of the AzSamand mini-car production plant.{{cite web|url=http://en.trend.az/azerbaijan/politics/1680181.html|title=Iranian official visits Azerbaijan's Shamakhi city|date=2 May 2010|access-date=13 November 2014}}

The building of the Historical-Ethnographic Museum named S.Shirvani was renovated and the bust of 12 great figures from the Shamakhi region was laid in the yard of the museum.

File:Şamaxı Uşaq Yaradıcılıq Mərkəzi.jpg

In the 19th century the town became famous due Shamakhi dancers, the principal dancers of the entertainment groups, similarly to tawaifs.[http://www.azeri.ru/az/cultur/359/ Ими восхищался Дюма] by Emil Karimov and Mehpara Aliyeva. Azeri.ru The city is home to Shirvan Domes, a 15th-century mausoleum and graveyard located at the foot of Gulistan Fortress.{{Cite web|title=Shamakhi Travel Guide - Tours, Attractions and Things To Do|url=https://www.advantour.com/azerbaijan/shamakhi.htm|access-date=2022-02-04|website=www.advantour.com}}{{Cite web|title=Tourism in Azerbaijan – Explore Azerbaijan and Cities|url=https://tourism.az/|access-date=2022-02-04|language=en-US}}

One can trace the music scene in Shamakhi back to ancient times and to the villages of Baku, generally revered as the fountainhead of mugham in Azerbaijan.{{cite web

|title=Azerbaijani mugham's history

|url=http://ocaz.eu/en/culture/music/3021-azerbaijani-mugham.html

|website=ocaz.eu

|access-date=13 November 2014

|archive-date=13 November 2014

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113101627/http://ocaz.eu/en/culture/music/3021-azerbaijani-mugham.html

|url-status=dead

}}

Shamakhi Humanitarian College

• Şamaxı Humanitar Kolleci

{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Asia#Azerbaijan|l1=List of twin towns and sister cities in Azerbaijan}}

Shamakhi is twinned with the following cities:

{{Further|:Category:People from Shamakhi}}

The city's notable residents include: philosopher Seyid Yahya Bakuvi, poets Seyid Azim Shirvani, Khaqani and Mirza Alakbar Sabir, mugham singers Alim Qasimov, Yaver Kelenterli and Farghana Qasimova, actors Aghasadyg Garaybeyli and Abbas Mirza Sharifzadeh, architect Gasim bey Hajibababeyov, Armenian playwright and novelist Alexander Shirvanzade, Armenian actor Hovhannes Abelian and others.

File:AbbasSahhat.jpg|Abbas Sahhat, one of prominent poets in Azerbaijani literature.

File:Muhammad Hadi.jpg|Mahammad Hadi, was an Azerbaijani romanticist poet.{{Cite news|title = Məhəmməd Hadi|url=http://azerbaijans.com/content_1173_az.html|publisher=azerbaijans.com}}

File:Constant Zarian.png|Gostan Zarian, an Armenian writer and poet.

File:Seyid Azim Shirvani.jpg|Seyid Azim Shirvani, continued Fuzûlî's traditions in his love-lyrical poems.

File:Pht-Vugar Ibadov eurovision (2).jpg|Alim Qasimov, UNESCO Music Prize winning mugham singer.

File:Sabir.jpg|Mirza Alakbar Sabir, one of the founders of the satirical trend in Azerbaijani literature.

File:Shemaha.jpg|Şamaxı in 1656. From Adam Olearius book

File:Shemakha 1852.jpg|Şamaxı in 1849

File:Grigory Gagarin. Chirvan. Bayaderes de Chemakha.jpg|Şamaxı female dancers by Grigory Gagarin, 1847

File:Azerbaijani from Shemakha.jpg|Young Azeri girl from Şamaxı, 1883

File:Shemahinskaya boyaderka.jpg|Azerbaijani woman from Şamaxı in the 19th century

File:Scènes, paysages, moeurs et costumes du Caucase dessinés d'aprés nature par le prince G. Gagarine.31.jpg|Dancing in Şamaxı by Grigory Gagarin, 1840

File:Shamakhi_observatory.jpg|Shamakhi Astrophysical Observatory

File:Shemakha_pass_azerbaijan.jpg|Şamaxı pass in winter

File:Shamakhi in 19th century (Azerbaijan).jpg|Shamakhi in 19th century

File:Street in Shamakhi, 19th century, Azerbaijan.jpg|Shamakhi in 19th century

File:Ilham Aliyev viewed conditions created at multi-apartment buildings constructed in Shamakhi 11.jpg|Multi-apartment buildings

File:Ilham Aliyev attended opening of orphanage-kindergarten No2 constructed on the initiative of Heydar Aliyev Foundation in Shamakhi 04.jpg| Kindergarten

• Lankaran
• Qabala
• Ganja, Azerbaijan
• Shamakhi Astrophysical Observatory
• Armenians in Shamakhi
• Shamakhi Fortress

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{cite book|last1=Axworthy|first1=Michael|author-link=Michael Axworthy|title=The Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant|date=2010|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-0857721938}}
• {{cite book | last1 = Fisher | first1 = William Bayne | last2 = Avery | first2= P. | last3 = Hambly | first3 = G. R. G | last4 = Melville | first4 = C. | title = The Cambridge History of Iran | volume = 6 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fY01Tc2SZVEC&q=battle+of+jabani | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | year = 1986 | isbn = 978-0521200943 }}
• {{cite book | last1 = Fisher | first1 = William Bayne | last2 = Avery | first2= P. | last3 = Hambly | first3 = G. R. G | last4 = Melville | first4 = C. | title = The Cambridge History of Iran | volume = 7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=H20Xt157iYUC&q=agha+muhammad+khan+invade+georgia | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0521200950 }}
• {{cite book|last1=Matthee|first1=Rudolph P.|title=The Pursuit of Pleasure: Drugs and Stimulants in Iranian History, 1500–1900|date=2005|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0691118550 |url=https://archive.org/details/pursuitofpleasur0000matt |url-access=registration}}

• {{cite book |author=Evliya Çelebi |author-link=Evliya Çelebi |year=1834 |location=London |publisher=Oriental Translation Fund |others=Translated by Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall |title=Narrative of Travels in Europe, Asia, and Africa, in the Seventeenth Century |volume= 2 |chapter=Description of the Town of Shamakhi |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/narrativeoftrave02evli#page/159/mode/2up }}

• [https://www.facebook.com/samaxi001 Shamakhi Facebook official page]
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nndoqxsL9ck Shamakhi music (02.03.2014)]

{{Shamakhi Rayon}}

{{Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan}}

{{Commons category|Şamaxı}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Populated places in Shamakhi District