Shandong Peninsula
{{Short description|Peninsula in China}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{refimprove|date=September 2014}}
{{Expand Chinese|topic=geo|date=September 2021}}
{{Chinese
| title = Shandong Peninsula
| pic = Location-of-Shandong-Peninsula.png
| piccap = The Shandong Peninsula on an administrative map of eastern China
| s = 山东半岛
| t = 山東半島
| p = Shāndōng Bàndǎo
| w = Shan-tung Pan-tao
| altname = Jiaodong Peninsula
(tsiaotung Peninsula)
| s2 = 胶东半岛
| t2 = 膠東半島
| p2 = Jiāodōng Bàndǎo
| w2 = Chiao-tung Pan-tao
| order = st
}}
The Shandong Peninsula or Jiaodong (tsiaotung) Peninsula is a peninsula in Shandong in eastern China, between the Bohai Sea to the north and the Yellow Sea to the south. The latter name refers its location being to the east of Jiaozhou.{{cite web | url=http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_map/2003-09/24/content_21694.htm|title=Shandong|work=ChinaCulture.org|publisher=Ministry of Culture|access-date= 17 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213004642/http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_map/2003-09/24/content_21694.htm|archive-date=13 February 2014}}
Geography
The waters bordering the peninsula are Laizhou Bay to the northwest, which opens into the Bohai Sea to the north, which in turn passes through the Bohai Strait to the northeast into the Yellow Sea to the east and south. The peninsula's territory comprises three prefecture-level cities of Shandong: Qingdao in the southwest, Yantai in the north and centre, and Weihai at the eastern tip.
Shandong Peninsula is the largest peninsula in China. Stretching into the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea, it is 290 kilometers long from east to west, 190 kilometers wide from north to south, and 50 kilometers narrow. The total area of Shandong Peninsula is 73,000 square kilometers.
Geologically it was once connected to the Korean Peninsula and the Liaodong Peninsula, but was split starting around 27 Ma ago, resulting in the formation of the Yellow Sea.{{Cite journal|last1=Niu|first1=Yaoling|last2=Tang|first2=Jie|date=2016-07-01|title=Origin of the Yellow Sea: an insight|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-016-1113-z|journal=Science Bulletin|language=en|volume=61|issue=14|pages=1076–1080|doi=10.1007/s11434-016-1113-z|s2cid=132284722 |issn=2095-9281}}
History
File:Contemporary map of Tsingtau and the Shandong Peninsula.png|alt=The Kiautschou Bay concession was located in the natural harbor at Tsingtao on the southern coast of the Shandong Peninsula]]
In the Paleolithic, the Shandong Peninsula area was covered by forest. In the Neolithic, about 7,000 years ago, a large number of Dongyi people inhabited the peninsula. The Dongyi had their own kingdom called the State of Lai. The peninsula later belonged to the State of Qi. The Qi built the Great Wall of Qi, which is partially on the peninsula. During the Han dynasty, the peninsula belonged to the semi-independent feudatory Jiaodong Kingdom.
The Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory was a leased territory of the German Empire from 1898 to 1914 located around Jiaozhou Bay, where the village of Qingdao (Tsingtao) developed into a major seaport.
Japan seized the territory from Germany in 1914 in the First World War. In the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, Germany lost Qingdao and its sphere of influence in Shandong. Instead of restoring Chinese sovereignty over the area, the treaty transferred the leased territory to the Empire of Japan. This resulted in popular dissatisfaction in China with the outcome, known as the Shandong Problem, and led to the May Fourth Movement. Eventually, Shandong was reverted to Chinese control in 1922 after mediation by the United States during the Washington Naval Conference. However, Japan retained economic influence in the area.
Due to geographical reasons, the Shandong Peninsula is closely connected with Northeast China and South Korea. Historically, a large number of people migrated to the Northeast by boat, whereas in the present day many people from the Northeast "return" to the Shandong Peninsula. After the People's Republic of China established diplomatic relations with South Korea in 1992, a large number of South Korean companies also set up factories in the region. There are more than 200,000 Koreans living in the Shandong Peninsula. South Korea has a consulate-general in Qingdao.
Dialect
The peninsula is characterized by Jiaoliao Mandarin, a dialect widely spoken in Shandong Peninsula, Liaodong Peninsula, and some parts of Manchuria, such as Mishan, Hulin, Fuyuan and Raohe counties of Heilongjiang.
Jiaoliao Mandarin spread from its base, the Shandong Peninsula, across the sea to Northeast China as a result of large scale migration of Shandong people to the Northeast over successive dynasties.
Climate
Shandong Peninsula is surrounded by sea on three sides and has a monsoon climate with four distinct seasons (Köppen: Cwa/Dwa). Due to maritime influence, the climate is relatively mild, in both summer and winter.{{Weather box
| location = Qingdao (1991–2020 normals)
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| collapsed =
| Jan record high C = 12.9
| Feb record high C = 19.6
| Mar record high C = 21.5
| Apr record high C = 25.2
| May record high C = 34.2
| Jun record high C = 34.4
| Jul record high C = 37.4
| Aug record high C = 34.3
| Sep record high C = 33.2
| Oct record high C = 28.4
| Nov record high C = 22.1
| Dec record high C = 16.2
| Jan high C = 3.4
| Feb high C = 5.6
| Mar high C = 10.0
| Apr high C = 15.7
| May high C = 21.1
| Jun high C = 24.3
| Jul high C = 27.6
| Aug high C = 28.7
| Sep high C = 25.8
| Oct high C = 20.2
| Nov high C = 12.8
| Dec high C = 5.9
| Jan mean C = 0.2
| Feb mean C = 2.1
| Mar mean C = 6.2
| Apr mean C = 11.6
| May mean C = 17.1
| Jun mean C = 20.8
| Jul mean C = 24.7
| Aug mean C = 25.6
| Sep mean C = 22.3
| Oct mean C = 16.6
| Nov mean C = 9.5
| Dec mean C = 2.7
| Jan low C = −2.4
| Feb low C = −0.6
| Mar low C = 3.4
| Apr low C = 8.7
| May low C = 14.1
| Jun low C = 18.5
| Jul low C = 22.7
| Aug low C = 23.4
| Sep low C = 19.5
| Oct low C = 13.7
| Nov low C = 6.7
| Dec low C = 0.1
| Jan record low C = −14.3
| Feb record low C = −12.1
| Mar record low C = −6.2
| Apr record low C = −1.6
| May record low C = 6.1
| Jun record low C = 12.0
| Jul record low C = 13.6
| Aug record low C = 16.3
| Sep record low C = 10.1
| Oct record low C = 1.9
| Nov record low C = −7.2
| Dec record low C = −11.3
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 10.3
| Feb precipitation mm = 15.7
| Mar precipitation mm = 18.0
| Apr precipitation mm = 34.0
| May precipitation mm = 64.1
| Jun precipitation mm = 70.7
| Jul precipitation mm = 159.1
| Aug precipitation mm = 159.6
| Sep precipitation mm = 69.4
| Oct precipitation mm = 35.5
| Nov precipitation mm = 35.2
| Dec precipitation mm = 14.8
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 2.8
| Feb precipitation days = 4.0
| Mar precipitation days = 4.6
| Apr precipitation days = 6.5
| May precipitation days = 7.7
| Jun precipitation days = 8.7
| Jul precipitation days = 11.6
| Aug precipitation days = 10.9
| Sep precipitation days = 7.2
| Oct precipitation days = 5.3
| Nov precipitation days = 5.2
| Dec precipitation days = 3.6
| Jan humidity = 63
| Feb humidity = 65
| Mar humidity = 65
| Apr humidity = 67
| May humidity = 71
| Jun humidity = 82
| Jul humidity = 86
| Aug humidity = 82
| Sep humidity = 71
| Oct humidity = 64
| Nov humidity = 64
| Dec humidity = 63
| Jan sun = 160.4
| Jan percentsun = 52
| Feb sun = 164.9
| Feb percentsun = 53
| Mar sun = 208.6
| Mar percentsun = 56
| Apr sun = 219.1
| Apr percentsun = 56
| May sun = 234.3
| May percentsun = 54
| Jun sun = 186.0
| Jun percentsun = 43
| Jul sun = 168.3
| Jul percentsun = 38
| Aug sun = 194.5
| Aug percentsun = 47
| Sep sun = 201.1
| Sep percentsun = 55
| Oct sun = 202.1
| Oct percentsun = 59
| Nov sun = 163.4
| Nov percentsun = 54
| Dec sun = 158.5
| Dec percentsun = 53
| Jan snow days = 3.8
| Feb snow days = 3.3
| Mar snow days = 1.6
| Apr snow days = 0.2
| May snow days = 0
| Jun snow days = 0
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 0
| Oct snow days = 0
| Nov snow days = 0.7
| Dec snow days = 2.7
| year snow days =
| Jan uv = 2
| Feb uv = 3
| Mar uv = 5
| Apr uv = 7
| May uv = 9
| Jun uv = 9
| Jul uv = 10
| Aug uv = 9
| Sep uv = 7
| Oct uv = 5
| Nov uv = 3
| Dec uv = 1
| source 1 = China Meteorological Administration{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans |access-date=12 August 2023}}
{{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans | access-date =12 August 2023 |title=Experience Template }}
| source 2 = Weather China{{cite web
| url = http://www.weather.com.cn/cityintro/101120201.shtml?l
| script-title=zh:青岛 - 气象数据 -中国天气网
| publisher = Weather China
| language = zh
| access-date = 2011-06-01}} Weather Atlas (UV index){{Cite web|url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/china/qingdao-climate|title=Qingdao, China - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast|publisher=Yu Media Group|website= Weather Atlas|language=en|access-date=2019-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709185259/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/china/qingdao-climate|archive-date=9 July 2019|url-status=live}}
| date = August 2010
| source =
}}
Economy
Shandong Peninsula is the most developed region of the province, and one of the most affluent region in China{{Cite journal |last=阚子翔 |last2=赵庚星 |date=2019-07-03 |title=山东半岛蓝色经济区城市可持续发展评价 |url=https://www.hanspub.org/journal/paperinformation?paperid=31327#abstract |journal=Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=09 |pages=458 |doi=10.12677/SD.2019.93054}}. As early as the Spring and Autumn period in the 8th century BC, the fishing and salt industries had gradually emerged. During the Warring States period, the iron smelting industry and silk-hemp textile production had already reached a high level. In the Han dynasty, the region became known as the "granary of the East." In the Tang dynasty, Dengzhou and Laizhou were important ports for foreign trade. During the Ming and Qing periods, Jiaozhou was the largest trading port in northern China. After the Opium Wars, the economy developed abnormally, and Qingdao and Weihai were successively occupied by Germany and Britain. After 1949, the region’s advantages were finally utilized, and it became a nationally renowned base for the production of peanuts, fruit, aquatic products, and tussah silk. Qingdao and Yantai are currently developing economic and technological development zones.
= Agriculture =
Due to its hilly terrain and mild, humid climate, the Shandong Peninsula is known for producing traditional fruits of northern China. Its main specialties include Laoshan honey peaches, Qixia apples, Laiyang pears, and Dazeshan grapes.
= Urban areas =
Geographically, Shandong Peninsula is composed of five prefecture-level cities.
class="wikitable"
|+ !City !Area (km2) !Population2020 census |
Qingdao
|11,175.30 |10,070,000 |
Weifang
|16,004.89 |9,386,700 |
Yantai
|13,746.47 |7,102,100 |
Rizhao
|5,347.99 |3,084,500 |
Weihai
|5,697.98 |2,906,500 |
In popular culture
The Shandong Peninsula is fictionalized as the "Chinese Peninsula" in the Japanese manga and anime series, Fire Force.
See also
References
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{{Peninsulas of China}}