Shark sanctuary#Drivers of the shark trade

{{further|Threatened sharks}}

Every year, fishermen pull "up to 73 million" or "some 100 million" sharks from the world's oceans. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that more than half of shark species are overexploited or depleted.

{{cite news

|title=World's first shark sanctuary created by Pacific island of Palau

|publisher=TimesOnline

|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article6848627.ece

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091025123200/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article6848627.ece

|url-status=dead

|archive-date=October 25, 2009

|date=September 26, 2009

|access-date=September 27, 2009

| location=London| first=Sophie| last=Tedmanson

}} Globally, 21% of shark species whose extinction risk has been assessed fall into the "threatened" categories, and 18% are "near threatened", while 35% lack sufficient data to decide, leaving 26% in the unthreatened category.

The search for shark fins drives the illegal hunting trade. Some jurisdictions permit fishing for fins and food. Sharks are also caught as bycatch when fishing for marlin, tuna and other varieties.

Sharks generally reach sexual maturity only after several years of life and produce very few offspring in comparison to other harvested fish. Harvesting sharks before they reproduce has severe impacts on future populations.

Many nations restrict shark catches and shark finning.

Palau created the world's first so-named "shark sanctuary" on September 25, 2009.

{{cite news

|url = http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=508795&publicationSubCategoryId=200

|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130104125625/http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=508795&publicationSubCategoryId=200

|url-status = dead

|archive-date = 2013-01-04

|title = Palau creates world's first shark haven

|date = 2009-09-26

|access-date = 2009-09-28

|newspaper = The Philippine Star

}} Palau forbids all commercial shark fishing within its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) waters. The sanctuary protects about {{Convert|600000|km2|sqmi}} of ocean,

{{cite web

|last = Black

|first = Richard

|title = Palau pioneers 'shark sanctuary'

|publisher = BBC

|date = 25 September 2009

|url = http://usproxy.bbc.com/2/hi/science/nature/8272508.stm

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091001201027/http://usproxy.bbc.com/2/hi/science/nature/8272508.stm

|url-status = dead

|archive-date = 1 October 2009

|access-date = 25 September 2009

}} an area similar to the country of France.{{Cite news|last=Urbina|first=Ian|date=2016-02-17|title=Palau vs. the Poachers (Published 2016)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/21/magazine/palau-vs-the-poachers.html|access-date=2021-02-03|issn=0362-4331}}{{cite news

|author=Sophie Tedmanson

|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article6848627.ece

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091025123200/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article6848627.ece

|url-status=dead

|archive-date=October 25, 2009

|title=World's first shark sanctuary created by Pacific island of Palau

|date=2009-09-26

|access-date=2009-09-28

|newspaper=The Times

| location=London

}}

{{cite web

|author=Ker Than

|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/09/090925-sharks-sanctuary-palau.html

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929090603/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/09/090925-sharks-sanctuary-palau.html

|url-status=dead

|archive-date=September 29, 2009

|title=France-Size Shark Sanctuary Created -- A First

|date=2009-09-25

|access-date=2009-09-28

|publisher=National Geographic

}} President Johnson Toribiong made the announcement at a meeting of the United Nations.

{{cite web

|url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-09/27/content_12117618.htm

|title = Palau's EEZ becomes shark sanctuary

|date = 2009-09-27

|access-date = 2009-09-28

|publisher = Xinhua News Agency

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090930054317/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-09/27/content_12117618.htm

|archive-date = 2009-09-30

}}

{{cite web

|url=http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=49344

|title=Palau creates shark sanctuary to protect tourism and prevent overfishing

|date=2009-09-27

|access-date=2009-09-28

|publisher=Radio New Zealand

}}

{{cite news

|author=Cornelia Dean

|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/25/science/earth/25shark.html

|title=Palau to Ban Shark Fishing

|date=2009-09-24

|access-date=2009-09-28

|newspaper=The New York Times

}} President Toribiong also requested a worldwide ban on shark fishing. Palau is home to 135 endangered or vulnerable shark and ray species.

{{cite news

|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jYMje1-rh2wiolsO0rE2MOgZ-8nAD9AU1TN00

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091002005127/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jYMje1-rh2wiolsO0rE2MOgZ-8nAD9AU1TN00

|url-status=dead

|archive-date=October 2, 2009

|title=Palau creates world's first shark sanctuary

|agency=Associated Press

|access-date=September 27, 2009

|date=September 25, 2009

}}

The Maldives created a sanctuary in March, 2010.{{cite news|last=Jolly|first=David|title=Maldives Ban Fishing of Sharks|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/10/world/asia/10iht-shark.html|newspaper=New York Times|date=March 9, 2011|access-date=November 27, 2011}} Tokelau declared its entire EEZ a shark sanctuary in 2011.[http://www.pewenvironment.org/news-room/press-releases/tokelau-declares-shark-sanctuary-85899363741 PEW: Tokelau Declares Shark Sanctuary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226180701/http://www.pewenvironment.org/news-room/press-releases/tokelau-declares-shark-sanctuary-85899363741 |date=2014-02-26 }}, 7 September 2011

On February 25, 2011, Guam, a US island territory, voted to ban commerce in fins. Guam's Senate passed a bill banning the sale, possession and distribution of the fins.{{cite web

|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5itxSWojvMUcfZdMmwLeZ0eELGtdw?docId=CNG.b8be1fa9ceeaf77e3700b0e75ec87ead.a91

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307125924/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5itxSWojvMUcfZdMmwLeZ0eELGtdw?docId=CNG.b8be1fa9ceeaf77e3700b0e75ec87ead.a91

|url-status=dead

|archive-date=March 7, 2011

|title=Guam islands vote to protect sharks

|date=February 25, 2011

|publisher=AFP

|access-date=February 28, 2011}}

In August, 2011, Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, and Guam announced plans to join Palau in a region-wide sanctuary that covers {{convert|2000000|sqmi}} of ocean.{{cite news

|url=http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/08/04/pacific-islands-band-together-on-a-shark-sanctuary/

|title=Pacific Islands Band Together on a Shark Sanctuary

|first=JOANNA M. |last=FOSTER

|newspaper=New York Times

|date=August 4, 2011 |access-date=August 4, 2011}}

Kiribati, another Pacific island state, and the US operate Earth's largest marine reserve.

{{wikinews|Bahamas become fourth country to ban shark fishing}}

Honduras prohibited the taking of sharks in its national waters as of February 2010.{{cite news

|title=Honduras and Micronesia Throw Down Global Challenge to Save Sharks

|publisher=Deep Sea News

|url=http://deepseanews.com/2010/09/honduras-and-micronesia-throw-down-global-challenge-to-save-sharks/

|first=RICK |last=MAC |date=September 22, 2010|access-date=September 22, 2010}}

The U.S. bans shark finning on all U.S.-flagged vessels, forbids the taking 19 species of sharks including white, whale, and basking sharks and shares lists of illegal vessels with established fishing companies, helping them report illegal activities. The U.S. also assesses the health of many of its shark populations and includes sharks in its various Fishery Management Plans.

{{cite web

|title=Shark Web Site

|url=http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/sharks/FS_management.htm

|publisher=NOAA

|access-date=September 30, 2009

}} Hawaii has banned the sale and possession of shark fins. The states of California, Oregon and Washington are considering similar bans.{{cite news

|newspaper=The New York Times

|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/06/us/06fin.html

|title=Soup Without Fins? Some Californians Simmer

|first=PATRICIA LEIGH |last=BROWN

|date=March 5, 2011 |access-date=March 5, 2011}}

In 1991 South Africa became the first country in the world to declare great white sharks a legally protected species.{{cite web|url=http://www.greatwhiteshark.co.za/pages/conservation.html |title=White Shark Trust - Conservation |publisher=Greatwhiteshark.co.za |access-date=2011-07-29}}

In February 2009, the European Commission proposed first-ever shark conservation rules for European waters, although these are not outright bans. EU countries account for one-third of global shark meat exports.

Shark steaks are increasingly served in restaurants. Shark parts are also used in lotions and leather sports shoes.

Taiwan banned shark finning in 2012.{{cite news|title=Taiwan to Establish Shark Finning Ban |url=https://news.yahoo.com/taiwan-establish-shark-finning-ban-193610255.html |access-date=2 December 2011 |newspaper=PR Newswire |date=October 21, 2011 }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

Israel - All elasmobranchs are fully protected in Israel's territorial waters, in the Mediterranean Sea and in the Gulf of Aqaba (northeastern Red Sea), since 2005, making these effective shark sanctuaries.

File:Global shark catch.svg

After reaching about 0.9 million tonnes in 2003, catches of the “sharks, rays and chimaeras” group declined to 0.75 million tonnes in 2006, a drop of 15 percent.,

{{cite web

|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0250e/i0250e00.htm

|title=THE STATE OF WORLD FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE

|publisher=Food And Agriculture Organization

|year=2008

|access-date=September 30, 2009

}} numbering some 100 million fish.

{{cite news

|title=Shark fin soup alters an ecosystem

|publisher=CNN

|last=Linn |first=Lisa

|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/12/10/pip.shark.finning/index.html

| date=2008-12-15

| access-date=2010-05-23

}}

File:Chinese cuisine-Shark fin soup-05.jpg

Sharks are a common seafood in many places around the world, including China (shark-fin soup), Japan, Australia (fish and chips under the name flake), in India (under the name sora in Tamil language and Telugu language), and Icelanders eat Greenland sharks as hákarl.

The practice of live finning, where a fisherman removes the fin with a hot metal blade and releases the dying animal occurs with some frequency, but is not a prevalent practice, with most fins taken with the entire animal.{{Cite web| last = Mahtani| first = Shibani| title = Experts Swim Against Shark Fin Debate| work = WSJ| access-date = 2016-08-21| url = https://blogs.wsj.com/indonesiarealtime/2012/02/21/experts-swim-against-the-current-in-shark-fin-debate/}} Around 80% of shark fins are derived as accidental by-catch, which are quickly sold to the market due to their high price. Shark finning has become a major trade within black markets all over the world with shark fins going at about $300/lb in 2009.{{cite web |url=http://actionnetwork.org/pewenvironmentgroup/notice-description.tcl?newsletter_id=35263072 |title=Archived copy |website=actionnetwork.org |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130903003354/http://actionnetwork.org/pewenvironmentgroup/notice-description.tcl?newsletter_id=35263072 |archive-date=3 September 2013 |url-status=dead}}

European consumers consume dogfishes, smoothhounds, catsharks, makos, porbeagle and also skates and rays.{{cite web

| url=http://www.sharkalliance.org/do_download.asp?did=1090

| title=Shark fisheries and trade in Europe: Fact sheet on Italy

| access-date = 2007-09-06

}} However, the U.S. FDA recommends that children and women who are or may be pregnant should refrain from eating shark.

For details see mercury in fish.

In the East Asian region, use of shark cartilage in preparing soups is considered a health tonic. Hong Kong imports it from North and South American countries, particularly for use in either a cooked format or to prepare boiled soup, as a health fad, by mixing it with herbals supplements.

Another large demand for shark cartilage is for manufacture of "Shark Cartilage Powder" or pills as a cure for cancer. The anti cancer claims of such powders marketed in many parts of the world has been discounted by the US Food and Drug Administration, Federal Trade Commissions and medical studies.

{{cite news

|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/03/health/03cancer.html

|title=Shark Cartilage, Not a Cancer Therapy

|last=Pollack|first=Andrew

|date=3 June 2007

|newspaper=New York Times

|access-date=2009-08-29

}} In spite of such injunctions, the trade in this powder continues and the shark cartilage powder is still widely marketed as a cancer cure, stated to be selling at US$145 per gram.{{cite book|first=Gene S. |last=Helfman|title=The diversity of fishes: biology, evolution, and ecology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FyehAR6hsUUC&pg=PA226|access-date=4 January 2011|date=4 May 2009|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-2494-2|page=226}} It is also stated that in Costa Rica, one single firm alone processed 235,000 sharks every month to manufacture cartilage pills.

Seafood Watch recommends that everyone avoid eating shark.{{cite web

|url = http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/content/media/MBA_SeafoodWatch_NationalGuide.pdf

|title = Seafod WATCH, National Sustainable Seafood Guide July 2009

|date = July 2009

|access-date = 2009-08-29

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100418161105/http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/content/media/MBA_SeafoodWatch_NationalGuide.pdf

|archive-date = 2010-04-18

}}

The majority of shark fisheries around the globe have little monitoring or management. With the rise in demand for shark products there is a greater pressure on fisheries.{{Cite book

| last=Pratt

| first=H. L. Jr. |author2=Gruber, S. H. |author3=Taniuchi, T.

|year=1990

| title=Elasmobranchs as living resources: Advances in the biology, ecology, systematics, and the status of the fisheries

|publisher=NOAA Tech Rept. (90)}} Sharks experience a long interval between birth and sexual maturity, such that many sharks never reach maturity. In some species, populations have declined by over 90% over the past 20–30 years with decline of 70% not unusual.{{Cite book

| last=Walker

| first=T.I.

|year=1998

|title=Shark Fisheries Management and Biology}}

The practice of shark finning, attracts much controversy and regulations are being enacted to prevent it from occurring. The acclaimed 2007 documentary, Sharkwater exposed how sharks are being hunted to extinction, in part due to the massive Asian demand for shark fin soup.{{cite magazine |author=Owen Gleiberman |url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20155947,00.html |title=Sharkwater Review |magazine=EW.com |date=2007-10-31 |access-date=2011-07-29 |archive-date=2009-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425072237/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20155947,00.html |url-status=dead }}

• Grey nurse shark conservation
• Shark Conservation Act
• Sharkwater

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Category:Sharks

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