Shidao Bay Nuclear Power Plant#HTR-PM
{{Short description|Nuclear plant in Shandong, China}}
{{Use American English|date = February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox power station
| name_official = 石岛湾核电站
| image =
| image_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|36|58|20|N|122|31|44|E|region:CN-SD_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = People's Republic of China
| location = Rongcheng, Weihai, Shandong
| status = O
| construction_began = {{Start date|df=yes|2012|12|09}}
| commissioned =
| decommissioned =
| cost = US$16 billion (units 1–7)
| owner = China Huaneng Group
Shandong Shidao Bay Nuclear Power Co., Ltd (HSNPC)
Tsinghua University
| operator =
| np_reactor_type = HTGR
| np_reactor_supplier =
| np_fuel_type =
| np_fuel_supplier =
| ps_cogeneration =
| ps_cooling_source = Yellow Sea
| ps_cooling_towers =
| ps_units_operational = 1 x 200 MW twin reactor
1 × 1500 MW
| ps_units_manu_model = HTR-PM
HPR1000
CAP1400
| ps_units_uc = 1 × 1500 MW
2 × 1134 MW
| ps_units_planned = 8 × 200 MW twin reactor
2 × 1134 MW
| ps_units_decommissioned =
| thermal_capacity =
| ps_electrical_capacity = 1700
| ps_electrical_cap_fac =
| ps_storage_capacity =
| ps_annual_generation =
| website =
| extra =
}}
Shidao Bay Nuclear Power Plant ({{zh|s=石岛湾核电站|t=石島灣核電廠|p=Shídǎo wān hédiàn chǎng}}), commonly known as Shidaowan, is a nuclear power plant in Shandong province, China. The site is located near the Xiqianjia village in Ningjin subdistrict, Rongcheng, Weihai, Shandong. The plant is located about {{convert|23|km}} south of Rongcheng City, {{convert|14|km}} northwest of Shidao, and {{convert|68|km}} southeast of Weihai City.{{cite web | url= http://www.fhdigz.com/en/project_detail.php?id=76 | title= Marine Works of Shidao Bay Nuclear Power Plant | date= 5 May 2014 | work= CCCC-FHDI Engineering | publisher= | accessdate= 21 July 2014 | archive-date= 28 March 2022 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220328054733/https://www.fhdigz.com/en/project_detail.php?id=76 | url-status= live }}
The plant has the first fourth-generation nuclear reactors in the world:{{Cite web|title=HTR-PM: Making dreams come true – Nuclear Engineering International|url=https://www.neimagazine.com/features/featurehtr-pm-making-dreams-come-true-7009889/|access-date=11 January 2021|website=www.neimagazine.com|archive-date=28 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328064002/https://www.neimagazine.com/features/featurehtr-pm-making-dreams-come-true-7009889/|url-status=live}} the HTR-PM, a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) concept ({{coord|36|58|45|N|122|31|50|E}}). The plant will ultimately have ten 210 MWe (megawatts electrical) units of this type. Each unit is made of two HTR-PM reactors driving a single 210 MWe steam turbine.
The plant also hosts the construction of two 1500 MWe CAP1400 pressurized water reactors ({{coord|36|57|56|N|122|31|12|E}}), a design based on the AP1000John A. Mathews; Hao Tan; O'Faircheallaigh (13 August 2015). China’s Renewable Energy Revolution. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 55–. {{ISBN|978-1-137-54625-8}}. jointly developed by Westinghouse and China's State Nuclear Power Technology Corporation (SNPTC).[https://nnsa.mee.gov.cn/ywdt/hyzx/202411/t20241106_1093573.html The "Guohe No. 1" demonstration project has been connected to the grid for the first time]
Shidao Bay nuclear power plant is a joint venture by China Huaneng Group, China Nuclear Engineering & Construction Group, and Tsinghua University. The total investment of 100 billion yuan (US$15.7 billion) and the 20-year construction plan makes it one of China's large nuclear projects.{{Cite web |title=World's First HTGC Reactor is About to Bring Nuclear Test Operation - World-Energy |url=https://www.world-energy.org/article/19621.html |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=www.world-energy.org}}
HTR-PM
{{main|HTR-PM}}
In 2005, China announced its intention to scale up the HTR-10 experimental reactor for commercial power generation. The first two 250-MWt High-Temperature Reactor-Pebble-bed Modules (HTR-PM) will be installed at Shidao Bay, and together drive a steam turbine generating 200 MWe.
Originally to be started in 2011, the project was postponed after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan in March 2011. In 2009, it was planned to be finished in 2013.{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2009.02.023 | volume=239 | title=Current status and technical description of Chinese 2×250MWth HTR-PM demonstration plant | journal=Nuclear Engineering and Design | year=2009 | pages=1212–1219| last1=Zhang | first1=Zuoyi | last2=Wu | first2=Zongxin | last3=Wang | first3=Dazhong | last4=Xu | first4=Yuanhui | last5=Sun | first5=Yuliang | last6=Li | first6=Fu | last7=Dong | first7=Yujie | issue=7 }} Construction finally began at the end of 2012,{{cite web |title=China Begins Construction Of First Generation IV HTR-PM Unit |url= http://www.nucnet.org/all-the-news/2013/01/07/china-begins-construction-of-first-generation-iv-htr-pm-unit |date= 7 January 2013 |access-date=4 May 2018 |archive-date=27 February 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190227032928/https://www.nucnet.org/all-the-news/2013/01/07/china-begins-construction-of-first-generation-iv-htr-pm-unit |url-status=live}} with the pouring of concrete basemat occurring in April 2014.{{cite web |title=First HTR-PM construction progresses |url= http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-First-CAP1400-reactor-under-construction-0404144.html |date=4 April 2014 |accessdate=8 April 2014 |archive-date= 30 September 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230930082211/https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-First-CAP1400-reactor-under-construction-0404144.html |url-status=live}} The vessel was installed in 2016. It was expected to begin operating around 2017,{{cite web |title= First vessel installed in China's HTR-PM unit |url= http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/nn-first-vessel-installed-in-chinas-htr-pm-unit-2103164.html |date= 21 March 2016 |accessdate=7 April 2017 |archive-date= 9 April 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230409080649/https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/nn-first-vessel-installed-in-chinas-htr-pm-unit-2103164.html |url-status=live}} later postponed to 2018.
The pressure vessel head was installed in December 2017.{{Cite web |url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-First-HTR-PM-vessel-head-in-place-0401185.html |title=First HTR-PM vessel head in place – World Nuclear News|access-date= 2 February 2018 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210506064924/https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-First-HTR-PM-vessel-head-in-place-0401185.html |url-status=live}} Cold testing was completed in November 2020.{{cite web |title= Cold testing of HTR-PM reactors completed |url= https://world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Cold-testing-of-HTR-PM-reactors-completed |website=www.world-nuclear-news.org |accessdate=4 November 2020 |archive-date=13 November 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201113005516/https://world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Cold-testing-of-HTR-PM-reactors-completed |url-status=live}}
Hot functional testing of the reactors began in January 2021, and operational start up is planned for late 2021.{{cite web |title=Hot functional testing of HTR-PM reactors starts |url= https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Hot-functional-testing-of-HTR-PM-reactors-starts |website=www.world-nuclear-news.org |accessdate= 5 January 2021 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220407114031/https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Hot-functional-testing-of-HTR-PM-reactors-starts |url-status=live}} The first reactor went critical, marking the first criticality of a generation IV commercial nuclear power plant, in September 2021.{{cite web |title =China's HTR-PM reactor achieves first criticality |url= https://world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Chinas-HTR-PM-reactor-achieves-first-criticality |website= www.world-nuclear-news.org |accessdate=13 September 2021 |archive-date=13 September 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210913175238/https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Chinas-HTR-PM-reactor-achieves-first-criticality |url-status=live}} Reactor two achieved first criticality in November 2021.{{Cite web |title=Dual criticality for Chinese demonstration HTR-PM : New Nuclear – World Nuclear News |url= https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Dual-criticality-for-Chinese-demonstration-HTR-PM |access-date=14 November 2021 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220412082925/https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Dual-criticality-for-Chinese-demonstration-HTR-PM |url-status=live}} Reactor one was connected to the state power grid and began producing power in December 2021 {{Cite web |title=Demonstration HTR-PM connected to grid |url=https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Demonstration-HTR-PM-connected-to-grid |access-date=22 December 2021 |archive-date= 25 April 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220425174319/https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Demonstration-HTR-PM-connected-to-grid |url-status=live}} The HTR-PM project demonstrated it had reached "initial full power" in December 2022.{{Cite web |title=China's demonstration HTR-PM reaches full power |url= https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/China-s-demonstration-HTR-PM-reaches-full-power |access-date=9 December 2022 |archive-date=9 December 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221209190905/https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/China-s-demonstration-HTR-PM-reaches-full-power |url-status=live}} The HTR-PM project finally entered commercial operation in December 2023.{{Cite web |title=China's demonstration HTR-PM enters commercial operation |url= https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Chinese-HTR-PM-Demo-begins-commercial-operation}} An updated larger power plant, HTR-PM600, is planned with a capacity of 600 MWe using six HTR-PM reactor units.{{cite web |title=China plans further high temperature reactor innovation |url= http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-China-plans-further-high-temperature-reactor-innovation-1909171.html |website=www.world-nuclear-news.org|accessdate=8 November 2017 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230604043812/https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-China-plans-further-high-temperature-reactor-innovation-1909171.html |url-status=live}}
Hualong One
In July 2024, first concrete was poured for Shidaowan 1, the first of four Hualong One reactors.{{cite news |url= https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Construction-starts-on-two-new-Chinese-units |title=Construction starts on two new Chinese units |work=World Nuclear News |date=29 July 2024 |accessdate=9 September 2024}}
In May 2025, first concrete was poured for Shidaowan 2.{{cite news |url= https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/articles/construction-of-second-shidaowan-hualong-one-begins |title= Construction of second Shidaowan Hualong One begins |work=World Nuclear News |date=8 May 2025 |accessdate=11 May 2025}}
CAP1400
In November 2006, State Power Investment Corporation (SPIC) introduced the AP1000, a third-generation pressurized water reactor design, from the U.S. company Westinghouse Electric Corporation.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} Since then China built four AP1000 units, two in the Sanmen Nuclear Power Station, and another two in the Haiyang Nuclear Power Plant.
China has been researching and developing its own version of the AP1000, the more powerful CAP1400, also referred to as Guohe One (Guo He One, {{zh|s=国和|t=国和|p=guó hé}}, i.e. unity of the country).{{cite web | url= https://www.seetao.com/details/40823/en.html | title= A milestone in nuclear power autonomy, Guohe No. 1 was released in Shanghai | date= 29 September 2020 | website=www.seetao.com | publisher=Beijing Shifang Jiandao Culture Media Co |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201010151604/https://www.seetao.com/details/40823/en.html |archive-date= 10 October 2020 |url-status= |accessdate=10 October 2020}}[https://www.mycaijing.com/article/detail/533390?source_id=40 Nuclear power demonstration project "Guohe No. 1" connected to the grid for power generation]
Preparation work started in 2013 and Unit 1 construction started in 2018. Completion estimated in 2021.{{cite web | url= http://www.snptc.com.cn/en/zyyw/NuclearPower/NPPEPC/ | title= CAP1400 first of a kind project | website=www.snptc.com.cn |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190412063033/http://www.snptc.com.cn/en/zyyw/NuclearPower/NPPEPC/ |archive-date= 12 April 2019 |url-status=dead |accessdate=12 April 2019}}
In May 2016, the CAP1400 design has successfully passed the International Atomic Energy Agency's (IAEA) Generic Reactor Safety Review.
According to SPIC, the company is building two CAP1400 reactors in a demonstration project located in the Shidao Bay nuclear plant.{{cite web | url= http://www.snptc.com.cn/en/xwzx/hdyw/201804/t20180427_18722.html | title= World's First Third-generation AP1000 Power Plant in China Starts Fueling | date= 27 April 2018 | website= www.snptc.com.cn |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180722073044/http://www.snptc.com.cn/en/xwzx/hdyw/201804/t20180427_18722.html |archive-date= 22 July 2018 |url-status=dead |accessdate=12 April 2019}}{{cite web | url= http://eng.spic.com.cn/2016SiteEn/report/201708/P020170829739238031885.pdf | title= SPIC 2016 presentation | year= 2016 |pages=11, 12 | website=eng.spic.com.cn |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180403145414/http://eng.spic.com.cn/2016SiteEn/report/201708/P020170829739238031885.pdf |archive-date=3 April 2018 |url-status=live |accessdate=12 April 2019}}
In March 2017, the Unit 1 first CAP1400 reactor pressure vessel hydraulic test was completed at the factory test site. The pressure vessel is the core equipment of the reactor and has a total weight of about 487 tons and a design life of 60 years.{{cite web | url= http://hlj.people.com.cn/n2/2017/0320/c351377-29881915.html | title= The first hydraulic pressure test of the first CAP1400 reactor pressure vessel in China was successful | date= 20 March 2017 | language=Chinese | publisher=People's Network | website=hlj.people.com.cn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412053703/http://hlj.people.com.cn/n2/2017/0320/c351377-29881915.html |archive-date=12 April 2019 |url-status=live |accessdate=12 April 2019}}
On 30 June 2017, the Unit 1 first low-pressure module LP2 of the CAP1400 National Nuclear Demonstration Project Turbine, was completed by Dongfang Electric Group Dongfang Steam Turbine Co., Ltd. The CAP1400 steam turbine low-pressure rotor has a weight of 267 tons and the whole block weight is 749 tons. The last stage blades in the low pressure turbines are {{convert|1.828|m|ft}} tall. The LP2 steam turbine will help drive the CAP1400 1,520 MW generator.{{cite web | url= http://news.takungpao.com.hk/mainland/focus/2017-07/3469077.html | title= CAP1400 Turbine Cover Cylinder China's third-generation nuclear power technology takes a major breakthrough |last=Bing |first=Li | date= 2 July 2017 |editor-last=Mengzhan|editor-first=Li | language=Chinese | publisher=Takungpao | website=news.takungpao.com.hk |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170702034130/http://news.takungpao.com.hk/mainland/focus/2017-07/3469077.html |archive-date=2 July 2017 |url-status=live |accessdate=12 April 2019}}
In March 2022 it was announced that commercial operation of the two CAP1400 units is expected to commence in 2025.{{cite web |url= https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3171599/china-aims-expand-nuclear-power-programme-amid-threat-global |title=China aims to expand nuclear power programme amid threat of global energy crisis following Ukraine invasion |last=Xie |first=Echo |date=24 March 2022 |publisher=South China Morning Post |url-status= |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220401160626/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3171599/china-aims-expand-nuclear-power-programme-amid-threat-global |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=21 April 2022 |quote=The plan said that two third-generation reactors in Shidaowan in Shandong – built according to the CAP1400 design which is intended to reduce greenhouse gas emissions – are now expected to be connected to the power grid before 2025.}}
Reactor data
The Shidao Bay Nuclear Power Plant consist of two operational reactors (that drive one unit), two reactors under construction, and four planned future reactors.
| class="wikitable"
! Unit !! Type / Model !! Net power !! Gross power !! Thermal power ! Start construction !! First criticality !! Grid connection !! Commercial operation !! Notes | ||||||
| Shidao Bay I | HTGR / HTR-PM
| 200 MW | 211 MW | 250+250 MW
| 9 December 2012 | 12 September 2021 | 20 December 2021 | 6 December 2023
| {{cite web |url= https://pris.iaea.org/PRIS/CountryStatistics/ReactorDetails.aspx?current=957 |title= Shidao Bay 1 |date= 7 September 2024 |work= PRIS |publisher= IAEA |accessdate= 8 September 2024}}{{cite web |url= https://english.news.cn/20231206/0159b0f359354588a7d48a956193f85d/c.html |title= World's first fourth-generation nuclear power plant goes into commercial operation in China |date= 6 December 2023 |work= Xinhua |accessdate= 6 December 2023 |archive-date= 6 December 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231206080653/https://english.news.cn/20231206/0159b0f359354588a7d48a956193f85d/c.html |url-status= live }} |
| Shidao Bay Guohe-1 | PWR / CAP1400
| 1500 MW | 1550 MW | 4040 MW | 31 October 2024 | | | |
| Shidao Bay Guohe-2 | PWR / CAP1400
| 1500 MW | 1550 MW | 4040 MW | 2025 | | | |
| colspan="10" align="center"| Phase I expansion | ||||||
| Shidaowan 1 | HPR1000
| 1134 MW | 1225 MW | 3180 MW
| 28 July 2024 | 2029 | ||
| Shidaowan 2 | HPR1000
| 1134 MW | 1225 MW | 3180 MW
| 8 May 2025 |
| | ||
| colspan="10" align="center"| Phase II | ||||||
| Shidaowan 3 | HPR1000
| 1134 MW | 1225 MW | 3180 MW
| |
| | ||
| Shidaowan 4 | HPR1000
| 1134 MW | 1225 MW | 3180 MW
| |
| |
See also
{{stack|{{Portal|China|Energy|Nuclear technology}}}}
- Nuclear power in China
- {{section link|List of commercial nuclear reactors|China}}
- Generation IV reactor
{{clear}}