Shiwiar language
{{Short description|Chicham language spoken in Peru and Ecuador}}
{{distinguish|text=Shuar language from Ecuador}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Achuar
|nativename=Shiwiar
|states=Peru, Ecuador
|ethnicity=Achuar people, Shiwiar
|speakers=4,420 in Peru
|date=2012
|ref=e25
|speakers2=3,520 in Ecuador (2007)
|familycolor=American
|fam1=Chicham
|iso3=acu
|glotto=achu1248
|glottorefname=Achuar-Shiwiar
| map = Lang Status 60-DE.svg
| mapcaption = {{center|{{small|Shiwiar is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger}}}}
}}
Shiwiar, also known as Achuar, Jivaro and Maina, is a Chicham language spoken along the Pastaza and Bobonaza rivers in Ecuador. Shiwiar is one of the thirteen indigenous languages of Ecuador.{{Cite book |title=Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger |date=2010 |publisher=UNESCO Publishing |isbn=978-92-3-104095-5 |editor-last=Moseley |editor-first=C. |edition=3rd |location=Paris |language=en |oclc=610522460}} All of these indigenous languages are endangered.
Speakers
Shiwiar is a language spoken by the Achuar people of the Amazonian region of Ecuador.{{Cite book |last=Crevels |first=M. |title=The Indigenous Languages of South America |date=2012 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |isbn=978-3-11-025803-5 |editor-last=Campbell |editor-first=L. |location=Berlin |pages=167–234 |language=en |chapter=Language endangerment in South America: The clock is ticking |doi=10.1515/9783110258035.167 |editor-last2=Grondona |editor-first2=V.}} The Achuar people also speak Spanish, Shuar, and Kichwa along with their native language, Shiwiar. Shuar belongs to the same language family as Shiwiar – Jivaroan.
Although the Achuar live in the Amazon Basin, the extracting of oil and raw materials from Ecuador through mining has displaced the Achuar communities and endangered their homes.{{Cite web|date=2011-02-17|title=Achuar and the Amazon Basin|url=https://sites.coloradocollege.edu/indigenoustraditions/sacred-lands/the-achuar-and-the-amazon-basin/|access-date=2020-12-11|website=Indigenous Religious Traditions|language=en-US}}
While Ecuador's official language is Spanish, the Achuar people along with other indigenous groups have the right to use their own languages in education through the official language policies of Ecuador legalized in Decree No. 000529, Article 27, and the Dirección Nacional de Educación Indígena Intercultural Bilingüe (DINEIIB).{{Cite journal |last=King |first=K. A. |last2=Haboud |first2=M. |date=2002 |title=Language Planning and Policy in Ecuador |journal=Current Issues in Language Planning |language=en |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=359–424 |doi=10.1080/14664200208668046}}
Phonology
| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes{{sfnp|Fast Mowitz|1975|p=10}} ! ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |
| Nasal
| {{IPA link|m}} | {{IPA link|n}} | | | {{IPA link|ŋ}} | |
|---|
| Stop
| {{IPA link|p}} | {{IPA link|t}} | | | {{IPA link|k}} | {{IPA link|ʔ}} |
| Affricate
| | {{IPA link|ts}} | {{IPA link|tʃ}} | | | |
| Fricative
| | {{IPA link|s}} | {{IPA link|ʃ}} | | {{IPA link|x}} | |
| Approximant
| | | | {{IPA link|j}} | {{IPA link|w}} | |
| Tap
| | {{IPA link|ɾ}} | | | | |
| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes{{sfnp|Fast Mowitz|1975|p=10}} ! ! Front ! Central ! Back |
| Close
| {{IPA link|i}} {{IPA link|ĩ}} {{IPA link|iː}} | | {{IPA link|u}} {{IPA link|ũ}} {{IPA link|uː}} |
|---|
| Close-mid
| | {{IPA link|ɘ}} {{IPA link|ɘ̃}} {{IPA link|ɘː}}{{Harvtxt|Lev|Stark|Chang|2012}}, citing the same source, give these instead as {{IPAblink|ɨ}}, {{IPAblink|ɨ̃}} and {{IPAblink|ɨː}}. | |
| Open
| | {{IPA link|ä|a}} {{IPA link|ã}} {{IPA link|ä|aː}} | |
- {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} have slightly lowered allophones {{IPAblink|ɪ}} and {{IPAblink|ʊ}}, respectively.{{sfnp|Fast Mowitz|1975|p=2}}{{fix|text=in which environments?|date=July 2015}}
- {{IPA|/a, ã, aː/}} are phonetically central {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|a̠}}, {{IPAplink|ã̠}}, {{IPAplink|a̠ː}}]}}.{{sfnp|Fast Mowitz|1975|p=2}}
- {{IPA|/a, ã/}} (but not the long {{IPA|/aː/}}) have the following allophones: open central unrounded {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|a̠}}, {{IPAplink|ã̠}}]}}, open-mid front unrounded {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɛ}}, {{IPAplink|ɛ̃}}]}}, close-mid front unrounded {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|e}}, {{IPAplink|ẽ}}]}} and close-mid back rounded {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|o}}, {{IPAplink|õ}}]}}.{{sfnp|Fast Mowitz|1975|p=2}}{{fix|text=what is their distribution?|date=July 2015}}
References
{{reflist}}
Bibliography
{{sfn whitelist|CITEREFLevStarkChang2012}}
- {{Citation |last=Fast Mowitz |first=G. |title=Sistema fonológico del idioma achual |year=1975 |place=Lima |publisher=Instituto Lingüístico de Verano |language=es}}
- {{SAPhon|Achuar|Achuar-Shiwiar}}
- {{Citation |last=Mowitz |first=G. |title=Diccionario achuar-shiwiar–castellano |year=1996 |series=Lingüística peruana, 36 |place=Lima |publisher=Instituto Lingüístico de Verano |language=es |last2=Warkentin de Fast |first2=R. |last3=Fast Warkentin |first3=D.}}
- {{Cite thesis |last=Kohlberger |first=M. |title=A Grammatical Description of Shiwiar |date=2020 |degree=PhD |publisher=Leiden University |hdl=1887/123115 |hdl-access=free |language=en}}
External links
- {{WALS|acr|Achuar}}
- [https://www.bible.com/bible/4/jhn.1.acunt New Testament in Achuar]
- {{UDHR|acr|Achuar}}
- [http://www.shiwiar.org The Shiwiar Rainforest Initiative]
- [http://www.native-languages.org/achuar.htm Achuar–Shiwiar on Native Languages of the Americas]
- [http://globalrecordings.net/langcode/acu Listen to a sample of Achuar-Shiwiar from Global Recordings Network]
- [http://www.language-archives.org/language/acu OLAC resources in and about Achuar-Shiwiar]
{{Languages of Ecuador}}
{{Languages of Peru}}
{{Authority control}}
Category:Indigenous languages of South America
Category:Definitely endangered languages