Chicham languages

Chicham consists of four languages:

: 1. Shuar

: 2. Achuar-Shiwiar

: 3. Awajun

: 4. Huambisa

This language family is spoken in Amazonas, Cajamarca, Loreto, and San Martin, Peru and the Oriente region of Ecuador.

Internal classification of the Chicham languages by Mason (1950):{{cite book |last=Mason |first=John Alden |author-link=John Alden Mason |date=1950 |chapter=The languages of South America |editor-first1=Julian |editor-last1=Steward |title=Handbook of South American Indians |volume=6 |pages=157–317 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143 |location=Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office}}

{{tree list}}

• Chicham
• Aguaruna
• Alapico
• Indanza
• Iransa
• Maranza
• Santiago
• Patocuma
• Chiguasa
• Yuganza
• Wambisa
• Uambisa
• Cherembo
• Chirapa
• Chiwando
• Candoa
• Cangaime
• Mangosisa
• Achuale
• Capawari
• Copatasa
• Machine
• Pindu
• Wampoya
• Antipa
• Maca
• Walakisa
• Zamora
• Pintuc
• Ayuli
• Morona
• Miazal
• Upano
• Bolona
• Bracamoro (Pacamuru)

{{tree list/end}}

Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. [http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas]. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.

({{extinct}} = extinct)

{{tree list}}

• Jivaro
• Aguaruna
• Palta {{extinct}}
• Jivaro, Nuclear
• Achuar-Shiwiar
• Wambisa
• Shuar

{{tree list/end}}

The extinct Palta language was classified as Chicham by Jacinto Jijón y Caamaño about 1940 and was followed by Čestmír Loukotka. However, only a few words are known, and Kaufman (1994) states that there is "little resemblance".

The most promising external connections are with the Cahuapanan languages and perhaps a few other language isolates in proposals variously called Jívaro-Cahuapana (Hívaro-Kawapánan) (Jorge Suárez and others) or Macro-Jibaro or Macro-Andean (Morris Swadesh and others, with Cahuapanan, Urarina, Puelche, and maybe Huarpe).

The unclassified language Candoshi has also been linked to Chicham, as David Payne (1981) provides reconstructions for Proto-Shuar as well as Proto-Shuar-Candoshi. However, more recently, linguists have searched elsewhere for Candoshi's relatives.

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Quechuan, Kwaza, Taruma, Yanomami, Katukina-Katawixi, Kandoshi, Tupi, and Arawan language families due to contact. This suggests that Chicham had originated further downstream in the Central Amazon region.

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Chicham languages.{{cite book |last=Loukotka |first=Čestmír |author-link=Čestmír Loukotka |title=Classification of South American Indian languages |url=https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk |url-access=registration |publisher=UCLA Latin American Center |year=1968 |location=Los Angeles}}

Payne's (1981) Proto-Shuar reconstruction is based on data from Shuar, Achuar, Aguaruna, and Huambisa, while his Proto-Shuar-Candoshi reconstruction also integrates data from Candoshi and Shapra.

For reconstructions of Proto-Shuar and Proto-Shuar-Candoshi by Payne (1981), see the corresponding Spanish article.

{{reflist}}

• Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-509427-1}}.
• Dean, Bartholomew (1990). The State and the Aguaruna: Frontier Expansion in the Upper Amazon, 1541-1990. M.A. thesis in the Anthropology of Social Change and Development, Harvard University.
• Greenberg, Joseph H. (1987). Language in the Americas. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
• Greene, Landon Shane (2004). Paths to a Visionary Politics. PhD dissertation. University of Chicago.
• Kaufman, Terrence (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. {{ISBN|0-292-70414-3}}.
• Kaufman, Terrence (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
• Payne, David L. (1981). "Bosquejo fonológico del Proto-Shuar-Candoshi: evidencias para una relación genética." Revista del Museo Nacional 45. 323-377.
• Solís Fonseca, Gustavo (2003). Lenguas en la amazonía peruana. Lima: edición por demanda.

{{sister project |project=wiktionary |text=Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Shuar reconstructions}}

• Proel: [http://www.proel.org/mundo/jibaroano.htm Familia Jibaroana]
• [http://www.proel.org/mundo/hivaro.htm Lengua Jíbaro]
• Alain Fabre, 2005, Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: JIVARO.[http://www.ling.fi/Entradas%20diccionario/Dic=Jivaro.pdf]

{{language families}}

{{South American languages}}

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Category:Language families

Category:Indigenous languages of the South American Northern Foothills