Shlomo Alexander

Alexander was born to Jewish parents in Freiburg im Breisgau in Germany. His father, Ernst Alexander, was a researcher at the Institute of Physical Chemistry at Freiburg University until he was dismissed by the Nazi authorities in 1933. The family then left Germany and moved to Jerusalem, where Ernst became a founding member of the nascent physics department of the Hebrew University.{{Cite journal |last=Niesse |first=Siegfried |date=2007 |title=Der Naturwissenschaftler Enrst Alexander (1902-1980): Ein Forscherleben in 20 Jahrhudert |journal=Freiburger Universitätsblätter |volume=178 |pages=87–102}} {{Cite journal |last=Unna |first=Issachar |date=2000 |title=The Genesis of Physics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem |journal=Physics in Perspective |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=336–380|doi=10.1007/s000160050050 |bibcode=2000PhP.....2..336U }}{{Citation |title=ארנסט אלכסנדר |date=2024-12-22 |work=ויקיפדיה |url=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%98_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8 |access-date=2025-03-23 |language=he}}Alexander grew up in Jerusalem and graduated from Beth Hakerem High School.  After serving in Israel's 1948 War of Independence he studied at the Hebrew University and earned an MSc in physics in 1955. In 1958 he earned a PhD from the Weizmann Institute in Rehovoth, under the direction of Saul Meiboom.{{Cite journal |last1=Luz |first1=Zeev |last2=Weger |first2=Meir |last3=Bruinsma |first3=Robijn |last4=Rabin |first4=Yitzhak |last5=de Gennes |first5=Pierre-Gilles |author-link5=Pierre-Gilles de Gennes |date=1998 |title=Shlomo Alexander |url=https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2805729 |journal=Physics Today |volume=51 |issue=12 |pages=73–74|doi=10.1063/1.2805729 }}

Though known for his theoretical work, Alexander began his career as an experimentalist. While earning his PhD at the Weizmann Institute he helped build one of the earliest and most advanced Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectrometers in the world at that time. The technology is the basis of the standard MRI imaging used today. In 1961 he travelled to AT&T's Bell Laboratories in New Jersey on a Postdoctoral fellowship. Working closely with Philip W. Anderson, he studied the interactions between magnetic moments in metals and took part in experimental work on metals and superconductors. In 1962 he returned to the Weizmann Institute, where he established a laboratory for the study of pure nuclear quadrupole resonance (PNQR).

In 1969 Alexander moved to the Racah Institute at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem and became a full-time theoretician. He continued his work on NMR, but focused increasingly on condensed matter theory. Over the following decades he made important contributions to almost every subfield of condensed matter theory: metals, semiconductors, superconductors, glasses, granular materials, colloids, polymers and many other fields in quantum materials as well as soft matter physics. During a visit to the College de France in Paris in 1976 he developed a scaling theory for polymers attached to surfaces with Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, which became known as the “Alexander-de Gennes brush.”{{Cite journal |last=De Gennes |first=Pierre-Gillles |date=1999 |title=In Memoriam Shlomo Alexander |journal=Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications |volume=266 |issue=1 |pages=1|doi=10.1016/S0378-4371(99)00004-7 |bibcode=1999PhyA..266....1D }} In 1978, with John P. McTague of UCLA, he developed the Alexander-McTague theory of liquid-solid transition that became standard in textbooks. Four years later, with Raymond Orbach of UCLA, he published the Alexander-Orbach conjecture on the density states of excitations on fractal lattices, which became one of the most cited works in the physics literature.Bruinsma, Robijn, “Shlomo Alexander, Physics: Los Angeles,” in David Krogh, ed., University of California: In Memoriam, 1999 (Oakland: The Academic Senate of the University of California, 1999); https://oac.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb267nb0r3&brand=calisphere{{Cite journal |last1=Alexander |first1=Shlomo |last2=Orbach |first2=Raymond |author-link2= |date=September 1, 1982 |title=Density of states on fractals: <> |url=https://hal.science/jpa-00232103/document |journal=Journal de physique-lettres |volume=43 |issue=17 |pages=625–631|doi=10.1051/jphyslet:019820043017062500 }} Another influential work coming from his interactions with Fyl Pincus and Paul Chaikin at UCLA concerned “charge renormalization” in colloidal systems: the maximum colloid charge is that which barely binds a single charge to the colloid's surface. While at UCLA Shlomo taught several courses attended by both faculty and students, working through examples that were often breakthroughs in unsolved problems.Personal Communication with Paul Chaikin and Dov Levine. Starting in the 1980s he focused increasingly on developing a new fundamental description of the elastic properties of disordered materials. This ultimately led to his longest publication, a special issue of Physics Reports that appeared shortly before his death in 1998.{{Cite journal |last=Alexander |first=Shlomo |date=1998 |title=Amorphous Solids: Their Structure, Lattice Dynamics and Elasticity |journal=Physics Reports |volume=296 |issue=2–4 |pages=65–236|doi=10.1016/S0370-1573(97)00069-0 |bibcode=1998PhR...296...65A }}

In 1978 Alexander was elected dean of the Faculty of Sciences at the Hebrew University, a position he held until 1981. In 1986 he joined the faculty of the UCLA physics department, while retaining his position in Jerusalem, and in 1989 he retired from the Hebrew University and moved back to the Weizmann Institute. By 1995 he had retired from his regular positions in Los Angeles and Rehovoth, while actively pursuing his research as professor emeritus.

Alexander was a member of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities and the European Academy of Sciences. In 1993 he was awarded the Israel Prize in the Natural Sciences.{{Citation |title=שלמה אלכסנדר |date=2023-04-02 |work=ויקיפדיה |url=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8 |access-date=2025-03-23 |language=he}}

In 1951 Alexander married Hebrew University economics student Esther Vera Neumann (Esther Alexander, 1929-2005),{{Citation |title=אסתר אלכסנדר |date=2024-06-05 |work=ויקיפדיה |url=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%AA%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8 |access-date=2025-03-23 |language=he}} who later became a prominent economist and activist for social justice in Israel. They had three children: Michal Alexander (b. 1956), Nitza Alexander-Levine (b. 1961), and Amir Alexander (b. 1963).

Shlomo Alexander was killed in a car accident near Caesarea, Israel, on the night of August 7, 1998. He was survived by his wife, his three children, and their families.

{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alexander, Shlomo}}

Category:Israeli physicists

Category:Israel Prize recipients

Category:Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni

Category:Weizmann Institute of Science alumni

Category:1930 births

Category:1998 deaths