Shot put

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-44941-0006, Plihan.jpg shot putter Plíhal at the 1957 East German Indoor Athletics Championships]]

File:Shotput.jpg

Homer mentions competitions of rock throwing by soldiers during the siege of Troy but there is no record of any weights being thrown in Greek competitions. The first evidence for stone- or weight-throwing events were in the Scottish Highlands, and date back to approximately the first century.{{cite book|author=Colin White|title=Projectile Dynamics in Sport: Principles and Applications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mm8zoQ-GYuAC&pg=PA131|access-date=6 July 2011|date=31 December 2009|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-47331-6|pages=131–}} In the 16th century King Henry VIII was noted for his prowess in court competitions of weight and hammer throwing.{{cite web|url=http://www.iaaf.org/disciplines/throws/hammer-throw#topfive=0|title=Hammer Throw|publisher=IAAF|access-date=12 September 2015}}

The first events resembling the modern shot put likely occurred in the Middle Ages when soldiers held competitions in which they hurled cannonballs. Shot put competitions were first recorded in early 19th century Scotland, and were a part of the British Amateur Championships beginning in 1866.[http://www.iaaf.org/community/athletics/trackfield/newsid=9444.html Shot Put – Introduction]. IAAF. Retrieved on 2010-02-28.

Competitors take their throw from inside a marked circle {{convert|2.135|m|0}} in diameter, with a "toe board" or "stop board" {{convert|10|cm|in|0}} high at the front of the circle. The distance thrown is measured from the inside of the circumference of the circle to the nearest mark made on the ground by the falling shot, with distances rounded down to the nearest centimetre under IAAF and WMA rules.

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-44941-0005, Jiri Skobla.jpg showing the correct technique for keeping the shot near the neck]]

The following rules (indoor and outdoor) must be adhered to for a legal throw:

• Upon calling the athlete's name, the athlete may choose any part of the throwing circle to enter inside. They have one minute to commence the throwing motion; otherwise it counts as a forfeit for the current round.
• The athlete may not wear gloves; IAAF rules permit the taping of individual fingers.
• The athlete must rest the shot close to the neck, and keep it tight to the neck throughout the motion.
• The shot must be released above the height of the shoulder, using only one hand.
• The athlete may touch the inside surface of the circle or toe board, but must not touch the top or outside of the circle or toe board, or the ground beyond the circle. Limbs may, however, extend over the lines of the circle in the air.
• The shot must land in the throwing sector, which is a circular sector of 34.92° centered on the throwing circle. The throwing sector has been narrowed multiple times over the years to improve safety, most recently in 2004 from 40°. The current throwing sector angle (34.92°) was chosen because it provides a sector whose bounds are easy to measure and lay out on a field (10 metres out from the center of the ring, 6 metres across).{{cite web |url=http://www.pntf.org/officials/ivars/Throwing_Event_Sector_Angles_Rev_F1.pdf |title=Laying Out Sector Angles for the Track and Field Throwing Events |author= |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=USA Track & Field Pacific Northwest |quote=The shot, discus, hammer & weight throw sector is 34.92º. This angle was chosen due to its simple geometry.}}
• The athlete must leave the throwing circle from the back half.

Foul throws occur when an athlete:

• Does not pause within the circle before beginning the putting motion.
• Does not complete the putting movement initiated within thirty seconds of having their name called.
• Allows the shot to drop below their shoulder or outside the vertical plane of their shoulder during the put.

At any time if the shot loses contact with the neck then it is technically an illegal put.

• During the putting motion, touches with any part of the body (including shoes):
• the top or ends of the toe board
• the top of the iron ring
• anywhere outside the circle.
• Puts a shot which either falls outside the throwing sector or touches a sector line on the initial impact.
• Leaves the circle before the shot has landed.
• Does not leave from the rear half of the circle.

The following are either obsolete or non-existent, but commonly believed rules for professional competition:{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}

• The athlete must enter the circle from the back (no rule books contain such a clause).
• The athlete entering the circle, then exiting and re-entering it before starting the throw results in a foul (all rule books allow athletes to leave a circle before starting a throw, but this still counts within the 30 second time limit; the allowable method of exiting the circle varies by rule book).
• Loose clothing, shoelaces, or long hair touching outside the circle during a throw, or an athlete bringing a towel into the circle and then throwing it out before the put, results in a foul.

{{More citations needed section|date=March 2022}}

File:Shot put area.JPG

Shot put competitions have been held at the modern Summer Olympic Games since their inception in 1896, and it is also included as an event in the World Athletics Championships.

Each of these competitions in the modern era have a set number of rounds of throws. Typically there are three qualification rounds to determine qualification for the final. There are then three preliminary rounds in the final with the top eight competitors receiving a further three throws. Each competitor in the final is credited with their longest throw, regardless of whether it was achieved in the preliminary or final three rounds. The competitor with the longest legal put is declared the winner.

In open competitions the men's shot weighs {{convert|7.26|kg|lb|0}}, and the women's shot weighs {{convert|4|kg|lb|2}}. Junior, school, and masters competitions often use different weights of shots, typically below the weights of those used in open competitions; the individual rules for each competition should be consulted in order to determine the correct weights to be used.

Two putting styles are in current general use by shot put competitors: the glide and the spin. With all putting styles, the goal is to release the shot with maximum forward velocity at an angle of slightly less than forty-five degrees.{{Cite web | url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2010/08/03/201730/|title = Biomechanical Problem of Shot Putting Finally Solved}}

The origin of this technique dates to 1951, when Parry O'Brien from the United States invented a technique that involved the putter facing backwards, rotating 180 degrees across the circle, and then tossing the shot. Unlike spin, this technique is a linear movement.{{Cite web | url=https://www.thoughtco.com/shot-put-glide-technique-3259104 |title = Follow These Directions for the Glide Technique in Shot Put}}

With this technique, a right-hand thrower would begin facing the rear of the circle. They would typically adopt a specific type of crouch, involving their bent right leg, in order to begin the throw from a more beneficial posture whilst also isometrically preloading their muscles. The positioning of their bodyweight over their bent leg, which pushes upwards with equal force, generates a preparatory isometric press. The force generated by this press will be channelled into the subsequent throw making it more powerful. To initiate the throw they kick to the front with the left leg, while pushing off forcefully with the right. As the thrower crosses the circle, the hips twist toward the front, the left arm is swung out then pulled back tight, followed by the shoulders, and they then strike in a putting motion with their right arm. The key is to move quickly across the circle with as little air under the feet as possible, hence the name 'glide'.

File:EVD-bala-008.ogv

This is also known as the rotational technique.{{Cite web |url=http://track.coachesdirectory.com/article/rotational-vs-glide-revisited--comparing-shot-techniques-article.html |title=Rotational vs. Glide Revisited – Comparing Shot Techniques [ARTICLE] | the Track & Field / Cross Country Coaches Insider |access-date=2018-05-09 |archive-date=2018-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510115129/http://track.coachesdirectory.com/article/rotational-vs-glide-revisited--comparing-shot-techniques-article.html |url-status=dead }} It was first practiced in Europe in the 1950s but did not receive much attention until the 1970s.{{Cite web | url=http://digitaltrackandfield.com/shot-put-spin-glide-technique-comparison/ |title = Shot Put Spin and Glide Technique Comparison|date = 2013-09-17}} In 1972, Aleksandr Baryshnikov set his first USSR record using a new putting style, the spin ("круговой мах" in Russian), invented by his coach Viktor Alexeyev.[http://www.sportsdaily.ru/articles/hronograf-22508 Aleksandr Baryshnikov biography on sportsdaily.ru (in Russian)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926012621/https://www.sportsdaily.ru/articles/hronograf-22508 |date=2021-09-26 }} reference tested at 11 May 2009[http://www.atlant.ru/sport/articles/sport_star/1102003022816/index.php Aleksandr Baryshnikov, Athlete from Russia (in Russian)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917193850/http://www.atlant.ru/sport/articles/sport_star/1102003022816/index.php |date=2010-09-17 }} reference tested at 11 May 2009 The spin involves rotating like a discus thrower and using rotational momentum for power. In 1976 Baryshnikov went on to set a world record of {{convert|22.00|m|ft|abbr=on}} with his spin style, and was the first shot putter to cross the 22-meter mark.[http://www.iaaf-rdc.ru/ru/docs/publication/28.htm Григорий РУДЕРМАН (Израиль), заслуженный тренер России «Метания в хх веке : тенденции развития.»] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031121333/http://www.iaaf-rdc.ru/ru/docs/publication/28.htm |date=2013-10-31 }} reference tested at 11 May 2009

With this technique, a right-hand thrower faces the rear, and begins to spin on the ball of the left foot. The thrower comes around and faces the front of the circle and drives the right foot into the center of the circle. Finally, the thrower reaches for the front of the circle with the left foot, twisting the hips and shoulders like in the glide, and puts the shot.

When the athlete executes the spin, the upper body is twisted hard to the right, so the imaginary lines created by the shoulders and hips are no longer parallel. This action builds up torque, and stretches the muscles, creating an involuntary elasticity in the muscles, providing extra power and momentum. When the athlete prepares to release, the left foot is firmly planted, causing the momentum and energy generated to be conserved, pushing the shot in an upward and outward direction.

Another purpose of the spin is to build up a high rotational speed, by swinging the right leg initially, then to bring all the limbs in tightly, similar to a figure skater bringing in their arms while spinning to increase their speed. Once this fast speed is achieved the shot is released, transferring the energy into the shot put.

Until 2016, a woman had never made an Olympic final (top 8) using the spin technique. The first woman to enter a final and win a medal at the Olympics was Anita Márton.{{cite web |title=High School Shot Put: Glide or Spin? |url=http://www.ltfca.com/assets/glide-vs-spin.pdf |website=Louisiana Track and Field Coaches Association |access-date=2022-11-11 |date=2009 |archive-date=2022-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126002357/http://www.ltfca.com/assets/glide-vs-spin.pdf |url-status=dead }}

Ryan Crouser, the current men's world record holder, added an additional move, the "Crouser Slide", to his spin technique. He used this technique to set the world record at the Los Angeles Grand Prix in 2023.{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-05-28 |title=History's best shot putter smashes world record with new technique at L.A. Grand Prix |url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/olympics/story/2023-05-27/los-angeles-grand-prix-ryan-crouser-shot-put-record |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}

A vertical spinning technique where the athlete does a cartwheel on one hand before releasing the shot. It is currently banned in major competitions.{{Cite web |title=World Athletics {{!}} Shot Put |url=https://worldathletics.org/disciplines/throws/shot-put |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250125163120/https://worldathletics.org/disciplines/throws/shot-put |archive-date=2025-01-25 |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=worldathletics.org |language=en}}

Currently, most top male shot putters use the spin. However the glide remains popular since the technique leads to greater consistency compared to the rotational technique. Almost all throwers start by using the glide. Tomasz Majewski notes that although most athletes use the spin,Playboy Poland 8/2012, page 44,45 he and some other top shot putters achieved success using this classic method (for example he became the first to defend the Olympic title in 56 years).

The world record and the next six best male results (23.37, 23.30, 23.15, and 23.12 by Ryan Crouser, 23.23 by Joe Kovacs, and 23.12 and 23.10 by Randy Barnes) were completed with the spin technique, while the eighth-best all-time put of {{T&Fcalc|23.06}} by Ulf Timmermann was completed with the glide technique.

The decision to glide or spin may need to be decided on an individual basis, determined by the thrower's size and power. Short throwers may benefit from the spin and taller throwers may benefit from the glide, but many throwers do not follow this guideline.

{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2022}}

The shot is made of different kinds of materials depending on its intended use. Materials used include sand, iron, cast iron, solid steel, stainless steel, brass, and synthetic materials like polyvinyl. Some metals are more dense than others, making the size of the shot vary. For example, different materials are used to make indoor and outdoor shot – because damage to surroundings must be taken into account – so the latter are smaller. There are various size and weight standards for the implement that depend on the age and gender of the competitors as well as the national customs of the governing body.

{{Main|Men's shot put world record progression|Women's shot put world record progression}}

The current world record holders are:{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=24 January 2021|title=Ryan Crouser breaks world indoor shot put record with 2 best throws in history|url=https://olympics.nbcsports.com/2021/01/24/ryan-crouser-shot-put-world-indoor-record/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}

The current records held on each continent are:{{cite web |url=https://www.worldathletics.org/records/by-discipline/throws/shot-put/outdoor/men |title=Men's Outdoor Shot Put {{!}} Records |website=worldathletics.org |publisher=World Athletics |access-date=20 May 2021}}{{cite web |url=https://www.worldathletics.org/records/by-discipline/throws/shot-put/outdoor/women |title=Women's Outdoor Shot Put {{!}} Records |website=worldathletics.org |publisher=World Athletics |access-date=20 May 2021}}

• Correct as of September 2024.{{cite web|title=Shot Put Men Senior Outdoor|url=https://www.iaaf.org/records/all-time-toplists/throws/shot-put/outdoor/men/senior?regionType=world&page=1&bestResultsOnly=true&firstDay=1900-01-01&lastDay=2019-10-06|publisher=IAAF|date=6 October 2019|access-date=6 October 2019}}{{cite web|title=All-time men's best Shot Put|url=http://www.alltime-athletics.com/mshotok.htm|website=alltime-athletics.com|date=6 October 2019|access-date=6 October 2019}}

• Ryan Crouser threw 23.12 in Eugene, Oregon on 24 June 2022. 23.01, 23.11 and 22.98 (ancillary throws) were recorded for his remaining attempts. This was the first time the 23-metre barrier has been broken more than once in a series.
• Crouser also threw a series of 23.23, 23.31, 22.94, 23.56, 22.80 and 22.86 in Los Angeles, California on 27 May 2023 to break again the 23-metre mark three times in a series.

• Correct as of April 2022.{{cite web|title=Shot Put Women Senior Outdoor|url=https://www.iaaf.org/records/all-time-toplists/throws/shot-put/outdoor/women/senior?regionType=world&page=1&bestResultsOnly=true&firstDay=1900-01-01&lastDay=2019-10-06|publisher=IAAF|date=6 October 2019|access-date=6 October 2019}}{{cite web|title=All-time women's best Shot Put|url=http://www.alltime-athletics.com/wshotok.htm|website=alltime-athletics.com|date=30 August 2019|access-date=6 October 2019}}

• Correct as of February 2024.{{cite web |url=https://www.worldathletics.org/records/all-time-toplists/throws/shot-put/indoor/men/senior |title=Shot Put - men - senior - indoor |publisher=World Athletics |access-date=20 April 2022}}

Below is a list of all other throws equal or superior to 22.42 m:

• Ryan Crouser also threw 22.80 (2024), 22.77 (2024), 22.70 (2021), 22.66 (2021), 22.65 (2021), 22.60 (2020), 22.58 (2020, 2023), 22.48 (2021), 22.43 (2021) and 22.42 (2023).
• Randy Barnes also threw 22.66 (1989).
• Ulf Timmermann also threw 22.55 (1989).

Ryan Crouser threw 23.38 {{AthAbbr|i}}, a possible world record, in Pocatello, Idaho on 18 February 2023. But this result was unratifiable because the throwing circle was too wide and raised above ground level.{{cite news |last1=Lindstrom |first1=Sieg |date=12 April 2023 |title=No April Fools' Gag — Crouser's 76-8½ Nixed |work=Track&Field News |url=https://trackandfieldnews.com/crousers-23-38-put-nixed/ |access-date=18 April 2023}}

• Correct as of March 2025.{{cite web |url=https://www.worldathletics.org/records/all-time-toplists/throws/shot-put/indoor/women/senior |title=Shot Put - women - senior - indoor |publisher=World Athletics |access-date=25 April 2022}}

The following athletes had their performance (inside 21.50 m) annulled due to doping offences:

• Nadzeya Ostapchuk 21.70 (2010)

{{Olympic medalists in men's shot put}}

{{Olympic medalists in women's shot put}}

{{World Championships in Athletics medalists in men's shot put}}

{{World Championships in Athletics medalists in women's shot put}}

• ^{{{note label|WIG|A}}} Known as the World Indoor Games

|align=left|{{flagathlete|Joe Kovacs|USA}}

|Eugene

|}

|{{flagathlete|Sarah Mitton|CAN}}

|Fleetwood

|}

{{portal|Sport of athletics}}

• Masters shot put
• Pundo
• Stone put
• 20 metre club

{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Shot put}}

• [http://www.iaaf.org/disciplines/throws/shot-put IAAF shot put homepage]
• [https://iaaf.gekko.de/?a=throws&d=shot-put IAAF list of shot-put records in XML]

{{Athletics events}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shot Put}}

Category:Events in track and field

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Category:Sports originating in Scotland

Category:Throwing sports

Category:Summer Olympic disciplines in athletics